Abstract
This chapter provides context to Arthur Cecil Pigou’s life and times, intellectual development, and scholarly contributions. This biographical narrative draws on and complements previous studies that broadly address aspects of Pigou’s life and his early contributions to knowledge. Biographical studies of Pigou are constrained by the lack of surviving personal papers and correspondence. With available records on his life fragmented, a comprehensive account of his life is not attempted. Rather, a chronological sequence of Pigou’s professional life is presented, which is complemented by a thematically arranged presentation of aspects of his personal life. There is, in particular, a focus on his family and youth, scholarly activities and contributions, approach to work and leadership at Cambridge, contributions to public service, and aspects of his life that are relevant to the development of his ideas. The latter includes an account of his friendships and connections and the impact of his wartime activities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
An unsigned note in Pigou’s files at the King’s College Archive Centre, which includes Pigou’s will, reads: “I have destroyed letters and a few MSS as the Prof directed.” The unidentified individual writing this note indicates that these documents had been burnt in the fireplace in Pigou’s rooms (KCAC/6/1/11/36).
- 2.
The Baronetcy of Blackrock in the County of Dublin was created for John Lees, soldier, politician, and administrator on June 30, 1804, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom (Lundy 2012).
- 3.
Both the Lees and Pigou families’ residency at Ryde coincides with Ryde’s increased popularity and expansion after Queen Victoria’s and Prince Albert’s commissioning of, and subsequent extended periods of residence at, Osborne House in East Cowes, where Queen Victoria would eventually die in 1901.
- 4.
Phillip Taylor (2011) has completed a paper chronicling the life of Frederick Alexander Preston Pigou (1838–1905) in which the general wealth and business history of the Pigou family in Kent is detailed.
- 5.
This is based on the England and Wales Census records for the year 1861 as cited in Taylor (2011).
- 6.
English census records state the country of birth and death of Pigou’s paternal grandfather, also named Arthur Pigou, as India. Pigou’s father’s place of birth is also listed as Calcutta, India, in English census records (Administrative County of Kent 1881).
- 7.
The Pigou family is listed in the 1881 English census as living in Pembury. The members of the household included Clarence and Nora Pigou, one of Nora’s sisters listed as Miss Lees, Arthur, and his brother Gerard plus five servants (Administrative County of Kent 1881).
- 8.
As a Western Australian, it is interesting to note the Reverend Davies’s connection to Perth. After graduating from Cambridge in Classics, Davies travelled to Australia to take up the position of Head Master of High School, Perth, a position he held from 1878 to 1881. He married the Bishop of Perth’s daughter before moving back to Great Britain and being ordained in 1881 to the Curacy of Sandhurst, Kent. He later held the Curacy at Finchampstead 1884–1887, became Rector of Sutcombe Devon from 1887 to 1890, after which time he took up the position of Principal of the private preparatory school at Matfield Grange and Curacy of Matfield (Milford 1891).
- 9.
John Marshall was a successful British industrialist and politician who amassed a fortune from his primary business of flax spinning. He had become a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons in 1827 and was instrumental in the founding of Leeds University. Marshall was influenced by his friend, the Poet Laureate William Wordsworth, who had considered visits to the Lake District as affording a “sort of national property”. Often seeking Wordsworth’s advice, Marshall became instrumental in conserving the district’s natural aesthetics by systematically purchasing land in the area, in the management of these estates, and in the systematic planting and protection of woodland (see Welberry 2000 and Denman 2011, p. 42). Aligned with the utilitarian writings of Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, Thomas Malthus, and Ricardo, John Marshall published a short work of instruction on political economy in 1825, The Economy of Social Life, for the Use of Schools. Marshall’s large family (he had five sons and seven daughters) had wide connections. John Marshall had ties with many notable Victorian intellectuals including William Whewell (his son-in-law), Frederic Myers (a grandson), Leslie Stephen, and John Ruskin. For further details pertaining to the activities of John Marshall and his family, see: Denman (2011), Marshall and Walton (1981), and Rimmer (1960).
- 10.
Newlands valley in Cumbria is where Buttermere is located.
- 11.
The lessor of the land at Buttermere to Pigou on April 7, 1911, was William H. Marshall, John Marshall’s oldest son (Cumbria Archive Service 2015, DWM11/362).
- 12.
Oscar Browning (1910, p. 234) discusses how the ‘Historical Tripos’ developed at Cambridge in his biography.
- 13.
