Abstract
Every organism, plant or animal, on the surface of the earth is immersed in a radiation environment consisting of solar radiation and of longwave thermal energy from nearby surfaces. The total radiation flux within a given site is highly variable, changing with time of day, season, weather and other factors. The variation of the total radiation flux from one site to another on the earth’s surface is enormous and the plant and animal distribution responds accordingly.
Keywords
- Solar Radiation
- Longwave Radiation
- Direct Solar Radiation
- Luminous Efficiency
- Downward Longwave Radiation
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ångstrom, A., 1905: Ueber die Anwendung der elektrischen Kompensationsmethode zur Bestimmung der nächtlichen Ausstrahlung. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Uppsala, Ser. 4, 1, No. 2.
Angstrom, A., 1915: The study of radiation of the atmosphere. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 65, No. 3, 1–159.
Angstrom, A., 1922: Note on the relation between time of sunshine and cloudiness in Stockholm, 1908–1920. Archiv. Matemat., Astron. and Physik, 17, No. 15.
Aubertin, G. M., and D. B. Peters, 1961: Net radiation determinations in a cornfield. Agr. J., 53, 269–272.
Baumgartner, A., 1952: Die Strahlungsbilanz in einer Fichtendickung. Forstwissenschaftl. Centralblatt., 71, 337–349.
Black, J. N., 1956: The distribution of solar radiation over the earth’s surface. Archiv. Meteor. Geophys., Bioklim., Ser. B, 7, 165.
Blum, H. F., 1959: Carcinogenesis by Ultraviolet Light. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press, 340 pp.
Bond, T. E., and C. P. Kelly, 1955: Globe thermometer in agricultural research. Agr. Eng., 36, 251–255 and 260.
Bowen, I. S., 1926: The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface. Phys. Rev., 27, 779–787.
Brodführer, J., 1955: Der Einfluss einer Abgestuften Dosierung von ultravioletter Sonnenstrahlung auf das Wachstum der Pflanzen. Planta, 45, 1–56.
Brooks, F. A., 1959; An Introduction to Physical Microclimatology. Univ. Calif., Davis, 264 pp.
Brunt, D., 1932: Notes on radiation in the atmosphere. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 58, 389–418.
Budyko, M. T., 1955: Atlas of the heat balance. Leningrad, USSR.
Budyko, M. T., 1956: The heat balance of the earth’s surface. [Translation PB 131692] U. S. Dept. Corn., Off. Tech. Serv., Washington, D. C.
Burdecki, F., 1956: Remarks on the distribution of solar radiation over the surface of the earth. Archiv. Meteor. Geophys., Bioklim., Ser. B, 8, 326–335.
Colwell, R. N., 1961: Some practical applications of multiband spectral reconnaissance. Amer. Sci., 49, 9–36.
Condas, G. A., 1964: Maximum spectral luminous efficiency. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 54, 1168 L.
de Vries, D. A., 1955: Solar radiation at Wageningen Mededelingen van de Landbouwhogeschool. Wageningen, 55, 277–304.
Dunkelman, L., and R. Scolnik, 1959: Solar spectral irradiance and vertical atmospheric attenuation in the visible and ultraviolet. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 49, 356–367.
Elder, T., and J. Strong, 1953: The infrared transmission of atmospheric windows. J. Franklin Inst., 255, 189–208.
Elsässer, W. M., 1942: Heat transfer by infrared radiation in the atmosphere. Harvard Meteor. Studies, No. 6, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 107 pp.
Elsässer, W. M., 1960: Atmospheric radiation tables. Meteor. Monogr., 23, Boston, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 44 pp.
Evans, L. T., 1963: Environmental Control of Plant Growth. New York, Academic Press, 441 pp.
Fleischer, R., 1958: Die atmospharische gegenstrahlung. Ann. der Meteor. Medizin-Meteor., 13, 142–148.
Fons, W. L., H. D. Bruce and A. McMasters, 1960: Tables for estimating direct beam solar irradiation on slopes at 30° to 46° latitude. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Sta. Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Berkeley, Calif., 298 pp.
Fowle, F. E., 1915: The transparency of aqueous vapor. Astrophys. J., 42, 394–441.
Fritschen, L. J., 1960: Construction and calibration details of the thermal transducer type net radiometer. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 41, 180–183.
Fritschen, L. J., and C. H. M. van Bavel, 1964: Energy balance as affected by height and maturity of Sudangrass. Agron. J., 56, 202–204.
Fritschen, L. J., and W. R. van Wijk, 1959: Use of an economical thermal transducer as a net radiometer. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 40, 291–294.
