The British Empire: 1603 AD to 1997 AD

Ramesh, Sangaralingam

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_10

Sangaralingam Ramesh²

476 Accesses

Abstract

The Europe of the 1st millennium AD could be segmented into three geographical regions. The segment around the Mediterranean was cultured and civilised with professional armies, literature, banking, taxation, architecture, and philosophy. This region and some areas around the Rhine and the Danube were under Roman rule. On the other hand, the peoples who were settled in northern and central Europe were relatively late comers to history and were known as the Germani. The Germani represented many tribes, some much smaller than others, with distinct cultural and linguistic similarities. The Saxons were a small but significant part of this tribal grouping.

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Notes

1.
Heather, P. (2010), Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2.
Ibid.
3.
Todd, M. (2004), The Early Germans, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
4.
Ibid.
5.
Ibid.
6.
Ibid.
7.
Ibid.
8.
Heather, P. (2010), Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
9.
Olsen, B. (2007), Sacred Places Europe: 108 Destinations, Consortium of Collective Consciousness.
10.
Moorhead, S., and Stuttard, D. (2010), AD410 The Year That Shook Rome, The British Museum Press, London.
11.
Kubesh, K., McNeil, N., and Bellotto, K. (2006), The Romans in Britain, In the Hands of a Child, Coloma, MI.
12.
Stenton, F. (1971), Anglo-Saxon England, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
13.
Dolan, N, (2009), Emerson’s Liberalism, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin.
14.
Thrupp, J. (1862), The Anglo-Saxon Home: A History of the Domestic Institutions and Customs of England, from the 5th to the 11th century, Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts.
15.
Ibid.
16.
Faith, R. (1997), The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship, Leicester University Press, New York.
17.
Thomas, H. (2006), The Norman Conquest: England and William the Conqueror, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc, New York.
18.
Stenton, F. (1971), Anglo-Saxon England, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
19.
Linebaugh, P. (2008), The Magna Carta Manifesto, Liberties and Commons for all, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
20.
King, F. (2015), A Magna Carta for All Humanity: Homing in on Human Rights, Routledge, New York.
21.
Harris, S. (2003), Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature, Routledge, New York.
22.
Foot, S. (2011), Athelstan – The First King of England, Yale University Press.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Ibid.
25.
Ibid.
26.
Ibid.
27.
Armstrong, D. (2002), The Kingdom of Scotland in the Middle Ages, 400–1450, Heinemann Educational Publishers, Oxford.
28.
Firth, C. (1918), The British Empire, The Scottish Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 59, pp. 185–189.
29.
Ibid.
30.
Ibid.
31.
Ibid.
32.
Ibid.
33.
Grigg, J. (2008), British Colonial America: People and Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, Oxford, England.
34.
Ibid.
35.
Grigg, J. (2008), British Colonial America: People and Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, Oxford, England.
36.
Ibid.
37.
Ibid.
38.
Ibid.
39.
Ibid.
40.
Stoebuck, W. (1968), Reception of English Common Law in the American Colonies, 10 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 393.
41.
Ibid.
42.
Ibid.
43.
Ibid
44.
Ibid
45.
Ibid.
46.
Ibid.
47.
Grigg, J. (2008), British Colonial America: People and Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, Oxford, England.
48.
Fogelman, A. (1992), Migrations to the Thirteen British North American Colonies, 1700–1775: New Estimates, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XXII:4, pp. 691–709.
49.
Grigg, J. (2008), British Colonial America: People and Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, Oxford, England.
50.
Ibid.
51.
Ibid.
52.
Ibid.
53.
Ibid.
54.
Ibid.
55.
Ibid.
56.
Ibid.
57.
Ibid.
58.
Ibid.
59.
Grigg, J. (2008), British Colonial America: People and Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, Oxford, England.
60.
Ibid.
61.
Reid, J., and Mancke, E. (2008), From Global Processes to Continental Strategies: The Emergence of British North America to 1783, In Buckner, P. (Eds), Canada and the British Empire, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
62.
Ibid.
63.
Reid, J., and Mancke, E. (2008), From Global Processes to Continental Strategies: The Emergence of British North America to 1783, In Buckner, P. (Eds), Canada and the British Empire, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
64.
Ibid.
65.
Ibid.
66.
Ibid.
67.
Ibid.
68.
Ibid.
69.
Ibid.
70.
Ibid.
71.
Ibid.
72.
Ibid.
73.
Ibid.
74.
Ibid.
75.
Grenier, J. (2014), The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
76.
Reid, J., and Mancke, E. (2008), From Global Processes to Continental Strategies: The Emergence of British North America to 1783, In Buckner, P. (Eds), Canada and the British Empire, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
77.