In an undated letter from Pigou to Browning kept at the King’s College Archive Centre (Archival Reference: OB/1/1281/A), Pigou expresses his gratitude to Browning for arranging the scholarship. Saltmarsh and Wilkinson (1960, p. 4) characterise Pigou’s receipt of this undergraduate scholarship as a promotion.
- 14.
The evidence for this comes from Pigou’s letters to Browning (see McLure 2013).
- 15.
Pigou’s attempts to obtain a fellowship, and the referees’ assessments of his fellowship dissertations, are discussed in McLure (2013).
- 16.
Foxwell was, at that stage, a senior and experienced economics lecturer at Cambridge University. He felt that Pigou did not have the knowledge to teach the general course in economics (Kadish 2010 [1989], p. 193) and, as such, was not supportive of the Moral Sciences Board’s decision to support Marshall’s request for Pigou to be the lecturer of the general course in economics. This issue is discussed further in McLure (2013).
- 17.
“It is prima facie desirable that arbitrators should seek somewhat to modify the general distribution of wealth, awarding to poor workpeople higher wages than the trend of economic forces would naturally bring about, provided that these wages seem likely to come from the pockets of relatively wealthy persons” (Pigou 1905a, p. xi).
- 18.
The letter is reprinted in Coats (1992, pp. 315–314).
- 19.
Takami (2014) provides an interesting reconstruction of the political context that Pigou faced at Cambridge, including discussion of the potential influence of the Fabian Society and socialism more generally on Pigou’s thinking up to 1912.
- 20.
- 21.
In his referee’s report on Pigou’s King’s fellowship dissertation, which was a revised version of his winning Cobden Prize essay, Marshall supported his very strong recommendation in favour of Pigou by quoting extensively from a letter that he had received from Price that enthused over the “remarkable capacity for economic argument” that Pigou demonstrated in his Cobden essay (see McLure 2013).
- 22.
In a retrospective piece, Pigou (1952, pp. 85–107) recalled the impact of two events that, he believed, had generally led economists to consider unemployment as a topic requiring greater analysis. These two events were the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–1909 (and its subsequent report The Majority and Minority Reports of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws issued in 1910) and the appearance of Beveridge’s popular book Unemployment, a Problem of Industry, published in 1909. It has been argued that neither Marshall nor Pigou provided any substantial analysis of unemployment to the Royal Commission, with Pigou’s (1907 [1910]) contribution confined to analysis of pauperism, wage adjustment, and considerations of minimum wages and minimum living conditions (Komine 2007; McBriar 1987, p. 258). Komine (2007) also observes that the analytical structure adopted in the memorandum was present in Pigou’s later seminal work, Wealth and Welfare, published five years later.
- 23.
- 24.
The active electors for Marshall’s successor to the position of Professor of Political Economy were Lord Courtney, F.Y. Edgeworth, J.N. Keynes, J.S. Nicholson, R.H. Inglis Palgrave, V.H. Stanton, and W.R. Sorley (Coase 1972, p. 478).
- 25.
Coats (1972, p. 488) suggests that ‘moderates’ among the electors, like Nicholson and J.N. Keynes, were displeased by Marshall’s lobbying in favour of Pigou. Coase (1972, pp. 483–484) suggested that they had probably voted against Pigou and in favour of Foxwell; however, this possibility must now be dismissed in light of Aslanbeigui and Oakes’s (2015, p. 25) finding.
- 26.
- 27.
Today the manifesto of the so-called Pigou Club, established by Gregory Mankiw (2006), advocates the imposition of a Pigouvian tax on gasoline to combat, among other things, global warming and road congestion.
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
Aslanbeigui and Naples (1997) considers Pigou’s response to Sraffa specifically.
- 31.
Some modern historians of Marshallian economics, such as Neil Hart (2012), are even more critical of Pigou, suggesting that his work on costs and the equilibrium firm closed off the evolutionary dimension of Marshall’s work to the economics profession, with the result being that important evolutionary themes in Marshall were not developed further.
- 32.
Probably the definitive ‘rational’ treatment of this historical issue was later undertaken by Ambrosi (2003).
- 33.
Pigou’s small book Socialism Versus Capitalism, which expressed some sympathy towards socialism, also appeared in 1937b. Keynes, on reading that book, noted that “when it comes to practice, there is really extremely little difference between us” but again pointed to general disagreement on theoretical grounds (Keynes as cited by Kahn 1984, p. 195).
