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Global Defense Procurement and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter pp 199–233Cite as

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JSF and Canada

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Abstract

Canadian participation in the JSF program has included initial support for it during the Chretien, Martin, and Harper Governments and a partial pulling back from it during the Trudeau Government. Ottawa remains intent on finding a replacement for its aging CF-18 jet fighter fleet and the JSF still remains a possible solution to its military requirements despite cost problems causing Trudeau’s Government to pull back from participation. Many Canadian aerospace companies have been involved in this project; Canadian involvement in the JSF has been the subject of contentious debate and voluminous analysis; and Canada faces the need to defend its Arctic airspace from Russian incursions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See J.L. Granatstein, Whose War is It?: How Canada Can Survive in the Post 9/11 World (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2007); Government of Canada, Canada’s Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future (Ottawa: Public Works & Government Services Canada, 2008); http://www.northernstrategy.gc.ca/cns/cns.pdf; accessed March 19, 2017; David Curtis Wright, The Dragon Eyes the Top of the World: Arctic Policy Debate and Discussion in China (Newport, RI: China Maritime Studies Institute, U.S. Naval War College, 2011): http://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-red-books/2/; accessed March 19, 2017; Kristofer Bergh, The Arctic Policies of Canada and the United States: Domestic Motives and International Context, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security (2012/1: July 2012): https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/insight/SIPRIInsight1201.pdf; accessed June 6, 2018; General Tom Lawson, The State of Canadian Armed Forces and Its Priorities (Waterloo, ON: Center for International Governance Innovation, February 13, 2014): Webcast Accessible at https://www.cigionline.org/events/state-canadian-armed-forces-and-its-priorities; accessed February 23, 2017; and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Military Expenditure Database, Military Expenditure of 2013 NATO Member States in Constant (2011) US$m (Stockholm: SIPRI, 2018): http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/; accessed June 6, 2018; and Statistics Canada, Table 1 Merchandise trade: Canada’s Top 10 Principal Trading Partners – Seasonally Adjusted, Current Dollars (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2018): 1–2; https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/180606/t001a-eng.htm; accessed June 6, 2018; accessed February 23, 2017.

  2. 2.

    J.D. McKillip and R.W.H. McKillip, “Point F35S and the Canadian ‘Military-Technical Condition,’” The Royal Canadian Air Force Journal, 3 (3) (Summer 2014): 56; http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/assets/AIRFORCE_Internet/docs/en/cf-aerospace-warfare-centre/elibrary/journal/2014-vol3-iss3-12-f35s-and-the-canadian-military-technical-condition.pdf; accessed March 23, 2017.

  3. 3.

    Martin Auger, The Evolution of Defence Procurement in Canada (Ottawa: Library of Parliament, 2016); http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2016-09-e.pdf; accessed February 23, 2017.

  4. 4.

    See Kim Richard Nossal, “Late Learners: Canada, the F-35, and Lessons from the New Fighter Aircraft Program,” International Journal, 68 (1) (Winter 2012–13): 167; https://doi.org/10.1177/002070201306800111; and Auditor General of Canada, Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons: Chapter 2: Replacing Canada’s Fighter Jets (Ottawa: Auditor General of Canada, 2012): 1, 5; http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_oag_201204_02_e_36466.html; accessed February 23, 2017.

  5. 5.

    See Ibid., 10; and Atushi Tago and Srdjan Vucetic, “The ‘Only Choice’: Canadian and Japanese F-35 Decisions Compared,” International Journal, 68 (1) (Winter 2012–13): 133; https://doi.org/10.1177/002070201306800109.

  6. 6.

    Ibid., 10, 12.

  7. 7.

    Ibid., 11–12, 17; and “Tories Freeze F-35 Funds and Open Door to Alternatives in Wake of Scathing AG Report,” National Post (April 3, 2012): 1–4; http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/tories-freeze-f-35-funds-and-open-door-to-alternatives-in-wake-of-scathing-ag-report; accessed February 23, 2017.