Elliott, J. (2014), The Road to Utrecht: War and Peace, In Dadson, T. (Ed), Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713–2013, Modern Humanities Research Association and Routledge, New York.
78.
Marston, D. (2012), The Seven Years War, Routledge, New York.
79.
Ibid.
80.
Ibid.
81.
Ibid.
82.
Calloway, C. (2006), The Scratch of a Pen:1763 and the Transformation of North America, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
83.
Ibid.
84.
Ibid.
85.
Ibid.
86.
Ibid.
87.
Ibid.
88.
Ibid.
89.
Haykin, M. (2012), Just before Judson, in Duesing, J. (Ed), Adoniram Judson: A Bicentennial Appreciation of the Pioneer American Missionary, B&H Publishing Group, Nashville, Tennessee.
90.
Calloway, C. (2006), The Scratch of a Pen:1763 and the Transformation of North America, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
91.
Ibid.
92.
Ibid.
93.
Ibid.
94.
Ibid.
95.
Ibid.
96.
Ibid.
97.
Kennedy, D., Cohen, L., Piehl, M. (2017), The Duel for North America, Cengage Learning, Boston, USA.
98.
Ibid.
99.
Ibid.
100.
Ibid.
101.
Vaughan, F. (2003), The Canadian Federalist Experiment: From Defiant Monarchy to Reluctant Republic, McGill-Queens University Press, Montreal and Kingston.
102.
Ibid.
103.
Calloway, C. (2006), The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
104.
Kennedy, D., Cohen, L., Piehl, M. (2017), The Duel for North America, Cengage Learning, Boston, USA.
105.
Ibid.
106.
Ibid.
107.
Morgan, E. (2013), The Birth of the Republic 1763–1789, Fourth Edition, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
108.
Kennedy, D., Cohen, L., Piehl, M. (2017), The Duel for North America, Cengage Learning, Boston, USA.
109.
Morgan, E. (2013), The Birth of the Republic 1763–1789, Fourth Edition, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
110.
Ibid.
111.
Ibid.
112.
Williams, B. (2002), The Declaration of American Independence, 4th July 1776, Cherrytree Books, Slough, UK.
113.
Breen, T. (1988), ‘Baubles of Britain’: The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century, Past & Present, No. 119, pp. 73–104.
114.
Price, J. (1989), What Did Merchants Do? Reflections on British Overseas Trade, 1660–1790, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. XLIX, No. 2.
115.
Ibid.
116.
Ibid.
117.
Gwyn, J. (1980) British government spending and the North American colonies 1740–1775, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 8:2, 74–84.
118.
Weiss, R. W. (1970), The Issue of Paper Money in the American Colonies, 1720–1774, J. Econ. Hist, 30 (4), pp. 770–84.
119.
Breen, T. (1988), ‘Baubles of Britain’: The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century, Past & Present, No. 119, pp. 73–104.
120.
Ibid.
121.
Sheridan, R. (1960), The British Credit Crisis of 1772 and the American Colonies, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. XX, No. 2.
122.
Shepherd, J., and Williamson, S. (1972), The Coastal Trade of the British North American Colonies, 1768–1772, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. XXXIII, No. 4.
123.
Breen, T. (1988), ‘Baubles of Britain’: The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century, Past & Present, No. 119, pp. 73–104.
124.
Maier, P. 91963), John Wilkes and American Disillusionment with Britain, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 373–395.
125.
Williams, B. (2002), The Declaration of American Independence, 4th July 1776, Cherrytree Books, Slough, UK.
126.
Ibid.
127.
Adelman, J., and Aron, S. (1999), From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples In between North American History, The American Historical Review, Vol. 104, No. 3, pp. 814–841.
128.
Coatsworth, J. (1967), American Trade with European Colonies in the Caribbean and South America, 1790–1812, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 243–266.
129.
Bowen, H. (2000), 400 Years of the East India Company, History Today, 50, 7.
130.
Ibid.
131.
Anderson, G., McCormick, R., and Tollison, R. (1983), The Economic Organisation of the English East India Company, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 4, pp. 221–238.
132.
Ibid.
133.
Bowen, H. (2000), 400 Years of the East India Company, History Today, 50, 7.
134.
Platt, V. (1969), The East India Company and the Madagascar Slave Trade, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 548–577.
135.
Ibid.
136.
Ibid.
137.
Ibid.
138.
Ibid.
139.
Platt, V. (1969), The East India Company and the Madagascar Slave Trade, The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 548–577.
140.
Ansari, U. (2017), The Mega Year Book 2018: Current Affairs and General Knowledge, Third Edition, Disha Experts, New Delhi.
141.
Maloni, R. (2008), Europeans in Seventeenth Century Gujarat: Presence and Response, Social Scientist, Vol. 36, No. 3/4, pp. 64–99.
142.
Ansari, U. (2017), The Mega Year Book 2018: Current Affairs and General Knowledge, Third Edition, Disha Experts, New Delhi.
143.
Bassett, D. (1960), The Trade of the English East India Company in the Far East, 1624–84, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vols. 1–4, pp. 32.
144.
Baladouni, V. (1983), Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company, The Accounting Historians Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 63–80.
145.
Ibid.
146.
Ibid.
147.
Bowen, H. (2000), 400 Years of the East India Company, History Today, 50, 7.
148.
