Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Polymer’s Characterization and Properties

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Polymeric Materials for Clean Water

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials ((SSPCM))

Abstract

This chapter discussed the characterization and properties of polymeric materials. Prominent characterization techniques used for analyzing polymeric materials are mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), which are used for measuring mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of analyte ions. Other methods used for this purpose include matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), electrospray ionization (ESI), and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used for solid-state analysis such as degree of crystallinity and crystal structure as well as the unit cell parameters, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used for identification of the polymer functional groups. NMR helps to identify and characterize various polymers and also provides information on the mobility of their molecules, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides information regarding the chemical composition of polymeric materials. The physical properties such as hydrophobicity, functional groups, and flexibility of the polymer chain structure and chemical properties such as chemical reactivity, toxicity, biocompatibility, chirality, adsorption capacities, chelation, and polyfunctionality of polymeric materials are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References and Future Readings

  1. Babel S, Kurniawan TA (2003) Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review. J Hazard Mater 97(1):219–243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bailey SE, Olin TJ, Bricka RM, Adrian DD (1999) A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals. Water Res 33(11):2469–2479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen M-L, Min J-Q, Pan S-D, Jin M-C (2014) Surface core–shell magnetic polymer modified graphene oxide-based material for 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol removal. RSC Adv 4(108):63494–63501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Crini G (2005) Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Prog Polym Sci 30(1):38–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Crini G, Cosentino C, Bertini S, Naggi A, Torri G, Vecchi C, Janus L, Morcellet M (1998) Solid state NMR spectroscopy study of molecular motion in cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin) crosslinked with epichlorohydrin. Carbohydr Res 308(1):37–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Crini G, Martel B, Torri G (2008) Adsorption of CI Basic Blue 9 on chitosan-based materials. Int J Environ Pollut 34(1–4):451–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Crini G, Morcellet M (2002) Synthesis and applications of adsorbents containing cyclodextrins. J Sep Sci 25(13):789–813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Delval F, Crini G, Bertini S, Filiatre C, Torri G (2005) Preparation, characterization and sorption properties of crosslinked starch-based exchangers. Carbohydr Polym 60(1):67–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Delval F, Crini G, Morin N, Vebrel J, Bertini S, Torri G (2002) The sorption of several types of dye on crosslinked polysaccharides derivatives. Dyes Pigm 53(1):79–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Euvrard É, Morin-Crini N, Druart C, Bugnet J, Martel B, Cosentino C, Moutarlier V, Crini G (2016) Cross-linked cyclodextrin-based material for treatment of metals and organic substances present in industrial discharge waters. Beilstein J Org Chem 12(1):1826–1838

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fei X, Murray KK (1996) On-line coupling of gel permeation chromatography with MALDI mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 68(20):3555–3560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Güven O, Şen M, Karadağ E, Saraydın D (1999) A review on the radiation synthesis of copolymeric hydrogels for adsorption and separation purposes. Radiat Phys Chem 56(4):381–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hanton S (2001) Mass spectrometry of polymers and polymer surfaces. Chem Rev 101(2):527–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hanton SD, Liu XM (2000) GPC separation of polymer samples for MALDI analysis. Anal Chem 72(19):4550–4554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hewitt LM, Marvin CH (2005) Analytical methods in environmental effects-directed investigations of effluents. Mutat Res/Rev Mutat Res 589(3):208–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hill SE, Feller D, Glendening ED (1998) Theoretical study of cation/ether complexes: alkali metal cations with 1, 2-dimethoxyethane and 12-crown-4. J Phys Chem A 102(21):3813–3819

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Håkansson K, Zubarev RA, Håkansson P, Laiko V, Dodonov AF (2000) Design and performance of an electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Rev Sci Instrum 71(1):36–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Johnson BR, Bartle KD, Domin M, Herod AA, Kandiyoti R (1998) Absolute calibration of size exclusion chromatography for coal derivatives through MALDI-ms. Fuel 77(9–10):933–945

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Khor E, Lim LY (2003) Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Biomaterials 24(13):2339–2349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kumar MNR (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym 46(1):1–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lavertu M, Xia Z, Serreqi A, Berrada M, Rodrigues A, Wang D, Buschmann M, Gupta A (2003) A validated 1 H NMR method for the determination of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan. J Pharm Biomed Anal 32(6):1149–1158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Li J, Du Y, Yang J, Feng T, Li A, Chen P (2005) Preparation and characterisation of low molecular weight chitosan and chito-oligomers by a commercial enzyme. Polym Degrad Stab 87(3):441–448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lin H, Wang H, Xue C, Ye M (2002) Preparation of chitosan oligomers by immobilized papain. Enzyme Microb Tech 31(5):588–592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Marrakchi F, Khanday W, Asif M, Hameed B (2016) Cross-linked chitosan/sepiolite composite for the adsorption of methylene blue and reactive orange 16. Int J Biol Macromol 93:1231–1239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Martel B, Devassine M, Crini G, Weltrowski M, Bourdonneau M, Morcellet M (2001) Preparation and sorption properties of a β-cyclodextrin-linked chitosan derivative. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 39(1):169–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mines PD, Thirion D, Uthuppu B, Hwang Y, Jakobsen MH, Andersen HR, Yavuz CT (2017) Covalent organic polymer functionalization of activated carbon surfaces through acyl chloride for environmental clean-up. Chem Eng J 309:766–771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Montaudo MS, Montaudo G (1999) Bivariate distribution in PMMA/PBA copolymers by combined SEC/NMR and SEC/MALDI measurements. Macromolecules 32(21):7015–7022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Montaudo G, Montaudo MS, Puglisi C, Samperi F (1995) Molecular weight distribution of poly (dimethylsiloxane) by combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with gel-permeation chromatography fractionation. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 9(12):1158–1163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Montaudo MS, Puglisi C, Samperi F, Montaudo G (1998) Application of size exclusion chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight to the determination of molecular masses in polydisperse polymers. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 12(9):519–528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Montaudo MS, Puglisi C, Samperi F, Montaudo G (1998) Molar mass distributions and hydrodynamic interactions in random copolyesters investigated by size exclusion chromatography/matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. Macromolecules 31(12):3839–3845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Murthy NS (2004) Recent developments in polymer characterization using x-ray diffraction. Parameters 18:19