  8. 8.

    Canada National Defence, Canada First Defence Strategy (Ottawa: DND, 2008): 4, 17; http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/about/CFDS-SDCD-eng.pdf; accessed March 25, 2017.

  9. 9.

    Chapter 2: Replacing Canada’s Fighter Jets, 12, 18–19.

  10. 10.

    See F-35: The Politics of Procurement (Ottawa: Canadian Public Affairs Channel, 2011): 3:17–4:30; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdrDn9uXh48; accessed March 25, 2017; and Canada Department of Justice, Consolidation: Government Contracts Regulations SOR/87-402 (Ottawa: Department of Justice, 2018): 6; http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/SOR-87-402.pdf; accessed June 6, 2018.

  11. 11.

    André Deschamps, “Meet the F-35 Lightning II-Canada’s Next Fighter,” Canadian Military Journal, 11 (1) (Winter 2010): 49–52; http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo11/no1/doc/10-deschamps-eng.pdf; accessed March 26, 2017.

  12. 12.

    Tago and Vucetic, 135.

  13. 13.

    Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Debates, 145 (66) (September 20, 2010): 4096; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/403/Debates/066/HAN066-E.PDF#page=32; accessed March 23, 2017; video at Canada, Parliament, Library of Parliament, Parlvu http://parlvu.parl.gc.ca/Embed/en/i/3267388/?ml=en&vt=watch; Accessed March 23, 2017.

  14. 14.

    Ibid., 4098–4099; and video at Parlvu, http://parlvu.parl.gc.ca/Embed/en/i/3267555/?ml=en&vt=watch; accessed February 23, 2017. These committee hearings were held on September 15, October 5, 7, 19, 28, November 4, 16, 25, and December 2, 7, and 9, 2010 according to Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Standing Committee on National Defence, Next Generation of Fighter Aircraft (Ottawa: Standing Committee on National Defence, 2010); http://www.parl.gc.ca/CommitteeBusiness/CommitteeMeetings.aspx?Cmte=NDDN&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=40&Ses=3; accessed March 26, 2017.

  15. 15.

    Canada, Parliamentary Budget Officer, An Estimate of the Fiscal Impact of Canada’s Proposed Acquisition of the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter (Ottawa: Parliamentary Budget Officer, 2011): 10, 24; http://www.pbo-dpb.gc.ca/files/files/Publications/F-35_Cost_Estimate_EN.pdf; accessed March 26, 2017.

  16. 16.

    Ibid., 25.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., 8.

  18. 18.

    Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Standing Committee on Public Accounts, Evidence: Tuesday, May 1, 2012 (Ottawa: Standing Committee on Public Accounts, 2012): 6, 18; http://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/41-1/PACP/meeting-41/evidence; accessed March 26, 2017.

  19. 19.

    Comparing PBO and DND Cost Estimates on Canada’s Proposed Acquisition of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter: Some Preliminary Questions and Answers on Key Issues (Ottawa: Parliamentary Budget Officer, 2011): 1–2; http://www.pbo-dpb.gc.ca/files/files/Publications/F35_QA_EN.pdf; accessed March 26, 2017.

  20. 20.

    See Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Debates, 145 (149) (March 25, 2011): 9257; 9284–9285 http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/House/403/Debates/149/HAN149-E.PDF; accessed March 26, 2017; and Parlvu, http://parlvu.parl.gc.ca/Embed/en/i/3827680/?ml=en&vt=watch; accessed February 23, 2017.

  21. 21.

    Elections Canada, Report of the Chief Electoral Officer of Canada on the 41st General Election of May 2, 2011 (Ottawa: Elections Canada, 2011): 42; http://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/sta_2011/stat_report2011_e.pdf; accessed March 26, 2017.

  22. 22.

    See Tago and Vucetic, 137–138, and Office of the Auditor General of Canada, Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the House of Commons: Chapter 2: Replacing Canada’s Fighter Jets (Ottawa: Auditor General of Canada, 2012): 2–3; http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_oag_201204_02_e_36466.html; accessed June 6, 2018.