Fritz, S., 1949: Solar radiation during cloudless days. Heat. and Vent., 45, 69–74.
Fritz, S., and T. H. MacDonald, 1949: Average solar radiation in the United States. Heat. and Vent., 46, 61–64.
Funk, J. P., 1959: Improved polyethylene-shielded net radiometer. J. Sci. Instr., 36, 267–270.
Gaastra, P., 1959: Photosynthesis of Crop Plants as Influenced by Light, Carbon Dioxide, Temperature, and Stomatal Diffusion Resistance. Wageningen, Holland, H. Veenman en Zonen N. V., 68 pp.
Gates, D. M., 1960: The infrared atmospheric transmission to solar radiation. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 50, 867–882.
Gates, D. M., 1962: Energy Exchange in the Biosphere. New York, Harper and Row, 151 pp.
Gates, D. M., 1964: Energy, temperature and organisms. The Science Teacher, 31, No. 4.
Gates, D. M., R. F. Calfee, D. W. Hansen and W. S. Benedict, 1964: Line parameters and computed spectra for water vapor bands at 2.7 µ. Natl. Bur. Stds. Monog., 71, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 126 pp.
Gates, D. M., and W. J. Harrop, 1962: Infrared transmission of the atmosphere to solar radiation. Appl. Opt., 2, 887–898.
Gates, D. M., H. J. Keegan, J. C. Schleter and V. R. Weidner, 1965: Spectral properties of plants. Appl. Opt. 5, in press.
Gates, D. M., and W. Tantraporn, 1952: The reflectivity of deciduous trees and herbaceous plants in the infrared to 25 microns. Science 115, 613–616.
Geiger, R., 1957: The Climate Near the Ground. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 494 pp.
Gier, J. T., and R. V. Dunkle, 1951: Total hemispherical radiometers. Trans. Amer. Inst. Elec. Engrs., 70, 339.
Goodell, B. C., 1962: An inexpensive totalizer of solar and thermal radiation. J. Geophys. Res., 67, 1383–1387.
Hand, I., 1954: Insolation on cloudless days at the time of solstices and equinoxes. Heat. and Vent., 51, 97–100.
Haurwitz, B., 1948: Insolation in relation to cloud type. J. Meteor., 5, 110–113.
Hofmann, G., 1952: Ein Strahlungsbilanzmesser für Forstmeteorologische Untersuchunger. Forstwissenschaftl. Centralblatt, 71, 330–337.
Howard, J. N., D. E. Birch and D. Williams, 1956: Infrared transmission of synthetic atmospheres. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 46, 186–190, 237–245, 334–338.
Hulst, H. C. van de, 1957: Light Scattering by Small Particles. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 470 pp.
Johnson, F. S., 1954: The solar constant. J. Meteor., 11, 431–439.
Karoli, A. R., A. K. Angstrom and A. J. Drummond, 1960: Dependence on atmospheric pressure of the response characteristics of thermopile radiant energy detectors. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 50, 758–763.
Kimball, H. H., and H. E. Hobbs, 1923: A new form of thermoelectric recording pyrheliometer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 51, 239–242.
Krinov, E. L., 1957: Spectral Reflectance Properties of Natural Formations. Laboratoriia Aerometodov, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow. [Translated by E. Belkov, Natl. Res. Council Canada, Doc. No. T-439 (1953).]
Kuhn, P. M., and V. E. Suomi, 1958: Airborne observations of albedo with a beam reflector. J. Meteor., 15, 172–174.
Lee, R., 1963: Evaluation of solar beam irradiance as a climatic parameter of mountain water sheds. Hydrology Papers No. 2, Ft. Collins, Colo. State Univ., 50 pp.
List, R. J., 1958: Smithsonian Meteorological Tables. 6th revised ed., Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 114, 527 pp.
Liu, B. Y. H., and R. C. Jordan, 1960: The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse, and total solar radiation. Solar Energy, 4, 1–19.
Lonnquist, O., 1954: Synthetic formulae for estimating effective radiation to a cloudless sky and their usefulness in comparing various estimation procedures. Archiv. Geophys., 2, 245–294.
Luckiesh, M., 1946: Applications of Germicidal, Erythemal, and Infrared Energy. New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 463 pp.
McClellan, W. D., J. P. Meiners and D. G. Orr, 1963: Spectral reflectance studies on plants. Proc. Second Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment 4864–3-X. Infrared Laboratory, Inst. Sci. and Tech., Univ. of Mich., 403–413.
