Abstract
Optimising the implementation and roll-out of evidence-based programs to prevent risky health behaviours such as the use of psychoactive substances (herein referred to as substance use) depends greatly on existing prevention systems that are in place to support and sustain them over time. The field of substance-use prevention is at a pivotal point. The evolution of prevention science has demonstrated that interventions grounded in theories of human behaviour and learning are effective in not only achieving their short-term objectives such as changes in normative beliefs and intentions to use substances but also having a significant effect on substance-use outcomes and in some cases on other associated behaviours. Prevention science is concerned with how programmes or interventions can be developed, implemented, assessed and improved in terms of content and effectiveness; their internal validity, i.e. design, logic model and structure; their timing within the human life cycle; and their adequacy, relevance and feasibility for the target communities. These interventions are designed to impact human behaviour directly using manualised interventions that target individuals and groups through improving micro-level environments such as the relationship between parents and children or school teachers and students to increase prosocial attitudes and behaviours among youth, and through creating macro-level environments so as to provide social controls over harmful behaviours such as increasing taxes and thus prices of cigarettes or enforcing laws that limit access to tobacco or alcohol products such as altering where these products can be sold or imposing age restrictions on purchase and consumption.
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Notes
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- 2.
The Czech Republic, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Luxembourg, Finland, Sweden and Norway.
- 3.
- 4.
For example http://cayt.mentor-adepis.org/ in the UK
- 5.
General Directorate for Intervention on Addictive Behaviours and Dependencies: http://www.sicad.pt/EN/Paginas/default.aspx
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
CTC is a coalition-based prevention operating system that uses an evidence-based approach to prevent youth problem behaviours such as violence, delinquency, school dropout and substance abuse.
- 9.
- 10.
See for example http://euspr.hypotheses.org/276 and the ensuing discussion
- 11.
Denmark, Spain, Croatia, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Sweden and Norway
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Finland
- 15.
For example http://www.streetworkinstitute.org/lms/
- 16.
The possibility of a behaviour or action within an individual–environment transaction. A sofa, for example, provides an obvious affordance for sitting; free water for drinking. It is independent of an individual’s ability to recognise it or even take advantage of it.
- 17.
- 18.
The Gini inequality index measures income inequality between the richest decile of a population and the poorest. It ranges from 0 (everyone has the same income) to 100 (one person has all the income) and is a good proxy for social inequality.
- 19.
- 20.
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Burkhart, G., Helmer, S. (2019). Prevention Systems: Structure and Challenges: Europe as an Example. In: Sloboda, Z., Petras, H., Robertson, E., Hingson, R. (eds) Prevention of Substance Use. Advances in Prevention Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00627-3_26
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