  23. 23.

    Ibid., 30.

  24. 24.

    Canadian Forces, Government of Canada Announces Comprehensive Response to Chapter 2 of the Spring 2012 Report of the Auditor General of Canada (Ottawa: DND, April 3, 2012): 1; http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/news/article.page?doc=government-of-canada-announces-comprehensive-response-to-chapter-2-of-the-2012-spring-report-of-the-auditor-general-of-canada/hir3oy82; accessed February 23, 2017.

  25. 25.

    Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Standing Committee on Public Accounts, Chapter 2, Replacing Canada’s Fighter Jets, of the Spring 2012 Report of the Auditor General of Canada (Ottawa: House of Commons Standing Committee on Public Accounts, 2012): 3, 9–10, 14, 16, 18–20; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/411/PACP/Evidence/EV5534278/PACPEV41-E.PDF; accessed March 26, 2017.

  26. 26.

    See KPMG, Next Generation Fighter Capability: Independent Review of Life Cycle Cost (Ottawa: KPMG LLP, 2012): 2, 4, 14, 27; http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/reports-rapports/ngfc-cng/irlc-eiccv/irlc-eiccv-eng.pdf; accessed March 27, 2017; and Department of National Defence, Next Generation Fighter Capability Annual Update (Ottawa: DND, 2012): 27; http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/about-reports-pubs/ngfc-annual-update-2012.pdf; accessed March 27, 2017.

  27. 27.

    Carola Hoyos, “Canada Puts JSF On Ice,” Financial Times (December 13, 2012); https://www.ft.com/content/820a1384-453a-11e2-858f-00144feabdc0; accessed February 23, 2017.

  28. 28.

    Canada, Department of National Defence, Next Generation Fighter Capability Annual Update (Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 2013): ii–iii, 12, 18; http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/about-reports-pubs/ngfc-annual-update-2013.pdf; accessed March 27, 2017.

  29. 29.

    Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton, Public Works and Government Services Canada, Independent Review: 2013 Department of National Defence Annual Update on Next Generation Fighter Capability Life Cycle Costs (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2013): 10–11; http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/about-reports-pubs/ngfc-independent-review-2013.pdf; accessed March 27, 2017.

  30. 30.

    Sanson and Associates, Review of the Acquisition Process to Replace Canada’s CF-18 Fleet (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2013): 12–18; https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/app-acq/amd-dp/documents/flotte-fleet-18-eng.pdf; accessed February 23, 2017.

  31. 31.

    Canada Department of National Defence, Next Generation Fighter Capability Annual Update 2014 (Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 2014): ii–iii, 12, 21–22, 35; http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/about-reports-pubs/next-gen-fighter/2014/next-generation-fighter-capability-annual-update-2014-english.pdf; accessed March 27, 2017.

  32. 32.

    Industry Canada, Canadian Industrial Participation in The F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program (Ottawa: Industry Canada, 2012): 14; https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ad-ad.nsf/vwapj/Report_to_Parliament.pdf/$file/Report_to_Parliament.pdf; accessed March 19, 2017.

  33. 33.

    Ibid., 4, 9–10.

  34. 34.

    Ibid., Canadian Industrial Participation in the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program (Ottawa: Industry Canada, 2014): 5–6; https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ad-ad.nsf/vwapj/Fall_2014_Report_Parliament.pdf/$file/Fall_2014_Report_Parliament.pdf; accessed March 20, 2017.

  35. 35.

    See Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 147 (10) (October 29, 2013): 519; http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/House/412/Debates/010/HAN010-E.PDF; accessed March 30, 2017; Parlvu, http://parlvu.parl.gc.ca/Embed/en/i/8111262/?ml=en&vt=watch; accessed February 23, 2017; New Democratic Party, NDP Policy (Ottawa: New Democratic Party, 2013): 19; https://charrois.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/ndp-policy-book.pdf; accessed March 30, 2017.

  36. 36.