Monteith, J. L., 1959a: Solarimeter for field use. J. Sci. Instr., 36, 341–346.
Monteith, J. L., 1959b: The reflection of shortwave radiation by vegetation. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 85, 386–392.
Monteith, J. L., and G. Szeicz, 1962a: Simple devices for radiation measurement and integration. Archiv. Meteor., Geophys., Bioklim., Ser. B, 11, 491–500.
Monteith, J. L., and G. Szeicz, 1962b: Radiative temperature in the heat balance of natural surfaces. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 88, 496–507.
Robinson, G. D., 1947: Notes on the measurement and estimation of atmospheric radiation. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 73, 127–150.
Robinson, G. D., 1950: Notes on the measurement and estimation of atmospheric radiation—2. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 76, 37–51.
Robitsch, M., 1932: Ueber den Bimetallaktimographen FuessRobitsch. Beitr. Geophys., 35, 387.
Sauberer, F., and O. Hartel, 1959: Pflanze und Strahlung. Adademische verlagsgesellschaft. Geest and Partig K.-G., 268 pp.
Savinov, S. I., 1933: Concerning formulas for direct and scattered radiation and dependence on cloudiness. Meteor. Vestnik., Nos. 5–6.
Scholte Ubing, D. W., 1961a: Short wave and net radiation under glass as compared with radiation in the open. Agr. J., 53, 295–297.
Scholte Ubing, D. W., 1961b: Solar and net radiation, available energy and its influence on evapotranspiration from grass. Neth. J. Agr. Sci., 9, 81–93.
Schulze, R., 1953: Ueber ein Strahlungsmessgerät mit ultrarotdwichlässigar wind schutzhaube am Meteorologischen Observatorium Hamburg. Geofis. pura e appl., 24, 107.
Stair, R., R. G. Johnston and T. C. Bagg, 1954: Spectral distribution of energy from the sun. J. Res. NBS, 53, 113–119.
Suomi, V. E., M. Franssila and N. F. Islitzer 1954: An improved net radiation instrument. J. Meteor., 11, 276–282.
Suomi, V. E., and P. M. Kuhn, 1958: An economical net radiometer. Tellus, 10, 160–163.
Swinbank, W. C., 1963: Longwave radiation from clear skies. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 89, 339–348.
Tanner, C. B., and E. R. Lemon, 1962: Radiant energy utilized in evapotranspiration. Argon. J., 54, 207–212.
Trickett, E. S., L. J. Moulsley and R. I. Edwards, 1957: Measurement of solar and artificial radiation with particular reference to agriculture and horticulture. J. Agr. Eng. Res., 2, 86–110.
Uchijima, Z., 1963: An investigation on annual variations in water temperature and heat balance items of shallow water. Bull. Natl. Inst. Agr. Sci. (Japan), Ser. A, No. 10.
van de Hulst, H. C. [see Hulst, H. C. van de].
van Wijk, W. R. [see Wijk, W. R. van].
Waggoner, P. E., P. M. Miller and H. C. DeRoo, 1960: Plastic mulching. Bull. 634, Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven, 44 pp.
Waggoner, P. E., D. N. Moss and J. D. Hesketh, 1963. Radiation in the plant environment. Agron. J., 55, 36–39.
Waggoner, P. E., A. B. Pack and W. E. Reifsnyder, 1959: The climate of shade. Bull. 626, Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. New Haven, 39 pp.
Waggoner, P. E., and W. E. Reifsnyder, 1961: Difference between net radiation and water use caused by radiation from the soil surface. Soil Sci., 91, 246–250.
Wassink, E. C., 1953: Specification of radiant flux and radiant flux density in irradiation of plants with artificial light. J. Hort. Sci., 28, 177–184.
Wijk, W. R. van, 1963: Physics of the Plant Environment. Amsterdam, North-Holland Publ. Co., and New York, John Wiley and Sons., Inc., 382 pp.
Yamamoto, G., 1952: On the radiation chart. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., Ser. 5, Geophy., 4, 9–23.
Yocum, C. S., L. H. Allen and E. R. Lemon, 1964: Photosynthesis under field conditions VI: Solar radiation balance and photosynthetic efficiency. Agron. J., 56, 249–259.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1965 American Meteorological Society
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gates, D.M. (1965). Radiant Energy, Its Receipt and Disposal. In: Agricultural Meteorology. Meteorological Monographs, vol 6. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-940033-58-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-940033-58-7_1
Publisher Name: American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA
Online ISBN: 978-1-940033-58-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive