Abstract
This chapter builds on the conclusions of Chapter 3, using the metaphor of “romance” to assess the rise of cities as they have engaged states and international organizations, and vice versa. While international affairs have environmentalized, global environmentalism in turn has strongly urbanized in recent decades. The discussion thus presses the case for how urban space was steadily reconceptualized after the denouement of the Cold War as a “global solution” to ecological challenges. One major implication is that political ecologies have now “delocalized” and “upscaled,” a process that has caused its own tensions and political contradictions. Attention is paid to signature initiatives like Local Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the rise of inter-municipal policy networks, and recent “smartness” discourses. In particular, the chapter identifies three distinctive kinds of urbanizations: international, transnational, and smart. Each section considers major world cities to help illustrate synoptic themes. Cape Town, Los Angles, and Melbourne receive special treatment, respectively.
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Notes
- 1.
An extended treatment of this theoretical approach, especially as influenced by Bob Jessop, lies beyond the present book. Suffice to note only that neo-Gramscian state theory , as MacLeod and Goodwin (1999, p. 515) put it, directly citing Bob Jessop’s work, explores “how political, intellectual and moral leadership is ‘mediated through a complex ensemble of institutions, organizations and forces operating within, orientated toward or located at a distance from the juridico-political state apparatus.’” Their work is important here because it accounts for major changes in the territorialities and relationalities of the state without accepting tout court the “denationalization of statehood or the hollowing-out of the state” (ibid.).
- 2.
The World Assembly of Local and Regional Governments, founded in 2013, is a global action forum that “coordinates major international networks of local governments to undertake joint advocacy work relating to global policy processes.” Its members include many of the most influential and powerful transnational municipal networks formed to address global problems in recent years, including UCLG, ICLEI , C40 , and Metropolis, among many others. See: https://www.global-taskforce.org/about-us.
- 3.
According to Dorogovtsev, Goltsev, and Mendes (2006) k-core techniques extract and index interconnected parts of complex networks—communities, cliques, cores, etc.—in order to locate relations between substructures, which in turn illuminates the topologies of real-world networks.
- 4.
This language and related discussion can be found at: http://www.c40.org/programmes/compact-of-mayors.
- 5.
This paragraph, particularly references to the Social Justice Coalition, draws directly on multiple conversations and ongoing research collaborations with Britta Ricker of the University of Twente in the Netherlands as well as the author’s own research and professional experiences in Cape Town over the past 20 years.
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Dierwechter, Y. (2019). Romancing the City: Three Urbanization(s) of Green Internationalism. In: The Urbanization of Green Internationalism. Cities and the Global Politics of the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01015-7_4
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