    Canada, Department of National Defence, Intelligence Assessment: Threat Capability Assessment for Canada’s Fighter Aircraft Capability (Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 2013): 3; http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/about-reports-pubs/06%2006%20Task%201%20(En)%20final.pdf; accessed March 30, 2017.

  37. 37.

    Ibid., 6.

  38. 38.

    Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Standing Committee on National Defence, Evidence: Monday, March 23, 2009 (Ottawa: Standing Committee on National Defence, 2009): 5; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/402/NDDN/Evidence/EV3760417/NDDNEV08-E.PDF; accessed March 30, 2017.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., Defence of North America: Evidence: Tuesday, April 29, 2014, 11; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/412/NDDN/Evidence/EV6548239/NDDNEV21-E.PDF; accessed March 30, 2017.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., Defence of North America: Evidence: Monday, February 16, 2015, 4; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/412/NDDN/Evidence/EV7835212/NDDNEV46-E.PDF; accessed March 30, 2017.

  41. 41.

    Thomas Frear, Łukasz Kulesa, and Ian Kearns, Dangerous Brinkmanship: Close Military Encounters Between Russia and the West in 2014 (London: European Leadership Network, 2014): 5, 7, 17; http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/medialibrary/2014/11/09/6375e3da/Dangerous%20Brinkmanship.pdf; accessed March 30, 2017.

  42. 42.

    Canada, Parliament, History of Federal Ridings Since 1867: General Elections 42-2015/10/19; http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/FederalRidingsHistory/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=G; accessed February 23, 2017.

  43. 43.

    See Prime Minister of Canada, Minister of National Defence Mandate Letter (Ottawa: Prime Minister of Canada, 2015): 1; https://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/minister-national-defence-mandate-letter; accessed February 24, 2017; and Canada, Department of National Defence, Future Fighter Capability Project (Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 2018): 1; http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/business-equipment/future-fighter-capability.page; accessed June 6, 2018.

  44. 44.

    Steven Chase, “Canada to Stay in Program of F-35 Jet Buyers Despite Pledge to Withdraw,” Globe and Mail (February 24, 2016): 1–2; http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-to-stay-in-program-of-f-35-jet-buyers-despite-pledge-to-withdraw/article28897002/; accessed February 24, 2017.

  45. 45.

    See Canada, Parliament, Standing Senate Committee on National Finance, First Interim Report on the Main Estimates 2016–17: Fourth Report (Ottawa: Standing Senate Committee on National Finance, 2016): 11; https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/421/NFFN/Reports/NFFN-FourthReport-MainEstimatesFirstInterim_e.pdf; accessed February 24, 2017; and House of Commons Debates, 148 (25) (February 25, 2016): 1397–1398; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/421/Debates/025/HAN025-E.PDF; accessed February 24, 2017. Video at Parlvu http://parlvu.parl.gc.ca/Embed/en/i/8814970/?ml=en&vt=watch; accessed February 24, 2017.

  46. 46.

    Ibid., 148 (56) (May 26, 2016): 3441; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/421/Debates/056/HAN056-E.PDF; accessed February 24, 2017.

  47. 47.

    Industry Canada, Amended and Restated Strategic Aerospace and Defence Initiative (“SADI”) Terms and Conditions (Ottawa: Industry Canada, June 1, 2016); https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ito-oti.nsf/vwapj/SADI_TsCs_2016_06_15.pdf/$file/SADI_TsCs_2016_06_15.pdf; 4, 6; accessed February 24, 2017.

  48. 48.

    House of Commons Debates, 148 (69) (June 9, 2016): 4272, 4280; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/421/Debates/069/HAN069-E.PDF#page=3; accessed December 22, 2017.

  49. 49.

