Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Review of Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding

  • Chapter
Precipitation Enhancement—A Scientific Challenge

Part of the book series: Meteorological Monographs ((METEOR))

Abstract

This review provides a sketchy background of orographic weather modification activities prior to the 1960s, followed by a more critical review of major orographic projects carried out and reported in the scientific literature during the past 25 years. In the earlier of these major projects, evaluation of results had been based largely upon comparisons of seeded and nonseeded precipitation experimental units stratified by various sounding-derived parameters in an attempt to amplify the physical significance of the seeding effects within various sub-types of orographic clouds.

The later major projects are still underway with no final evaluations having been presented. However, a wealth of significant data analyses have been reported that provide important insights into the various natural and seeding precipitation mechanisms. Much of this is attributable to the new observational tools in use, which include airborne and ground microphysical sensors, doppler radar, and microwave radiometers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Advisory Committee on Weather Control, 1957: Vol. I and Vol. II, Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Weather Control. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appleman, H. S., 1954: Design of a cloud-phase chart. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 35, 223–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergeron, T., 1935: On the physics of clouds and precipitation. Proc. Fifth Assembly UGGI, Vol. 2, Lisbon, 156–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, D. C., 1981: The lighter side of life with Project Cirrus. J. Wea. Mod., 13, 5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenstein, R. R., W. G. Finnegan and L. O. Grant, 1983: Ice nucleation by silver iodide-sodium iodide: A re-evaluation. J. Wea. Mod., 15, 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brousaides, F. J., and J. F. Morrissey, 1971: Improved humidity measurements with a redesigned radiosonde humidity duct. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 52, 870–875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. J., and R. D. Elliott, 1972: Mesoscale changes in the atmosphere due to convective band seeding. Preprints Third Conf. on Weather Modification, Boston, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 313–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. J., J. R. Thompson, P. St. Amand and S. D. Elliott, Jr., 1974: The seeding of convective bands. Fourth Conf. on Weather Modification, Ft. Lauderdale, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. J. and M. W. Edelstein, 1978: Transactions of a Workshop on Total Area Effects of Weather Modification. North American Weather Consultants report to NSF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Browning, K. A., and G. A. Monk, 1982: A simple model for the synoptic analysis of cold fronts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 435–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, C. F., and F. L. Johnson, 1974: Potential for snow augmentation in cold orographic clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 374–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, C. F., L. O. Grant and P. W. Mielke, 1971: Cloud seeding effects on precipitation intensity and duration of wintertime orographic clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 10, 1006–1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colton, P. E., 1976: Numerical simulation of the orographically induced precipitation distribution for use in hydrologic analysis. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 1241–1251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, W. A., and J. D. Marwitz, 1980: Winter storms over the San Juan Mountains. Part III: Seeding potential. J. App!. Meteor., 19, 942–949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, W. A., and C. P. R. Saunders, 1980: Winter storms over the San Juan Mountains. Part II: Microphysical processes. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 927–941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, W. R., G. J. Tripoli and R. Blumenstein, 1982: The simulation of orographic clouds with a nonlinear, time dependent model. Preprints Conf. on Cloud Physics, Chicago, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 322–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeMott, P. J., W. G. Finnegan and L. O. Grant, 1983: An application of chemical kinetic theory and methodology to characterize the ice nucleating properties of aerosols used for weather modification. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1190–1203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dirks, R. A., 1973: The precipitation efficiency of orographic clouds. J. Rech. Atmos., 2, 177–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., 1961: Note on cloud seeding evaluation with hourly precipitation data. J. App!. Meteor., 1, 578–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., 1981: A seeding effect targeting model. Eighth Conf. on Inadvertent and Planned Weather Modification, Reno, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2829.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., 1984: Seeding effects in the Colorado River Basin Pilot Project. J. Wea. Mod., 16, 30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., and E. L. Hovind, 1964: On convection bands within Pacific Coast storms and their relation to storm structure. J. Appl. Meteor., 3, 143–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., and E. L. Hovind, 1965: Heat, water, and vorticity balance in frontal zones. J. Appl. Meteor., 4, 196–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., and W. A. Lang, 1967: Weather modification in the southern Sierras. I Irrigation Drainage Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Engrs., 5644 IR 4, 45–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., and K. J. Brown, 1971: The Santa Barbara II project—downwind effects. Proc. Int. Conf. on Weather Modification, Canberra, Amer. Meteor. Soc. 179–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., P. St. Amand and J. R. Thompson, 1971: Santa Barbara pyrotechnic cloud seeding test results, 1967–70. J. App!. Meteor., 10, 785–795.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., J. F. Hannaford and R. W. Shaffer, 1973: Twelve basin investigation, Vols. 1 and 2. Report to U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bur. of Recl., Div. of Atmos. Water Res. Mgmt. by North Amer. Weather Consultants. [NTIS PB232–131–3 (Vol. I) and 132 – 1 ( Vol. II).]

