Abstract
Nowadays cloud services are gaining their momentum. A Service Level Agreement (SLA) represents an agreement between a service provider and a customer for a particular service provision. Cloud providers and services are often selected more dynamically than in traditional IT services. Hence, services need to be compared according both to technical aspects and the promised SLAs, but no widely accepted model, standard or best practice, that would lead to a more rigorous SLA comparison, are currently available. In this paper, we present a conceptualization of SLAs including the explicit modeling of formulas for service level indicators, and its corresponding open, reusable ontological representation. On its top, we provide operators for analysis and comparison of SLAs, relying on a reasoning framework in Logic Programming capable to manipulate indicator formulas and other SLA features. We provide an evaluation by considering a cloud scenario where several SLAs have to be compared.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
- 2.
Classes with namespace ‘KPI’ belong to the KPIOnto data model.
References
Longo, A., Zappatore, M., Bochicchio, M.A., Livieri, B., Guarino, N., Napoleone, D.: Cloud for Europe: the experience of a tenderer. In: 2016 30th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), pp. 153–158. IEEE (2016)
Pudasaini, D., Ding, C.: Service selection in a cloud marketplace: a multi-perspective solution. In: 2017 IEEE 10th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), pp. 576–583, June 2017
del–Río–Ortega, A., Gutiérrez, A.M., Durán, A., Resinas, M., Ruiz–Cortés, A.: Modelling service level agreements for business process outsourcing services. In: Zdravkovic, J., Kirikova, M., Johannesson, P. (eds.) CAiSE 2015. LNCS, vol. 9097, pp. 485–500. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19069-3_30
Alkandari, F., Paige, R.F.: Modelling and comparing cloud computing service level agreements. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering for High Performance and CLoud Computing, MDHPCL 2012, pp. 3:1–3:6. ACM, New York (2012)
Liu, F., et al.: NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture: Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Special Publication 500-292). CreateSpace, USA (2012)
Van der Wees, A., Catteddu, D., Luna, J., Edwards, M., Schifano, N., Scoca, L.M.: Cloud service level agreement standardisation guidelines. Technical report, C-Sig Sla (2014)
Kecskemeti, G., Kertesz, A., Nemeth, Z. (eds.): Developing Interoperable and Federated Cloud. IGI-Global, Hershey (2016)
Maarouf, A., Marzouk, A., Haqiq, A.: A review of SLA specification languages in the cloud computing. In: 2015 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems: Theories and Applications (SITA), pp. 1–6, October 2015
Mubeen, S., Asadollah, S.A., Papadopoulos, A.V., Ashjaei, M., Pei-Breivold, H., Behnam, M.: Management of service level agreements for cloud services in IoT: a systematic mapping study. IEEE Access 99, 1 (2017)
Tosic, V., Patel, K., Pagurek, B.: WSOL — web service offerings language. In: Bussler, C., Hull, R., McIlraith, S., Orlowska, M.E., Pernici, B., Yang, J. (eds.) WES 2002. LNCS, vol. 2512, pp. 57–67. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36189-8_5
Ludwig, H., Keller, A., Dan, A., King, R.P., Franck, R.: Web Service Level Agreement (WSLA) Language Specification, v1.0, January 2003
Heiko, L., Dan, A., Kearney, R.: Cremona: an architecture and library for creation and monitoring of WS-agreements. In: 2nd International Conference on Service Oriented Computing (ICSOC 04), pp. 65–74. ACM (2004)
Kearney, K.T., Torelli, F., Kotsokalis, C.: SLA\(\star \): an abstract syntax for service level agreements. In: 2010 11th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing, pp. 217–224, October 2010
Kouki, Y., de Oliveira, F.A., Dupont, S., Ledoux, T.: A language support for cloud elasticity management. In: 2014 14th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing, pp. 206–215, May 2014
Uriarte, R.B., Tiezzi, F., Nicola, R.D.: SLAC: a formal service-level-agreement language for cloud computing. In: 2014 IEEE/ACM 7th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, pp. 419–426, December 2014
Tata, S., Mohamed, M., Sakairi, T., Mandagere, N., Anya, O., Ludwig, H.: rSLA: a service level agreement language for cloud services. In: 2016 IEEE 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), pp. 415–422, June 2016
Bellini, P., Bruno, I., Cenni, D., Nesi, P.: Managing cloud via smart cloud engine and knowledge base. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 78(Part 1), 142–154 (2016)
Diamantini, C., Potena, D., Storti, E.: SemPI: a semantic framework for the collaborative construction and maintenance of a shared dictionary of performance indicators. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 54, 352–365 (2015)
Buswell, S., Caprotti, O., Carlisle, D.P., Dewar, M.C., Gaetano, M., Kohlhase, M.: The open math standard. Technical report, version 2.0, The Open Math Society (2004). http://www.openmath.org/standard/om20
Gray, J., et al.: Data cube: a relational aggregation operator generalizing group-by, cross-tab, and sub-totals. Data Min. Knowl. Discov. 1(1), 29–53 (1997)
Diamantini, C., Potena, D., Storti, E.: Extended drill-down operator: digging into the structure of performance indicators. Concurrency Comput. Pract. Exp. 28(15), 3948–3968 (2016)
Sterling, L., Bundy, A., Byrd, L., O’Keefe, R., Silver, B.: Solving symbolic equations with PRESS. J. Symb. Comput. 7(1), 71–84 (1989)
Gruber, T.R.: Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing? Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 43(5), 907–928 (1995)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Longo, A., Potena, D., Storti, E., Zappatore, M., De Matteis, A. (2018). Comparing SLAs for Cloud Services: A Model for Reasoning. In: Benczúr, A., et al. New Trends in Databases and Information Systems. ADBIS 2018. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 909. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00063-9_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00063-9_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-00062-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-00063-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)