Skip to main content

GraphVAE: Towards Generation of Small Graphs Using Variational Autoencoders

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNTCS,volume 11139))

Abstract

Deep learning on graphs has become a popular research topic with many applications. However, past work has concentrated on learning graph embedding tasks, which is in contrast with advances in generative models for images and text. Is it possible to transfer this progress to the domain of graphs? We propose to sidestep hurdles associated with linearization of such discrete structures by having a decoder output a probabilistic fully-connected graph of a predefined maximum size directly at once. Our method is formulated as a variational autoencoder. We evaluate on the challenging task of molecule generation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bengio, S., Vinyals, O., Jaitly, N., Shazeer, N.: Scheduled sampling for sequence prediction with recurrent neural networks. In: NIPS, pp. 1171–1179 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bowman, S.R., Vilnis, L., Vinyals, O., Dai, A.M., Józefowicz, R., Bengio, S.: Generating sentences from a continuous space. In: CoNLL, pp. 10–21 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bronstein, M.M., Bruna, J., LeCun, Y., Szlam, A., Vandergheynst, P.: Geometric deep learning: going beyond Euclidean data. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 34(4), 18–42 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Cho, M., Sun, J., Duchenne, O., Ponce, J.: Finding matches in a haystack: a max-pooling strategy for graph matching in the presence of outliers. In: CVPR, pp. 2091–2098 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gómez-Bombarelli, R., et al.: Automatic chemical design using a data-driven continuous representation of molecules. CoRR abs/1610.02415 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Irwin, J.J., Sterling, T., Mysinger, M.M., Bolstad, E.S., Coleman, R.G.: ZINC: a free tool to discover chemistry for biology. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 52(7), 1757–1768 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Jang, E., Gu, S., Poole, B.: Categorical reparameterization with Gumbel-Softmax. CoRR abs/1611.01144 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Johnson, D.D.: Learning graphical state transitions. In: ICLR (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kingma, D.P., Welling, M.: Auto-encoding variational Bayes. CoRR abs/1312.6114 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kusner, M.J., Hernández-Lobato, J.M.: GANS for sequences of discrete elements with the Gumbel-Softmax distribution. CoRR abs/1611.04051 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kusner, M.J., Paige, B., Hernández-Lobato, J.M.: Grammar variational autoencoder. In: ICML, pp. 1945–1954 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Landrum, G.: RDKit: Open-source cheminformatics. http://www.rdkit.org

  13. Li, Y., Tarlow, D., Brockschmidt, M., Zemel, R.S.: Gated graph sequence neural networks. CoRR abs/1511.05493 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Olivecrona, M., Blaschke, T., Engkvist, O., Chen, H.: Molecular de novo design through deep reinforcement learning. CoRR abs/1704.07555 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ramakrishnan, R., Dral, P.O., Rupp, M., von Lilienfeld, O.A.: Quantum chemistry structures and properties of 134 kilo molecules. Sci. Data 1, 140022 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Segler, M.H.S., Kogej, T., Tyrchan, C., Waller, M.P.: Generating focussed molecule libraries for drug discovery with recurrent neural networks. CoRR abs/1701.01329 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Simonovsky, M., Komodakis, N.: Dynamic edge-conditioned filters in convolutional neural networks on graphs. In: CVPR (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sohn, K., Lee, H., Yan, X.: Learning structured output representation using deep conditional generative models. In: NIPS, pp. 3483–3491 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Stewart, R., Andriluka, M., Ng, A.Y.: End-to-end people detection in crowded scenes. In: CVPR, pp. 2325–2333 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Theis, L., van den Oord, A., Bethge, M.: A note on the evaluation of generative models. CoRR abs/1511.01844 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Vinyals, O., Bengio, S., Kudlur, M.: Order matters: sequence to sequence for sets. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06391 (2015)

  22. Williams, R.J., Zipser, D.: A learning algorithm for continually running fully recurrent neural networks. Neural Comput. 1(2), 270–280 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Xu, D., Zhu, Y., Choy, C.B., Fei-Fei, L.: Scene graph generation by iterative message passing. In: CVPR (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Yu, L., Zhang, W., Wang, J., Yu, Y.: SeqGAN: sequence generative adversarial nets with policy gradient. In: AAAI (2017)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Shell Xu Hu for discussions on variational methods, Shinjae Yoo for project motivation, and anonymous reviewers for their comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Simonovsky .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Simonovsky, M., Komodakis, N. (2018). GraphVAE: Towards Generation of Small Graphs Using Variational Autoencoders. In: Kůrková, V., Manolopoulos, Y., Hammer, B., Iliadis, L., Maglogiannis, I. (eds) Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning – ICANN 2018. ICANN 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11139. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01418-6_41

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01418-6_41

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-01417-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-01418-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics