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Useful Physiological Reminders

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Stress and Orality

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Abstract

Some short reminders are useful to understand how the stomatognathic system works in functional conditions. For instance, Brodie scheme sets the mandibular posture in the global postural system. This shows functional connections between the stomatognathic system and its surroundings, that is, particularly the scapular waist and cervical rachis. An important and too often forgotten set must be considered: the tongue. Imbalance occlusal contacts between sides of dental arches are potential factors of abnormal reflexes during deglutition, but an insufficient functional space for the tongue may be an aggravating one. Problems with mastication, swallowing, speaking, breathing, posture, etc. can arise when the lingual physiology goes wrong.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It concerns different elements including the neuromuscular spindle (NMS), both a sensory and motor set, and the Golgi tendon organ (GTO) that plays only a sensory role. Some special receptors (type III and IV) are present in muscular tissues for recording stressing nociceptive conditions as internal overpressure or abnormal histochemical values. They most certainly supply a large amount of the trigeminal overstimulation and nociception observed in those TMD spastic conditions (clenching) responsible for referred tension-type pain. Some motor neurons (β and γ) regulate the level of reactivity of NMS towards muscular internal tensions and muscular length variations. These β and γ motor neurons are tightly involved in neuromuscular pathophysiological closed circles called β−γ loops, responsible for spastic phenomena. The extrafusal fibers which receive the skeleto-motor innervation (α motor neuron) are of three functional types [4]: the fast-fatigable type whose phasic modality is involved in rapid movements, the slow type whose tonic modality is involved in maintaining posture and attitude, and the fast-resistant type whose tonico-phasic modality is involved in sustained movements. Two types of muscular contractions are typically identified: isotonic contractions with movement (phasic) and isometric contractions with no movement (tonic). For example, mastication essentially follows an isotonic mood; jaw posture is more of an isometric function. Under TMD pathophysiological conditions (parafunctions), grinding is a phasic activity, whereas clenching is an isometric sustained activity without excursive lateral movements, that is, the most deleterious working mood for the muscular tissue because of the high persistent level of tension.

  2. 2.

    Figure 2 schematizes the functional mechanical links between the tongue and the mandible, the soft palate, the skull, and the hyo-thyro-sternal set. Through these links, the tongue may be affected by disturbances occurring in these areas. But its role is not only passive; indeed, as a very complex unit of 17 muscles, the tongue also reacts to psycho-emotional factors from the brain. Therefore, it too is capable of disturbing the above-mentioned areas. Problems with mastication, swallowing, speaking, breathing, posture, etc. can arise when the lingual physiology goes wrong. An insufficiently functioning area between the oral floor, dental arches, and palate vault may be one of the primary etiologies generating such lingual dysfunctions and possible outcomes. Therefore, the tendency in reduced size maxillas in children is still a misunderstood factor of stomatognathic and other dysfunctions in adults [12, 20].

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  1. Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France

    Francis Hartmann & Gérard Cucchi

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  1. Francis Hartmann
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Hartmann, F., Cucchi, G. (2014). Useful Physiological Reminders. In: Stress and Orality. Springer, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0271-8_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0271-8_8

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