Abstract
This chapter reviews the information pertaining to genetic and epigenetic studies in substance use behavior and its implication for prevention. It first considers important phenotypic characteristics addressed in this research area. Then the relevant studies in biometric genetics are reviewed, which provide grounds to the next part of discussion, and attempt to discover genetic “risk” factors, i.e., concrete genetic sources of substance use and abuse risk variation. A relatively new area of epigenetic research and its role is considered as well. Finally, we discuss translation of genetic research in prevention and treatment, and possible directions for changes in research approaches that would facilitate the practical implementation of research findings.
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Notes
- 1.
Broadly, epigenetic mechanisms are those that influence gene expression (see the Epigenetics section below). Although some epigenetic changes are due to changes in the DNA structure, those changes are dynamic modifications (methylation and demethylation), rather than stable mutations, of one of the four of DNA-building blocks (cytosine). Other epigenetic changes occur in proteins surrounding DNA, histones, reversibly enabling or disabling DNA transcription into RNA. Yet other epigenetic mechanisms are due to modulation of DNA transcription (or RNA translation into peptides and proteins) by microRNAs (miRNAs).
- 2.
The presence in the population of more than one structural variant (allele) at a particular location (locus) of the DNA molecule comprises a polymorphism.
- 3.
Liability as a human genetics term (approximately synonymous with sometimes used but less well defined “vulnerability,” “diathesis,” and “susceptibility”) can be confused with what is called “drug addiction liability” as a property of chemical compound, relating risk for addiction to classes of substances.
- 4.
The two-stage cell division process that results in the formation of sex cells (gametes), eggs, and sperm, which have only one set of chromosomes instead of two as in body cells.
- 5.
The ability of an undifferentiated cell to develop into any or many of the tissue-specific cell varieties.
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Vanyukov, M.M., Tarter, R.E. (2019). Genetics and Epigenetics of Substance Use. In: Sloboda, Z., Petras, H., Robertson, E., Hingson, R. (eds) Prevention of Substance Use. Advances in Prevention Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00627-3_4
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