    Google Scholar 

  32. Nielen MW (1998) Polymer analysis by micro-scale size-exclusion chromatography/MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry with a robotic interface. Anal Chem 70(8):1563–1568

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nielen MW, Malucha S (1997) Characterization of polydisperse synthetic polymers by size-exclusion chromatography/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 11(11):1194–1204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Pan S-D, Chen X-H, Li X-P, Cai M-Q, Shen H-Y, Zhao Y-G, Jin M-C (2015) Double-sided magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer modified graphene oxide for highly efficient enrichment and fast detection of trace-level microcystins from large-volume water samples combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1422:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Pan S-D, Shen H-Y, Zhou L-X, Chen X-H, Zhao Y-G, Cai M-Q, Jin M-C (2014) Controlled synthesis of pentachlorophenol-imprinted polymers on the surface of magnetic graphene oxide for highly selective adsorption. J Mater Chem A 2(37):15345–15356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Pan S-D, Zhou L-X, Zhao Y-G, Chen X-H, Shen H-Y, Cai M-Q, Jin M-C (2014) Amine-functional magnetic polymer modified graphene oxide as magnetic solid-phase extraction materials combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for chlorophenols analysis in environmental water. J Chromatogr A 1362:34–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Radi S, Ramdani A, Lekchiri Y, Morcellet M, Crini G, Janus L, Martel B (2000) Extraction of metal ions from water with tetrapyrazolic macrocycles bound to Merrifield resin and silica gel. J Appl Polym Sci 78(14):2495–2499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Shahidi F, Arachchi JKV, Jeon Y-J (1999) Food applications of chitin and chitosans. Trends Food Sci Technol 10(2):37–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Shen H, Pan S, Zhang Y, Huang X, Gong H (2012) A new insight on the adsorption mechanism of amino-functionalized nano-Fe3O4 magnetic polymers in Cu(II), Cr(VI) co-existing water system. Chem Eng J 183:180–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Shiftan D, Ravenelle F, Mateescu MA, Marchessault RH (2000) Change in the V/B polymorph ratio and T1 relaxation of epichlorohydrin crosslinked high amylose starch excipient. Starch-Stärke 52(6–7):186–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sutjianto A, Curtiss LA (1998) Li+–diglyme complexes: barriers to lithium cation migration. J Phys Chem A 102(6):968–974

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Synowiecki J, Ali Al-Khateeb N (2003) Production, properties, and some new applications of chitin and its derivatives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nut 43(2):145–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Varma A, Deshpande S, Kennedy J (2004) Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydr Polym 55(1):77–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. De Vasconcelos C, Bezerril P, Dantas T, Pereira M, Fonseca J (2007) Adsorption of bovine serum albumin on template-polymerized chitosan/poly (methacrylic acid) complexes. Langmuir 23(14):7687–7694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Wang J-P, Chen Y-Z, Yuan S-J, Sheng G-P, Yu H-Q (2009) Synthesis and characterization of a novel cationic chitosan-based flocculant with a high water-solubility for pulp mill wastewater treatment. Water Res 43(20):5267–5275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wang J, Deng B, Wang X, Zheng J (2009) Adsorption of aqueous Hg (II) by sulfur-impregnated activated carbon. Environ Eng Sci 26(12):1693–1699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Xu W, Wang Y, Shen S, Li Y, Xia S, Zhang Y (1989) Studies on the polymerization of β-cyclodextrin with pichlorohydrin. Chin J Polym Sci 1:16–22

    Google Scholar 

  48. Yang X, Wang Y, Huang X, Ma Y, Huang Y, Yang R, Duan H, Chen Y (2011) Multi-functionalized graphene oxide based anticancer drug-carrier with dual-targeting function and pH-sensitivity. J Mater Chem 21(10):3448–3454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Yun H, Olesik SV, Marti EH (1999) Polymer characterization using packed capillary size exclusion and critical adsorption chromatography combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J Microcolumn Sep 11(1):53–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhao Y-G, Chen X-H, Pan S-D, Zhu H, Shen H-Y, Jin M-C (2013) Self-assembly of a surface bisphenol A-imprinted core–shell nanoring amino-functionalized superparamagnetic polymer. J Mater Chem A 1(38):11648–11658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Zhao Y-G, Shen H-Y, Pan S-D, Hu M-Q (2010) Synthesis, characterization and properties of ethylenediamine-functionalized Fe3O4 magnetic polymers for removal of Cr (VI) in wastewater. J Hazard Mater 182(1):295–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhao Y-G, Shen H-Y, Pan S-D, Hu M-Q, Xia Q-H (2010) Preparation and characterization of amino-functionalized nano-Fe3O4 magnetic polymer adsorbents for removal of chromium (VI) ions. J Mater Sci 45(19):5291–5301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Micro- and Nanofabrication Department, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal

    Olumide Bolarinwa Ayodele

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Sango-ota, Nigeria

    Peter Adeniyi Alaba

Authors
  1. Olumide Bolarinwa Ayodele
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter Adeniyi Alaba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olumide Bolarinwa Ayodele .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering, Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany

    Rasel Das

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ayodele, O.B., Alaba, P.A. (2019). Polymer’s Characterization and Properties. In: Das, R. (eds) Polymeric Materials for Clean Water. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00743-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation