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Conclusion

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Book cover Global Defense Procurement and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter

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Abstract

The JSF’s diverse international experiences reflect the cost of high technology and delays inherent in multinational defense acquisitions. It also reflects the close intersections between military spending and the aerospace industry as the following quotation demonstrates:

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Mark Parillo, “A Century of Airpower,” in The Influence of Airpower Upon History: Statesmanship, Diplomacy, and Foreign Policy Since 1903, Robin Higham and Mark Parillo, eds. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2013): 279.

  2. 2.

    U.S. Government Accountability Office, F-35 Aircraft Sustainment : DOD Needs to Address Challenges Affecting Readiness and Cost Transparency (Washington, DC: GAO, 2017): 6; https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/687982.pdf; accessed January 5, 2018.

  3. 3.

    See U.S. Government Accountability Office, F-35 Joint Strike Fighter: DOD Needs to Complete Developmental Testing Before Making Significant New Investments (Washington, DC: GAO, 2017): 1, 5–6; https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/684207.pdf; accessed January 5, 2018; and Stephen G. Brooks, Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005): 161–162.

  4. 4.

    Usaspending.gov (Washington, DC, 2018); https://www.usaspending.gov/Pages/AdvancedSearch.aspx?k=joint%20strike%20fighter; accessed January 5, 2018.

  5. 5.

    See Mark A. Lorell and Hugh P. Leveaux, The Cutting Edge: A Half Century of U.S. Fighter Aircraft R&D (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1998): 149–153; http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/1998/MR939.pdf; accessed January 5, 2018; Anthony L. Velocci, Jr., “Further Consolidation Looms Over Industry: Many More Mergers and Acquisitions Will Occur Including One or Two ‘Elephant Deals’ Worldwide, Aviation Week and Space Technology, 152 (19) (May 8, 2000): 22–24; Judy B. Davis, “The Impact of Defense Industry Consolidation on the Aerospace Industry,” Thesis (Wright-Patterson, AFB: Air Force Institute of Technology, 2006); http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA449606; accessed January 5, 2018; and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Aviation Operation, Safety, and Security, The Global Competitiveness of the U.S. Aviation Industry: Addressing Issues to Maintain U.S. Leadership in the Aerospace Market (Washington, DC: GPO, 2014): http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46733; accessed January 5, 2018.

  6. 6.

    Mac Thornberry and Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr., “Preserving Primacy: A Defense Strategy for the New Administration,” Foreign Affairs, 96 (5) (September/October 2016): 31.

  7. 7.

    See Lockheed Martin, “Economic Impact: Powering Job Creation for America and its Allies” (Fort Worth: Lockheed-Martin, 2017): 1; https://www.f35.com/about/economic-impact; accessed January 5, 2018., Ibid., “Global Participation: The Centerpiece of 21st Century Global Security” (Fort Worth: Lockheed-Martin, 2015): 1–2; https://www.f35.com/global; accessed January 5, 2018; David King, “The American Aircraft Industrial Base: On the Brink,” Air and Space Power Journal, 20 (1) (Spring 2006): 35–44; http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-20_Issue-1-4/2006_Vol20_No1.pdf; accessed January 5, 2018; The Global Arms Trade: A Handbook, Andrew T.H. Tan, ed. (London: Routledge, 2015); Australia, Department of Defence, “Australian Industry Building Global Joint Strike Fighter Capability” (Canberra: Defence Material Organisation, March 20, 2015): 1; http://www.defence.gov.au/dmo/NewsMedia/News/AustralianindustrybuildingglobalJointStrikeFightercapability; accessed January 5, 2018; Industry Canada, Canadian Industrial Participation in the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program Report by Industry Canada (Ottawa: Industry Canada, 2014); https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ad-ad.nsf/vwapj/Fall_2014_Report_Parliament.pdf/$file/Fall_2014_Report_Parliament.pdf; accessed January 5, 2018; and Great Britain, Ministry of Defence, Guidance: About Lightning II (London: MOD, 2015): 1–2; https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/lightning-ii-what-you-need-to-know/about-lightning-ii; accessed January 5, 2018.

  8. 8.

    John A. Alic, “Managing US Defense Acquisition,” Enterprise & Society, 14 (1) (March 2013): 31; https://doi.org/10.1093/es/khs051.