    See Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Standing Committee on National Defence, Subject Matter of Supplementary Estimates (B) 2016–2017: Evidence (December 1, 2016): 6; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/NDDN/Evidence/EV8664335/NDDNEV32-E.PDF; accessed February 24, 2017; and “Ministerial Advisory Panel on Canada’s Defence Policy Review” (Ottawa: Government of Canada, April 6, 2016): 1–2; https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2016/04/ministerial-advisory-panel-on-canada-s-defence-policy-review.html; accessed February 24, 2017; and Canada, Department of National Defence, “Canada Announces Plan to Replace Fighter Jet Fleet” (Ottawa: Department of National Defence, November 22, 2016): 1–2; https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2016/11/canada-announces-plan-replace-fighter-fleet.html; accessed December 22, 2017. The defense consultation process concluded on July 31, 2016 and documentation, including public submissions, can be accessed at http://dgpaapp.forces.gc.ca/en/defence-policy-review/index.asp; accessed February 24, 2017.

  50. 50.

    See David Ljunggren and Leah Schnurr, “Canada, Cool on the F-35, Says Lockheed Jet Still an Option,” Reuters (December 12, 2016): 1–2; http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-lockheed-canada-idUSKBN14125C; accessed February 24, 2017; and Kim Richard Nossel, Charlie Foxtrot: Fixing Defence Procurement in Canada (Toronto: Dundurn, 2016).

  51. 51.

    See Canada, Department of National Defence, Strong, Secure, Engaged: Canada’s Defence Policy (Ottawa: DND, 2017): 38; http://dgpaapp.forces.gc.ca/en/canada-defence-policy/docs/canada-defence-policy-report.pdf; accessed December 22, 2017.

  52. 52.

    Ibid., “Integrating Australian Air Jets into the Royal Canadian Air Fighter Fleet” (Ottawa: DND, December 22, 2017): 1–2; https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2017/12/integrating_australianjetsintothecurrentroyalcanadianairforcefig.html; accessed December 22, 2017.

  53. 53.

    Public Works and Government Services Canada, “Future Fighter Capability Project - Suppliers List Invitation (W847A-180210/A)” (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, December 12, 2017): 1–3; https://buyandsell.gc.ca/procurement-data/tender-notice/PW-NGF-002-26574; accessed December 22, 2017.

  54. 54.

    Hansard Commons Debates, 148 (197) (June 19, 2017): 12925; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/421/Debates/197/HAN197-E.PDF#page=37; accessed December 22, 2017.

  55. 55.

    Ibid., 148 (208) (September 28, 2017): 13724; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/421/Debates/208/HAN208-E.PDF#page=44; accessed December 22, 2017.

  56. 56.

    See Ibid., and Hansards Common Debates, 148 (230) (November 6, 2017): 15065; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/421/Debates/230/HAN230-E.PDF#page=75; accessed December 22, 2017.

  57. 57.

    See Ibid., 148 (235) (November 21, 2017): 15436; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/421/Debates/235/HAN235-E.PDF#page=82; accessed December 22, 2017; and Australian National Audit Office, Management of Australia’s Air Combat Capability-F/A-18 Hornet and Super Hornet Fleet Upgrades and Sustainment (Barton, ACT: Australian National Audit Office, 2012); https://www.anao.gov.au/sites/g/files/net4816/f/201213%20Audit%20Report%20No%205.pdf; accessed December 22, 2017.

  58. 58.

    Ibid., 148 (250) (December 12, 2017): 16345; http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/House/421/Debates/250/HAN250-E.PDF#page=41; accessed December 22, 2017.

  59. 59.

    Public Services and Procurement Canada, “Replacing and Supplementing Canada’s Fighters” (Ottawa: Public Services and Procurement Canada, 2018): http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/app-acq/amd-dp/air/snac-nfps/CF-18-eng.html; accessed June 6, 2018.

  60. 60.

    Canadian Forces Aerospace Shape Doctrine (Ottawa: DND, 2014): 32; http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/assets/AIRFORCE_Internet/docs/en/cf-aerospace-warfare-centre/ad-b-ga-403-000-fp-001.pdf; accessed February 24, 2017.

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    Bert Chapman

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Chapman, B. (2019). JSF and Canada. In: Global Defense Procurement and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01367-7_6

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