Sutherland, L. (1947), The East India Company and the Peace of Paris, The English Historical Review, Vol. 62, No. 243, pp. 179–190
149.
Serajuddin, A. (1971), The Origin of the Rajas of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and Their Relations with the Mughals and the East India Company in the Eighteenth Century, Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 19, 1.
150.
Chaurasia, R. (2002), History of Modern India 1707 AD To Up to 2000 AD, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.
151.
Ibid.
152.
Ibid.
153.
Ibid.
154.
Lenman, B., and Lawson, P. (1983), Robert Clive, The ‘Black Jagir’, And British Politics, The Historical Journal, 26, 4, pp. 801–829.
155.
Ibid.
156.
Bowen, H. (1987), Lord Clive and Speculation in East India Company Stock, 1766, The Historical Journal, 30, 4, pp. 905–920.
157.
Marshall, P. (2011), The British Presence in India in the 18th Century: Retrieved 5th May 2018 from BBC: History: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/east_india_01.shtml
158.
Bowen, H. (2000), 400 Years of the East India Company, History Today, 50, 7.
159.
Ibid.
160.
Gilbert, A. (1975), Recruitment and Reform in the East India Company Army, 1760–1800, Journal of British Studies 15, pp. 89–111.
161.
Sutherland, L. (1947), The East India Company in Eighteenth-Century Politics, The Economic History Review, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 15–26.
162.
Bryant, G. (1978), Officers of the East India Company’s army in the days of Clive and Hastings, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 6:3, 203–227.
163.
Ibid.
164.
Mokyr, J. (1996), Height and Health In the United Kingdom 1815–1860: Evidence from the East India Company Army, Explorations in Economic History, 33, 7, pp. 141–168.
165.
Bowen, H. (2000), 400 Years of the East India Company, History Today, 50, 7.
166.
Ibid.
167.
Stern, P. (2009), History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present and Future, History Compass, 7/4.
168.
Gilbert, A. (1975), Recruitment and Reform in the East India Company Army, 1760–1800, Journal of British Studies 15, pp. 89–111.
169.
Bowen, H. (2000), 400 Years of the East India Company, History Today, 50, 7.
170.
Ibid.
171.
Ibid.
172.
Ibid.
173.
Chaudhuri, K. (1963), The East India Company and the Export of Treasure in the Early 17th century, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 23–38.
174.
Ibid.
175.
Hossain, H. (1979), The Alienation of Weavers: Impact of the Conflict between the Revenue and Commercial Interests of the East India Company, 1750–1800, The Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. XVI, No. 3.
176.
Ibid.
177.
Ibid.
178.
Ibid.
179.
Hejeebu, S. (2005), Contract Enforcement in the English East India Company, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65, No. 2.
180.
Ibid.
181.
Robins, N. (2002), Loot: in search of the East India Company, the world’s first transnational corporation, Environment & Urbanisation, Vol. 14, No. 1.
182.
Bowen, H. (2000), 400 Years of the East India Company, History Today, 50, 7.
183.
Ibid.
184.
Ibid.
185.
Ibid.
186.
Ibid.
187.
Ibid.
188.
Ibid.
189.
Ibid.
190.
Webster, A. (1990), The Political Economy of Trade Liberalisation: The East India Company Charter Act of 1813, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 404–419.
191.
Ibid.
192.
Mitchener, K., and Weidenmier, M. (2008), Trade and Empire, The Economic Journal, 118.
193.
Marshall, P. (1997), British Society in India under the East India Company, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 89–108.
194.
Marshall, P. (2000), The White Town of Calcutta under the Rule of the East India Company, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 307–331.
195.
Ibid.
196.
Pernau, M. (2012), India in the Victorian Age, Victorian India? IN Victorian World, Hewitt, M. (Ed), Routledge, New York.
197.
Mitchener, K., and Weidenmier, M. (2008), Trade and Empire, The Economic Journal, 118.
198.
Gin, O. (2009), Politics Divided: Malaysia-Singapore Relations, In Shiraishi, T. 9Ed), Across the Causeway: A Multi-Dimensional Study of Malaysia-Singapore Relations, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
199.
Ibid.
200.
Tsang, S. (2007), A Modern History of Hong Kong, I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd., London.
201.
Gelber, H. (2016), Battle for Beijing, 1858–1860, Franco-British Conflict in China, Palgrave Macmillan.
202.
Ibid.
203.
Ibid.
204.
Ibid.
205.
Ibid.
206.
Ibid.
207.
Smith, R. (2015), The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture, Rowman & Littlefield, London.

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Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Rewley House, Oxford, UK
Sangaralingam Ramesh

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Sangaralingam Ramesh
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Ramesh, S. (2018). The British Empire: 1603 AD to 1997 AD. In: The Rise of Empires. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_10

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_10
Published: 12 November 2018
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-01607-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-01608-1
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