  9. 9.

    See Ellen Nakashima, “Key U.S. Weapon Designs Hacked,” Washington Post (May 28, 2013): A01; Dave Majumdar, “Russia’s Lethal Su-35 Fighter vs. America’s F-35, F-15, and F-16: Who Wins?,” The National Interest (September 19, 2016): 1–4; http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-lethal-su-35-fighter-vs-americas-f-35-f-15-f-16-who-17753; accessed March 20, 2017.

  10. 10.

    Eleni Ekmektsioglu, “Hypersonic Weapons and Escalation Control in East Asia,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, 9 (2) (Summer 2015): 62; http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-09_Issue-2/ekmektsioglou.pdf; accessed March 20, 2017; and John A. Shaud, Air Force Strategy Study 2020–2030 (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 2011): 100, 105; http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a540345.pdf; accessed March 20, 2017.

  11. 11.

    See Janusz Bugajski, Dismantling the West: Russia’s Atlantic Agenda (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc., 2009); Shaud, 92; Luis Simón, “NATO’s Rebirth: Assessing NATO’s Eastern European ‘Flank’”, Parameters, 44 (3) (Autumn 2014): 67–79; http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/Parameters/issues/Autumn_2014/10_SimonLuis_Addressing%20NATO’s%20Eastern%20European%20Flank.pdf; March 20, 2017; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, Russian Military Developments and Strategic Implications (Washington, DC: GPO, 2015); http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo54841; accessed March 20, 2017; Timothy L. Thomas, Russia Military Strategy: Impacting 21st Century Reform and Geopolitics (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office, 2015): 179–190; https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/fmso-books/195605; accessed January 5, 2018; Sergey Sevastyanov and Alexey Kravchuk, “The Russian Approach to National Security in the Arctic,” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 29 (1) (March 2017): 131–149; and “The Other Pivot: Banyan” The Economist, 421 (9017) (November 26, 2016): 53.

  12. 12.

    Vipin Narang, “Nuclear Strategies of Emerging Nuclear Powers: North Korea and Iran,” Washington Quarterly, 38 (1, 2015): 73–91; https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2015.1038175; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces, The Role of Maritime and Air Power in DOD’s Third Offset Strategy (Washington, DC: GPO, 2015): 10–11; http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo58009; accessed March 20, 2017; and Dian Matteo, “The Pivot to Asia, Air-Sea Battle and Contested Commons in the Asia-Pacific Region,” The Pacific Review, 28 (2) (2015): 237–257; https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2014.995124.

  13. 13.

    See The Dynamics of Military Revolution 1300–2050, MacGregor Knox and Williamson Murray, eds. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001); The Sources of Military Change: Culture, Politics, and Technology, Theo Farrell and Terry Terriff, eds. (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002); Williamson Murray, Military Adaptation in War With Fear of Change: (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Burak Kadercan, “Strong Armies, Slow Adaptation: Civil-Military Relations and the Diffusion of Military Power,” International Security, 38 (3) (Winter 2013/14): 117–152; https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00146; International Military Operations in the 21st Century: Global Trends and the Future of Intervention, Per M. Norheim-Martinsen and Tore Nyhamer, eds. (London: Routledge, 2015); and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Oversight of the European Reassurance Initiative (Washington, DC: GPO, 2017): 1–2; http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo78477; accessed March 20, 2017; and Rowan Callick, “Taking Up Arms,” The Australian (March 8, 2017): 11.

  14. 14.

    See Rebecca Grant, U.S. Air Dominance in a Fiscally-Constrained Environment: Tactical Aircraft and the Preservation of U.S. Air Dominance (Arlington, VA: Lexington Institute, 2013): http://lexingtoninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/AirDominance.pdf; accessed March 20, 2017; U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2016 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2015): 1; https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-114shrg59104640/pdf/CHRG-114shrg59104640.pdf; accessed March 20, 2017, 2015; U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval Operations, Statement of Admiral Jonathan Greenert on FY 2016 Department of the Navy Posture (Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, March 4, 2015): http://www.navy.mil/cno/docs/CNO_SACD.pdf; accessed March 20, 2017; 2017 Index of U.S. Military Strength: Assessing America’s Ability to Provide for the Common Defense, Dakota L. Wood, ed. (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2016): 378, 380, 388; http://ims-2017.s3.amazonaws.com/2017_Index_of_Military_Strength_WEB.pdf; accessed January 5, 2018; and Andrew F. Krepinevich and Barry D. Watts, The Last Warrior: Andrew Marshall and the Shaping of Modern American Defense Strategy (New York: Basic Books, 2015).