- 34.
Don Patinkin (1948) coined the phrase the “Pigou effect” to describe the impact on consumption of price movement. As prices fall, the nominal value of wealth increases and consequently consumption rises.
- 35.
Peter Groenewegen (2012) considers Charles Ryle Fay (1884–1961) and Walter Layton (1884–1966) as minor Marshallians. Fay, an economic historian, remained an academic during the course of his working life, teaching and writing economic history, but he also completed a treatise on the cooperative movement in Great Britain and abroad (see Hugh Gault’s 2011 biography on Fay). He was also fondly remembered by Austin Robinson for his ‘enthusiasm and excitement’ as a supervisor (Harcourt 1995). Layton wrote on labour economics and the price level. He left academia to become a financial journalist and newspaper editor, later becoming the proprietor of The Economist. (See Groenewegen’s book for an in-depth consideration of both men as Marshallian economists.)
- 36.
Pigou freely advised others to do the same. G.C. Harcourt (2012b) was informed “that Paul Samuelson gave Pigou one of his articles—it may have been factor price equalisation in the 1940s or 1950s and Pigou asked had the maths been checked. Samuelson said he did maths. Pigou said ‘No, I mean by a Cambridge mathematician.’”
- 37.
- 38.
Pigou was often reproached by Clapham for not attending College meetings (Saltmarsh and Wilkinson 1960, p. 20).
- 39.
Harcourt (2012a) also anecdotally recalls: “When my great friend Allan Barton joined me in Cambridge in 1956 we were walking out of King’s behind the Senate House. Pigou was ahead of us having his after lunch constitutional, walking with a stick. I said to ADB ‘That’s Pigou’. He was off like a hare, ran close to Pigou, who hit him with his stick!”
- 40.
Hicks appeared to like Pigou and was happy to engage him in discussion on issues in economics, and he found a subtle way of achieving that end: “The thing to do is never to press him [Pigou], or argue with him; just throw out a remark to see if it tempts him” (Hicks, November 12, 1935, letter to Ursula Webb, as cited in Marcuzzo and Sanfilippo 2008, p. 86).
- 41.
A letter written by Pigou (undated, KCAC ACP1/Corrie) to his friend Donald Corrie is of interest in terms of revealing how Pigou sometimes viewed the relationship between his life at Cambridge and his time spent at Buttermere.
- 42.
Muriel Glauert, who died in 1949, was an able mathematician who had attended Newnham College from 1912 to 1915 and completed the Mathematical Tripos, although this degree was awarded by London University as Cambridge was yet to confer the award to females. She was married to Herman Glauert FRS, FRAeS, the former head of the Aerodynamics Department of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), Farnborough, who died in an accident in 1934. Muriel Glauert had taught in Liverpool before becoming a researcher at the RAE Farnborough and completing graduate studies in Aeronautics (Ackroyd and Riley 2011).
- 43.
I would like to thank Mr Jon Ffrench for directing me to correspondence between his grandfather, Norman Southern, and Jack Tressider Sheppard. These provide some insight into the social life that Pigou was party to during the first decade of the twentieth century.
- 44.
Pigou developed amusing stories for those children of whom he was particularly fond and suggested to his publishers that they perhaps publish stories that he had, over the years, “tried out successfully on several children” (Collard 1996, p. 32). Pigou was godfather to Philip Noel-Bakers’s son and his connection and friendship with the prominent mountaineer and Cambridge graduate, Wilfred Noyce, as detailed in Sect. 2.5.2, is perhaps unsurprising given Pigou had been classmates with Noyce’s father, Sir Frank Noyce, a Mathematical Tripos graduate who had taken Marshall’s advanced course in economics in the same year as Pigou and may have been a friend.
- 45.
This event is recalled in detail in Philip Noel-Baker’s (1959) obituary of Pigou that appeared in Nature.
- 46.
In his biography of the famous British rock climber, John Menlove Edwards, Jim Perrin (1993) recounts the relationship that developed between Noyce and Edwards during 1936, with the relationship ending on Noyce’s enrolment at King’s. The relationship between Noyce and Pigou, who was much older than Noyce (Pigou would have been approaching 60 years of age, 40 years Noyce’s senior), became lifelong and close. Pigou remained friends with Wilfrid Noyce after his marriage in 1950 and the subsequent birth of his two sons. Pigou also generously remembered Noyce in his final will and testimony.
- 47.
Pigou would later confer upon visitors at Buttermere, for achievements in hill walking and rock climbing, the various medals and ribbons he had been awarded for the activities of his ambulance-driving during the First World War (Champernowne 1959).
- 48.
Aslanbeigui (1992a) refers to J.N. Keynes’s Diaries, June 1 and 4, 1908.
- 49.
Pigou’s rooms at King’s were quite expansive, and in later years he made part of his rooms available to undergraduates. Sebastian Halliday was sharing his rooms at King’s College at the time of Pigou’s death. An account of Pigou shortly before his death and of Sebastian appears in Martin Bernal’s autobiography (2012, p. 145).
References
Archival Material
Administrative County of Kent. 1881. English Census RG12/683, 114 p. 3. original records are held at the National Archives.
Cumbria Archive Service. n.d.-a. Marshall Archive Collection. DMar/10/2. Cumbria Office, Cumbria.
———. n.d.-b. Waugh and Musgrave Archive Collection. DWM11/362. Whitehaven Office, Cumbria.
King’s College Archive Centre. n.d. (undated note). Note in file containing copies of ACP’s will, King’s College Archive Centre Reference: KCAC/6/1/11/36. Cambridge.
Pigou, A.C. circa 1896. Notebook: Undergraduate History Notes. In Pigou 1/2. Marshall Library Archives.
———. 1899–1900. Unpublished letters to Oscar Browning. King’s College Archive Centre: OB/1/1281/A. Cambridge.
———. circa 1900–1901. Unpublished letters to Oscar Browning. King’s College Archive Centre: OB/1/1281/A. Cambridge.
———. 1901. The Causes and Effects of Changes in the Relative Values of Agricultural Produce in the United Kingdom During the Last Fifty Years, King’s College Fellowship Thesis, King’s College Archive Centre: Coll. KCAC/4/11/1/Pigou.
———. 1939a. ‘Letter to J. V. Robinson’, Robinson, J.V. Papers, King’s College Archive Centre, Reference: JVR/vii/347/1.
———. 1939b. ‘Letter to J. V. Robinson’, Robinson, J.V. Papers, King’s College Archive Centre, Reference: JVR/vii/347/2.
———. n.d. (undated). “Letter to D. Corrie”. Corrie Papers, King’s College Archive Centre. Reference: ACP1/Corrie. Cambridge.
Published Material
Ackroyd, J.A.D., and N. Riley. 2011. Hermann Glauert FRS, FRAeS (1892–1934). Journal of Aeronautical History 1 (2): 22–73.
Ambrosi, Gerhard Michael. 2003. Keynes, Pigou and Cambridge Keynesian: Authenticity and Analytical Perspective in the Keynes-Classics Debate. Palgrave Macmillan.
Ambrosi, G.M. 2008. Arthur Cecil Pigou, The Man: Family Background and Formative Years. Unpublished. Trier.
———. 2009. A Genealogy Report for Arthur Cecil Pigou. Unpublished. Trier.
Amery, Leo. 1908. The Fundamental Fallacies of Free Trade. London: Love and Malcomson.
Ashley, W.J. 1903. The Tariff Problem. London: P.S. King and Son.
Aslanbeigui, Nahid. 1992a. Pigou’s Inconsistencies or Keynes’s Misconceptions? History of Political Economy 24 (2): 413–433.
———. 1992b. Foxwell’s Aims and Pigou’s Military Service: A Malicious Episode? Journal of the History of Economic Thought 14 (01): 96–109.
———. 1996. The Cost Controversy: Pigouvian Economics in Disequilibrium. The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 3 (2): 275–295.
———. 1997. Rethinking Pigou’s Misogyny. Eastern Economic Journal 23 (3): 301–316.
———. 2008. Pigou, Arthur Cecil (1877–1959). In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, ed. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence Blume. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 2010. Introduction to the Transaction Edition. In The Economics of Welfare. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Aslanbeigui, Nahid, and I. Michele Naples. 1997. Scissors or Horizon: Neoclassical Debates About Returns to Scale, Costs, and Long-Run Supply, 1926–1942. Southern Economic Journal 64 (2): 517–530.
Aslanbeigui, Nahid, and Guy Oakes. 2009. The Provocative Joan Robinson. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
———. 2010. Richard Kahn’s Fellowship Dissertation: The Fate of ‘The Economics of the Short Period’. The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 18 (3): 381–405.
