Abstract
Exit strategy after PNL, irrespective to the patient’s position, is an area of continuous innovation to improve its outcomes and minimize its morbidity. Traditionally, a nephrostomy tube at the conclusion of a PNL was left for kidney drainage, hemostasis and tract healing, and allowance for postoperative renal access. During the years, various modifications have been made in the design and size of the nephrostomy tubes. Recently, the possibility of avoiding nephrostomy tube placement (tubeless but stented or totally tubeless PNL) has become real, according to definite inclusion criteria. The various techniques to establish hemostasis of a tubeless access tract are also reported, with particular reference to the use of hemostatic agents.
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Scoffone, C.M., Hoznek, A., Cracco, C.M. (2014). Kidney Drainage and Percutaneous Tract Closure. In: Scoffone, C., Hoznek, A., Cracco, C. (eds) Supine Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and ECIRS. Springer, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0459-0_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0459-0_15
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