  15. 15.

    See Pat Host, “DARPA Studying ‘Air Dominance Initiative,” Defense Daily, 258 (37) (May 20, 2013): 3; U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces, Hearing on National Defense Authorization for Fiscal Year 2015 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs: Fiscal Year 2015 Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force Combat Aviation Programs (Washington, DC: GPO, 2014): 23; http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo54214; accessed June 29, 2017; Kelsey D. Atherton, “Get Ready for the Next Generation Fighter Jet: The Pentagon Imagines a Post-F35 Future,” Popular Science (January 29, 2015): 1–4; http://www.popsci.com/pentagon-budgets-next-fighter-generation-0; accessed June 29, 2017; and U.S. Defense Science Board, DSB Task Force Report on Air Dominance (Washington, DC: Defense Science Board, 2016); https://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2010s/DSB_ExecSumm_AirDominance.pdf; accessed January 5, 2018.

  16. 16.

    See Eugene Gholz and Harvey M. Sapolsky, “Restructuring the U.S. Defense Industry,” International Security, 24 (3) (Winter 1999/2000): 5–51; Public Law 111–23, “Weapons Systems Acquisition Reform Act of 2009,” 123 U.S. Statutes at Large 1703–1733; https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ23/pdf/PLAW-111publ23.pdf; accessed March 20, 2017; Mark A. Lorell, Michael Kennedy, Robert S. Leonard, et al., Do Joint Strike Fighter Programs Save Money? (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2013): xii-xix; http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/MG1200/MG1225/RAND_MG1225.sum.pdf; accessed March 22, 2017; and U.S. Government Accountability Office, Defense Contracting: Early Attention in the Acquisition Process Needed to Enhance Competition (Washington, DC: GAO, 2014); http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/678888.pdf; accessed March 22, 2017.

  17. 17.

    Kenneth Anderson, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary, 135 (6) (June 2013): 14–23.

  18. 18.

    See Andrew Herr, “Will Humans Matter in the Wars of 2030?,” Joint Force Quarterly, 77 (2nd Quarter 2015): 78; http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-77/jfq-77_76-83_Herr.pdf; accessed March 22, 2017; and Michael J. Boyle, “The Race for Drones,” Orbis, 59 (1) (Winter 2015): 76–94; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2014.11.007.

  19. 19.

    Herr, 81.

  20. 20.

    See Ibid., and Jeremy T. Nelson, et al., “Enhancing Vigilance in Operators With Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Stimulation (tDCS),” NeuroImage, 85 (3) (January 15, 2014): 909–917; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.061.

  21. 21.

    U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Armed Services, The Future of Warfare (Washington, DC: GPO, 2016): 37, 51; http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo66992; accessed March 20, 2017.

  22. 22.

    See Australia, Parliament, Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade, Submissions Received by the Committee: Mr. Chris Mills, http://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=cb696c8f-26b1-494c-ab8e-0555ef0fd7b4&subId=407251; 5–7; accessed March 20, 2017; and the simulations referred to in this submission are accessible at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-wP8OEm8F0; and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DX9e2zti_us; accessed January 5, 2018.

  23. 23.

    John Venable, Operational Assessment of the F-35A Argues for Full Program Procurement and Concurrent Development Process (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, August 4, 2016): 9; http://thf-reports.s3.amazonaws.com/2016/BG3140.pdf; accessed January 5, 2018.

  24. 24.

    See Ibid., 10; and U.S. Naval Air Training Command, Flight Training Instruction: Basic Fighter Maneuvering Section Engaged Maneuvering T-45 (Corpus Christ: NAS Corpus Christi, 2016): 5–27; https://www.cnatra.navy.mil/local/docs/pat-pubs/P-1289.pdf; accessed June 14, 2018.

  25. 25.

    Venable, 4–5.

  26. 26.