———. 2015. Arthur Cecil Pigou, ed. A.P. Thirlwall, Great Thinkers in Economics. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bernal, Martin. 2012. Geography of a Life. USA: Xlirbris Corporation.
Beveridge, William Henry. 1909. Unemployment: A Problem of Industry. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
Boianovsky, Mauro. 2014. Robertson and the Cambridge Approach to Utility and Welfare. Cambridge Journal of Economics 38: 961–985.
Bridel, Pascal, and Bruna Ingrao. 2005. Managing Cambridge Economics: The Correspondence Between Keynes and Pigou. In Economists in Cambridge: A Study through Their Correspondence, 1907–1946, ed. Maria Cristina Marcuzzo and Annalisa Rosselli, 154–176. London: Routledge.
Browning, Oscar. 1910. Memories of Sixty Years at Eton, Cambridge and Elsewhere. LLC, Biblio Life.
Bruce, W.N. 1922. F.E.M. The Harrovian 35 (6): 77–78.
Champernowne, D.G. 1959. Arthur Cecil Pigou 1877–1959. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) 122 (2): 263–265.
Clapham, J.H. 1922a. Of Empty Economic Boxes. The Economic Journal 32 (127): 305–314.
———. 1922b. The Economic Boxes. The Economic Journal 32 (128): 560–563.
Coase, R.H. 1960. The Problem of Social Cost. Journal of Law and Economics 3 (October): 1–44.
———. 1972. The Appointment of Pigou as Marshall’s Successor. Journal of Law and Economics 15: 473–485.
Coats, A.W. 1967. Sociological Aspects of British Economic Thought (ca. 1880–1930). The Journal of Political Economy 75 (5): 706–729.
———. 1968. Political Economy and Tariff Reform Campaign of 1903. Journal of Law and Economics 11 (1): 181–229.
———. 1972. The Appointment of Pigou as Marshall’s Successor: Comment. Journal of Law and Economics 15 (2): 487–495.
———. 1992. On the History of Economic Thought: American and British Essays. Vol. 1. London: Routledge.
Collard, David. 1981. A.C. Pigou, 1877–1959. In Pioneers of Modern Economics in Britain, ed. D.P. O’Brien and John R. Presley. New Jersey: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
———. 1996. Pigou and Future Generations: A Cambridge Tradition. Cambridge Journal of Economics 20 (5): 585–597.
———. 2002. Introduction. In A.C. Pigou Journal Articles Vol I (1902–1953) and II (1923–1953), xi–xxxiii. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 2011. Generations of Economists. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
———. 2013. “Pigou: An Appreciation.” Pigou “Mini-Conference”, Robinson College, Cambridge University, 29 November.
Cottrell, Allin. 1994a. Brady on Pigou and Keynes: Comment. History of Political Economy 26 (4): 707–711.
———. 1994b. Keynes’s Appendix to Chapter 19: A Reader’s Guide. History of Political Economy 26 (4): 681–695.
Cunningham, W. 1915. Letter to the Editor. The Nation.
Deaton, A.S. 1974. The Analysis of Consumer Demand in the United Kingdom, 1900–1970. Econometrica 42: 351–367.
Denman, Derek. 2011. Materialising Cultural Value in the English Lakes 1735–1845. Doctor of Philosophy, Lancaster.
Duarte, Pedro Garcia. 2009. Frank P. Ramsey: A Cambridge Economist. History of Political Economy 41 (3): 445–470.
Fisher, Irving, and assisted by H.G. Brown. 1913. The Purchasing Power of Money. New York: Macmillan.
Forster, E.M. 1985. Commonplace Book. Stanford: Standford University Press; originating publisher: Scolar Press, London.
Gaspard, M. 2005. Individual Behaviors and Collective Welfare: Ramsey’s “Microfoundations” of “Macro-Equilibrium”. IRES (Institut de recherches economiques et sociales) conference, Universite Catholique de Louvain.
Gault, Hugh. 2011. The Quirky Dr Fay: A Remarkable Life. Cambridge: Gretton Books.
Gaunt, H.C.A. 1959. Arthur Cecil Pigou. The Alpine Journal 64 (300): 291–293.
de Graaff, J.V. 1987. Pigou, Arthur Cecil (1877–1959). The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Accessed February 8, 2012.
Groenewegen, P. 1995. A Soaring Eagle: Alfred Marshall 1842–1924/Peter Groenewegen. Aldershot, Brookfield, VT: E. Elgar.
