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Infectiologie en réanimation pp 3–22Cite as

Les défenses de l’organisme et immunité innée

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Part of the book series: Références en réanimation. Collection de la SRLF ((SRLF))

Résumé

En 2011, le prix Nobel de physiologie ou de médecine était décerné à Ralph Steinman pour sa découverte des cellules dendritiques, éléments clés de l’immunité adaptative, et à Jules Hoff man et Bruce Beutler pour leurs travaux sur les récepteurs cellulaires de l’immunité innée. Cette reconnaissance des deux volets de l’immunité est réminiscente du prix Nobel accordé en 1908 à Élie Metchnikoff et à Paul Ehrlich, en récompense respectivement de leurs travaux sur l’immunité cellulaire et l’immunité humorale. En effet, l’immunité est classée en deux grands domaines : l’immunité innée et l’immunité adaptative, toutes deux impliquant des acteurs cellulaires et des facteurs humoraux. L’immunité adaptative, antérieurement qualifiée d’immunité spécifique, est nécessaire pour le contrôle des infections de longue durée et pour la mise en place d’une mémoire immunologique sur laquelle s’appuie la vaccination. Longtemps, l’immunité innée fut qualifiée d’ « immunité non spécifique », une formulation négative qui reflétait alors le faible intérêt pour ce volet de l’immunologie. Mais ces dernières années, ce domaine a fait l’objet d’un renouveau, en particulier, suite à la découverte des Toll-like receptors (TLR) et des Nod-like receptors (NLR). Ces récepteurs (Pattern recognition receptors, PRR) reconnaissent spécifiquement des déterminants microbiens nommés pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). Par conséquent, le concept d’immunité non spécifique n’est plus approprié pour définir l’immunité innée.

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  1. Unité cytokines et inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France

    J.-M. Cavaillon

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Cavaillon, JM. (2013). Les défenses de l’organisme et immunité innée. In: Infectiologie en réanimation. Références en réanimation. Collection de la SRLF. Springer, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0389-0_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0389-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Paris

  • Print ISBN: 978-2-8178-0388-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-2-8178-0389-0

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