    Kris Osborne, “US Air Force Pilot: The F-35 Stealth Fighter is the World’s Best,” The National Interest (June 29, 2016): 2; http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/us-air-force-pilot-the-f-35-stealth-fighter-the-worlds-best-16790; accessed March 21, 2017.

  27. 27.

    See David Majumdar, The National Interest (September 19, 2016): 1–3; http://nationalinterest.org/print/blog/the-buzz/russias-lethal-su-35-fighter-vs-americas-f-35-f-15-f-16-who-17753; accessed March 21, 2017; and Ibid., “Wargame Shows Lockheed Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Kills 15 Fighters for Every Loss,” The National Interest (February 7, 2017): 1–3; http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/wargame-shows-lockheed-martin-f-35-joint-strike-fighter-19352; accessed March 21, 2017.

  28. 28.

    Guy Norris, “Pilot Reaction to Flying the F-35B,” Aviation Week Blog (April 24, 2014): 2–3; http://aviationweek.com/blog/pilot-reaction-flying-f-35b; accessed January 5, 2018.

  29. 29.

    Paul Cleary, “Delivering the Right Stuff,” The Australian (March 3, 2017): 13.

  30. 30.

    Morton Hanche, “The F-35 in a Dogfight: What I Have Learned So Far,” Kampflybloggen (March 1, 2016): 10; https://nettsteder.regjeringen.no/kampfly/2016/03/01/f-35-i-naerkamp-hva-har-jeg-laert-sa-langt-the-f-35-in-a-dogfight-what-have-i-learned-so-far/; accessed January 5, 2018.

  31. 31.

    Ibid., 11.

  32. 32.

    See Venable, 11, Amy Butler, “Frank, Feared, and Respected,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, 175 (1) (January 14, 2013): 48; William T. Eliason, “An Interview With Christopher C. Bogdan,” Joint Force Quarterly, 78 (July 2015): 54–60; http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-78/jfq-78_54-60_Bogdan.pdf; accessed March 21, 2017; Jon Harper, “F-35 in Trump Administration’s Crosshairs,” National Defense (February 2017): 8; Eliot V. Converse III, History of Acquisition in the Department of Defense: Volume I: Rearming for the Cold War, 1945–1960 (Washington, DC: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2012): http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo23378; accessed August 16, 2018; Walter S. Poole, History of Acquisition in the Department of Defense: Volume II: Adapting to Flexible Response, 1960–1968 (Washington, DC: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2013): http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo23378; accessed August 16, 2018; and The F-35 Lightning II, Leadership (Washington, DC: Joint Strike Fighter Program Office, 2018): 1; http://www.jsf.mil/leadership/index.htm; accessed January 5, 2018.

  33. 33.

    See Thomas Mahnken, Technology and the American Way of War (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008); Colin S. Gray, “Understanding Air Power: Bonfire of the Fallacies,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, 2 (4) (Winter 2008): 43–83; http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-02_Issue-4/Gray.pdf; March 20, 2017; Colin S. Gray, Airpower for Strategic Effect (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 2012); http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo56522; accessed January 5, 2018; Robert Haddick, Fire on the Water: China, America, and the Future of the Pacific (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2014); Mark Clodfelter, “Theory, Implementation, and the Future of Airpower,” Air and Space Power Journal, 28 (5) (September–October 2014): 118–125; http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-28_Issue-5/V-Clodfelter.pdf; accessed January 5, 2018; Michael Pillsbury, The Hundred Year Marathon: China’s Secret Strategy to Replace America as the Global Superpower (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015); and Anna Ahronheim, “Israel Air Force Commander Maj.-Gen. Amikam Norkin Speaks About Israel’s Use of the F-35 (IDF Spokesperson’s Unit, Adir Stealth Fighter Jet,” Jerusalem Post (May 23, 2018): 1–2; https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/IAF-commander-Israel-first-to-use-F-35-jet-in-combat-558030; accessed May 23, 2018.

  34. 34.

    James Kadtke and John Wharton, Technology and National Security: The United States at a Critical Crossroads (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2018): http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/defensehorizon/DH-84.pdf; accessed June 14, 2018.

  35. 35.

    Sevastyanov and Kravchuk.

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    Bert Chapman

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Chapman, B. (2019). Conclusion. In: Global Defense Procurement and the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01367-7_10

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