———. 2012. The Minor Marshallians and Alfred Marshall: An Evaluation. Vol. 134, Routledge Studies in the History of Economics. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Hamouda, O.F. 1993. John R. Hicks: The Economist’s Economist. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Harcourt, G.C. 1991. R.F. Kahn: A Tribute. Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review 44 (176): 15–30.
———. 1995. Recollections and Reflections of an Australian Patriot and a Cambridge Economist. Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review 48 (194): 225–254.
———. 2012. Correspondence with the author/s. 7 June.
Harrod, R.F. 1951. The Life of John Maynard Keynes. London: Macmillan.
Hart, Neil. 2012. Equilibrium and Evolution: Alfred Marshall and the Marshallians. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hicks, J.R. 1939. The Foundations of Welfare Economics. The Economic Journal 49 (196): 696–712.
Howarth, T.E.B. 1978. Cambridge Between Two Wars. London: Collins.
Johnson, Harry G. 1960. Arthur Cecil Pigou, 1877–1959. The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/Revue canadienne d’Economique et de Science politique 26 (1): 150–155.
Jones, T.W. 1978. The Appointment of Pigou as Marshall’s Successor: The Other Side of the Coin. Journal of Law and Economics 21: 235–243.
Kadish, Alon. 2010 [1989]. Historians, Economists, and Economic History (Routledge Revivals). London and Hoboken: Routledge and Taylor and Francis e-Library.
Kahn, Richard F. 1984. The Making of Keynes’ General Theory. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Keynes, J.M. 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan.
Komine, Atsushi. 2007. Pigou, National Minimum and Unemployment: A Premise to Be Compared with Beveridge. Ryukoku University Institute of Social Science: Ryukoku University Institutional Repository.
Kumekawa, Ian. 2017. The First Serious Optimist: A.C. Pigou and the Birth of Welfare Economics. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Kurz, Heinz D., ed. 2000. Critical Essays on Piero Sraffa’s Legacy in Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kurz, Heinz D., and Neri Salvadori. 2000. Piero Sraffa’s Contributions to Economics: A Brief Survey. In Critical Essays on Piero Sraffa’s Legacy in Economics, ed. Heinz D. Kurz, 3–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lundy, Darryl. 2012. “thePeerage.com.” In Ngaio, Wellington NZ. Accessed January 3, 2012. url. http://thepeerage. com.
Mankiw, N.G. 2006. “The Pigou Club Manifesto.” http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com.au/2006/10/pigou-club-manifesto.html, October 20.
Marcuzzo, Maria Cristina, and Eleonora Sanfilippo, eds. 2008. Dear John, Dear Ursula (Cambridge and LSE, 1935): Eighty-Eight Letters Unearthed. In Markets, Money and Capital: Hicksian Economics for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Roberto Scazzieri, Amartya Sen, and Stefano Zamangni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marshall, Alfred. 1901. Unpublished letter to the Provost with the heading “A.C. Pigou’s Thesis”. King’s College Archive Centre.
———. 1920 [1890]. Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume. 8th ed. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.
Marshall, J.D., and J.K. Walton. 1981. The Lake Counties from 1830 to the Mid-Twentieth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
McBriar, A.M. 1987. An Edwardian Mixed Doubles: The Bosanquets Versus the Webbs. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
McLure, Michael. 2010. Pareto, Pigou and Third-Party Consumption: Divergent Approaches to Welfare Theory with Implications for the Study of Public Finance. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17 (4): 635–657.
———. 2013. Assessments of A.C. Pigou’s Fellowship Theses. History of Political Economy 45 (2): 255–285.
Meredith, A.C. 2012. Correspondence with Harrow School Archivist. 28th–30th August.
Milford, L.S., ed. 1891. Haileybury Register. 2nd ed. Hertford: Stephen Austin and Sons.
Moggridge, D.E. 1995. Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography. [Electronic Resource]. London: Routledge.
Moore, G.E. 2003. One Hundred Years from Now: W.J. Ashley, The Tariff Problem. History of Economics Review 38 (Winter): 53–68.
Newman, Peter. 1960. The Erosion of Marshall’s Theory of Value. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 74 (4): 587–599.
Noel-Baker, Philip. 1959. Prof. A.C. Pigou. Nature 4668 (April 18): 1089–1090.
Noyce, Wilfrid. 1961. Correspondence. The Alpine Journal 66 (302 and 303): 195.
