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Biochemical Assessment of Placental Function

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Fetal Growth Restriction

Abstract

The placenta is a key organ in pregnancy because during this period it supports normal fetal growth and development. The placenta is responsible for nutrient and oxygen transport to the fetus and also secretes several hormones and growth factors important for fetal development. An alteration in placental functions or development could lead to pregnancy disorders (preeclampsia, FGR, miscarriage, and gestational diabetes, among others). It is known that the placenta alters the expression levels of several placental biomarkers, “opening a door” to the study of such concentrations as prognostic factors of the aforementioned pregnancy disorders. Until now, although different placental biomarkers have been associated with pregnancy syndromes, no biomarker has been effectively used in clinical practice to diagnose and predict such diseases.

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Abbreviations

ADAM12 :

A disintegrin and metalloprotease 12

AFP :

A-fetoprotein

AGEs :

Advanced glycation end products

eNOS :

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

FGR :

Fetal growth restriction

GDM :

Gestational diabetes mellitus

GLUTs :

Glucose transporters

GRP78 :

Glucose-regulated protein 78

HbA :

Maternal hemoglobin

HbF :

Fetal hemoglobin

hCG :

Human chorionic gonadotropin

HIF-1 :

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1

Hsp70 :

Heat shock protein 70

IGF-1 :

Insulin-like growth factor-1

IGF-2 :

Insulin-like growth factor-2

IGFBPs :

Insulin-like binding proteins

IGFs :

Insulin-like growth factors

LDLs :

Low-density lipoproteins

LGA :

Large for gestational age

mtDNA :

Mitochondrial DNA

NO :

Nitric oxide

NPY :

Neuropeptide Y

NTDs :

Neural tube defects

PAPP-A :

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A

pGF :

Placental growth factor

pGH :

Placental growth hormone

pL :

Placental lactogen

pO 2 :

Partial pressure of oxygen

PP13 :

Placental protein 13

PSG1 :

Glycosylated pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 1

PTH-rP :

Parathyroid hormone-related protein

RAAS :

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

RFM :

Reduced fetal movements

ROS :

Reactive oxygen species

sENG :

Soluble endoglin

sFLT1/sVEGFR-1 :

Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 or soluble VEGF receptor-1

SGA :

Small for gestational age

VEGF :

Vascular endothelial growth factor

β-hCG :

β-Human chorionic gonadotropin

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, Mexico

    Irene Martín-Estal & Inma Castilla-Cortázar

  2. Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain

    Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Zambrano & Inma Castilla-Cortázar

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  1. Irene Martín-Estal
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  2. Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Zambrano
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  1. Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Luciano Marcondes Machado Nardozza

  2. Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Edward Araujo Júnior

  3. University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy

    Giuseppe Rizzo

  4. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Russell Lee Deter

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Martín-Estal, I., Rodriguez-Zambrano, M.A., Castilla-Cortázar, I. (2019). Biochemical Assessment of Placental Function. In: Nardozza, L., Araujo Júnior, E., Rizzo, G., Deter, R. (eds) Fetal Growth Restriction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00051-6_7

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