Patinkin, Don. 1948. Price Flexibility and Full Employment. The American Economic Review 38 (4): 543–564.
Perrin, Jim. 1993. Menlove: Life of John Menlove Edwards. Leicestershire: Ernest Press.
Pigou, A.C. 1901a. Robert Browning as a Religious Teacher, Being the Burney Essay for 1900. London: C. J. Clay and Sons.
———. 1903a. The Riddle of the Tariff. London: R. Brimley Johnson.
———. 1903b. Some Remarks on Utility. The Economic Journal 13 (49): 58–68.
———. 1904a [2002]. The Known and Unknown in Mr Chamberlain’s Policy. In A.C. Pigou Journal Articles 1902–1922, ed. David Collard, 37–50. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Original edition, Fortnightly Review.
———. 1904b [2002]. Mr. Chamberlain’s Proposals. In A.C. Pigou Journal Articles 1902–1922, ed. David Collard, 51–77. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Original edition, Edinburgh Review.
———. 1905a. Principles and Methods of Industrial Peace. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited.
———. 1905b. The Optimism of Browning and Meredith. Independent Review 6: 92–104.
———. 1906a. Protective and Preferential Import Duties. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited.
———. 1906b [2002]. Protection and the Working Classes. In A.C. Pigou Journal Articles 1902–1922, ed. David Collard, 1–32. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Original edition, The Edinburgh Review.
———. 1907a. The Ethics of the Gospels. The International Journal of Ethics 17 (3): 275–290.
———. 1907b. Some Points of Ethical Controversy. International Journal of Ethics 18 (1): 99–107.
———. 1908a. The Problems of Theism, and Other Essays. Macmillan and Co. Limited.
———. 1908b. The Ethics of Nietzsche. International Journal of Ethics 18 (3): 343–355.
———. 1908c. The Problems of Theism, and Other Essays. Macmillan.
———. 1910 [1907]. Memorandum on Some Economic Aspects and Effects of Poor Relief, ed. Cd. 5068 Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress. London: His Majesty of Stationary Office and Wyman & Sons Ltd.
———. 1910a. A Method of Determining the Numerical Value of Elasticities of Demand. Economic Journal xx: 636–640.
———. 1910b. Producers’ and Consumers’ Surplus. The Economic Journal 20 (79): 358–370.
———. 1912. Wealth and Welfare. London: Macmillan.
———. 1913. The Interdependence of Different Sources of Demand and Supply in a Market. The Economic Journal 23 (89): 19–24.
———. 1915. A Plea for the Statement of the Allies’ Terms. The Nation 6 (Feb): 590–591.
———. 1917. The Value of Money. Quarterly Journal of Economics XXXII: 38–65.
———. 1920. The Economics of Welfare. 1st ed. London: Macmillan and Co.
———. 1921. The Political Economy of War. London: Macmillan.
———. 1922. F.E.M. The Harrovian XXX (6): 22.
———. 1924. Those Empty Boxes: A Brief Reply. Economic Journal 34 (133): 30–31.
———., ed. 1925. Memorials of Alfred Marshall. London: Macmillan.
———. 1926. A Contribution to the Theory of Credit. Economic Journal 36 (142): 215–227.
———. 1927a. Wage Policy and Unemployment. The Economic Journal 37 (147): 355–368.
———. 1927b. Industrial Fluctuations. London: Macmillan.
———. 1928a. An Analysis of Supply. Economic Journal 38: 238–257.
———. 1928b. A Study in Public Finance. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan and Co.
———. 1930. The Statistical Derivation of Demand Curves. The Economic Journal 40 (159): 384–400.
———. 1933a. The Theory of Unemployment. London: Macmillan.
———. 1933b. A Note on Imperfect Competition. Economic Journal 43 (169): 108–112.
———. 1936. Mr JM Keynes’ The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Economica III: 115–132.
———. 1937a. Real and Money Wage Rates in Relation to Unemployment. Economic Journal 188 (Dec.): 743–753.
———. 1937b. Socialism Versus Capitalism. London: Macmillan.
———. 1941. Employment and Equilibrium: A Theoretical Discussion. London: Macmillan.
———. 1943. The Classical Stationary State. Economic Journal 53 (212): 343–351.
———. 1945. Lapses from Full Employment. London: Macmillan.
———. 1946. Income: An Introduction to Economics. London: Macmillan.
———. 1947. Aspects of British Economic History, 1918–1925. London: Macmillan.
———. 1949. The Veil of Money. London: Macmillan.
———. 1950. Keynes’s ‘General Theory’ – A Retrospective View. London: Macmillan.
———. 1951. Some Aspects of Welfare Economics. The American Economic Review 41 (3): 287–302.
———. 1952 [1941]. Newspaper Reviewers, Economics and Mathematics. In Essays in Economics, ed. A.C. Pigou, 113–119. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.
———. 1953. Alfred Marshall and Current Thought. London: Macmillan.
———. 1955. Income Revisited. London: Macmillan.
Pigou, A.C., and D.H. Robertson. 1924. Those Empty Boxes. The Economic Journal 34 (133): 16–31.
Price, L.L. 1904. Review of A.C. Pigou, The Riddle of the Tariff. Economic Review 14 (April): 129–144.
Ramsey, Frank P. 1928. A Mathematical Theory of Saving. The Economic Journal 38 (152): 543–559.
Ramsey, Frank P. 1927. A Contribution to the Theory of Taxation. Economic Journal 37 (145): 47–61.
Rawls, John. 1972. A Theory of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rimmer, W.G. 1960. Marshall’s of Leeds, Flax Spinners 1788–1866. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robertson, Dennis. 1924. Those Empty Boxes. Economic Journal 34 (133): 16–30.
Robertson, D.H. 1960. The Erosion of Marshall’s Theory of Value: Comment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 74 (4): 600–601.
Robinson, Joan Violet. 1933. The Economics of Imperfect Competition. London: Macmillan.
Robinson, Austin. 1968. Arthur Cecil Pigou. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. D.L. Sills. New York: Macmillan and Free Press.
Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–1909. 1910. Majority and Minority Reports for England, Scotland, and Ireland. His Majesty of Stationary Office and Wyman and Sons. Ltd.
Ryde Social Heritage Group. 2010. Ryde’s “Royal Wedding” of 1876. Ryde Social Heritage Group. http://rshg.org.uk.
Saltmarsh, John, and Patrick Wilkinson. 1960. Arthur Cecil Pigou 1877–1959. A Memoir Prepared by the Direction of The Council of King’s College Cambridge. Cambridge: University Press Printed for King’s College.
Sen, Amartya. 1970. The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal. Journal of Political Economy 78: 152–157.
Sherwood, M., and K. Charter. 2005. The Pigou Family Across Three Continents. Proceedings of the Huguenot Society XXVIII (3): 408–416.
Skidelsky, Robert. 1983. John Maynard Keynes: A Biography. London: Macmillan.
Sraffa, P. December 1926. The Laws of Return Under Competitive Conditions. The Economic Journal XXXVI (144): 535–550.
Takami, Norikazu. 2014. The Sanguine Science: Historical Contexts of Pigou’s Welfare Economics. History of Political Economy 46 (3): 357–386.
Tamagne, Florence. 2007. History of Homosexuality in Europe, Berlin, London, Paris 1919–1939: Vol I & II. New York: Algora Publishing.
Taylor, Philip. 2011. Frederick Alexander Preston Pigou (1838–1905): Gunpowder Maker and Controversial Landholder in Dartford. Accessed December 12, 2011.
The Poor Law Commission. 1909a. The Break-up of the Poor Laws: Being Part One of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
———. 1909b. The Public Organisation of the Labour Market: Being Part Two of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
Unknown. 1902. The [Adelaide] Advertiser, 669.
Vellacott, Jo. 1993. From Liberal to Labour with Women’s Suffrage: The Story of Catherine Marshall. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Welberry, Karen. 2000. The Playground of England: A Genealogy of the English Lakes from Nursery to National Park, 1793–1951. La Trobe University.
Welch, R. Courtenay, M.G. Dauglish, and P.K. Stephenson. 1911. The Harrow School Register 1800–1911. 3rd ed. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Wilkinson, L.P. 1980. A Century of King’s: 1873–1972. Cambridge: King’s College, Cambridge University.
Young, Allyn. 1913. Reviewed Work(s): Wealth and Welfare by A.C. Pigou. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 27 (7): 672–686.
Zebel, S.H. 1940. Fair Trade: An English Reaction to the Breakdown of the Cobden Treaty System. The Journal of Modern History 12 (2): 161–185.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lovejoy Knight, K. (2018). The Elusive A.C. Pigou. In: A.C. Pigou and the 'Marshallian' Thought Style. Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01018-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01018-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-01017-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-01018-8
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)