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., R. W. Shaffer, A. Court and J. F. Hannaford, 1978: Randomized cloud seeding in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1298–1318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, R. D., R. W. Shaffer, and J. F. Hannaford, 1980: Reply. J. App!. Meteor., 19, 350–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, R. E., 1981: From Mt. Washington, N.H., to Schenectady, N.Y. and Project Cirrus. J. Wea. Mod., 13, 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, D., and L. O. Grant, 1982: Correlation of snow crystal habits, number flux and snowfall intensity from ground observations. Preprints Conf. on Cloud Physics, Chicago, Amer. Meteor. Soc. 485487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findeisen, W., 1938: Die Kolloidmeteorologischen Vorgange bei der Niedeerschlagsbildung. Meteor. Z., 55, 121–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, A. B., R. C. Easter and P. V. Hobbs, 1973: A theoretical study of the flow of air and fallout of solid precipitation over mountainous terrain. Part I: Airflow model. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 801–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuta, N., 1963: Ice nucleation by metaldehyde. Nature, 199, 475476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuta, N., 1967: An airborne generator of metaldehyde smoke. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 948–951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuta, N., W. A. Schmeling and L. F. Evans, 1971: Experimental determination of ice nucleation by falling dry ice particles. J. Appl. Meteor., 10, 1174–1179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel, K. R., and S. A. Changnon, 1982: Piggyback weather experi-mentation: Superimposing randomized treatment comparisons on commercial seeding operations. J. Wea. Mod., 14, 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garvey, D. M., 1975: Testing of cloud seeding materials at the cloud simulation and aerosol laboratory, 1971–1973. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 883–890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, G. L., and J. D. Marwitz, 1985: Hydrometeor evolution in rainbands over the California Valley. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1087–1100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, L. O., and R. D. Elliott, 1974: The cloud seeding temperature window. J. Appl. Meteor., 13, 355–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, L. O., C. F. Chappell, L. W. Crow, P. W. Mielke, Jr., J. L. Rasmussen, W. E. Shobe, H. Stockwell and R. A. Wykstra, 1969: An operational adaptation program of weather modification for the Colorado River Basin. Interim report to Bur. of Recl. from Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, L. O., J. O. Rhea, G. T. Meltesen, G. J. Mulvey and P. W. Mielke, 1979: Continuing analysis of the Climax weather modification experiments. Preprints Seventh Conf. on Inadvertent and Planned Weather Modification. Banff, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 343–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, L. O., J. G. Medina and P. W. Mielke, Jr., 1983: Reply to Comments on “A statistical reanalysis of the replicated Climax I and II wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiments.” J. Appl. Meteor., 22, 1482–1484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, D. A., R. D. Elliott, J. L. Sutherland, H. R. Swart and R. L. Atkins, 1983: Analysis of data collected during a NOAA/Utah cooperative research program. North Amer. Weather Consultants report SLWM 83–4 prepared for NOAA and Utah Div. of Water Res.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallett, J., and S. C. Mossop, 1974: Production of secondary ice particles during the riming process. Nature, 249, 26–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Havens, B. S., J. E. Juisto and B. Vonnegut, 1981: Early history of cloud seeding. J. Wea. Mod., 13, 14–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heggli, M. F., L. Vardiman, R. E. Stewart and A. Huggins, 1983: Supercooled liquid water and ice crystal distributions within Sierra Nevada winter storms. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1875–1886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, T. J., 1966: A ten year non-randomized cloud seeding program on the Kings River in California. J. Appl. Meteor., 5, 697702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, T. J., and M. Solak, 1983: Supercooled liquid water concentrations in winter orographic clouds from ground-based ice accretion measurements. J. Wea. Mod., 15, 64–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, W., 1974: Weather and Climate Modification. Wiley and Sons, 842 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, G. E., 1980: Re-examination of cloud top temperature used as criteria for stratification of cloud seeding effects in experiments on winter orographic clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 1167–1175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, G. E., and D. S. Woffinden, 1980: A balloon-borne instrument for the measurement of vertical profiles of supercooled liquid water concentration. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 1285–1292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hindman, E. D., and L. O. Grant, 1981: Utility of mountain top rime-ice measurements. Preprints Second Conf. on Mountain Meteorology, Steamboat Springs, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 404–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, P. V., 1975a: The nature of winter clouds and precipitation in the Cascade Mountains and their modification by artificial seeding. Part I: Natural conditions. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 783–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, P. V., 1975b: The nature of winter clouds and precipitation in the Cascade Mountains and their modification by artificial seeding. Part III: Case studies of the effects of seeding. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 819–858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, P. V., and L. R. Radke, 1975: The nature of winter clouds and precipitation in the Cascade Mountains and their modification by artificial seeding. Part II: Techniques for the physical evaluation of seeding. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 805–818.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, P. V., and A. L. Rangno, 1979: Comments on the Climax and Wolf Creek Pass cloud seeding experiment. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1233 1236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, P. V., and A. L. Rangno, 1984: Reply to Comments on “Production of ice particles in clouds due to aircraft penetrations.” J Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, p. 346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg, D. C., F. O. Guiraud, J. B. Snider, M. T. Decker and E. R. West-water, 1983: A steerable dual-channel microwave radiometer for measurement of water vapor and liquid in the troposphere. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 789–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, A. W., and A. R. Rodi, 1985: Physical response of convective clouds over the Sierra Nevada to seeding with Dry Ice. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 1082–1098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knollenberg, R. G., 1972: Comparative liquid water content measurements of convenient instruments with an optical array spectrometer. J Appl. Meteor., 11, 501–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knollenberg, R. G., 1976: Three new instruments for cloud physics measurements, the 2-D spectrometer, the forward scattering spectrometer probe, and the active scattering aerosol spectrometer. Preprints Int. Conf. on Cloud Physics, Boulder, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 554–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, G., 1973a: Analysis of results from second international ice nucleus workshop with emphasis on expansion chambers, NCAR counters, and membrane filters. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 991–999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langer, G., 1973b: Evaluation of NCAR ice nucleus counter: Part 1. Basic operation. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 1000–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, A. B., 1984: Physical investigations of winter orographic clouds in Utah. Final Report to Utah Dept. of Resources, Div. of Water Resources to NOAA under Contract NA82RAH00001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludlam, F. H., 1955: Artificial snowfall from mountain clouds. Tellus, 7, 277–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacCready, P. B., and C. J. Todd, 1964: Continuous particle sampler. J Appl. Meteor., 3, 450–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marwitz, J. D., 1980: Winter storms over the San Juan Mountains. Part I: Dynamical processes. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 913–926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marwitz, J. D., 1983: The kinematics of orographic flow during Sierra storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1218–1227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marwitz, J. D., and R. E. Stewart, 1981: Some seeding signatures in Sierra storms. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 1129–1144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meltesen, G. T., O. Rhea, G. J. Mulvey and L. O. Grant, 1977: Certain problems in post hoc analysis of samples from heterogeneous populations and skewed distributions. Preprints Sixth Conf. on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification, Urbana, Amer. Meteor. Soc. 388–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, P. W., Jr., and L. O. Grant, 1967: Cloud seeding experiment at Climax, Colorado, 1960–65. Proc. Fifth Berkeley Symp. on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 5, University of California Press, 115–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, P. W., and J. G. Medina, 1983: A new covariate for estimating treatment differences with applications to Climax I and II experiments. J. Climate App!. Meteor., 22, 1290–1295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, P. W. and C. F. Chappell, 1970: Elevation and spatial variation effects of wintertime orographic cloud seeding. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 476–488; Corrigendum, 10, p. 842.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, P. W., L. O. Grant and C. F. Chappell, 1971: An independent replication of the Climax wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiments. J. Appl. Meteor., 10, 1198–1212; Corrigendum, 15, p. 801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, P. W., G. W. Brier, L. O. Grant, G. J. Mulvey and P. N. Rosenzweig, 1981: A statistical reanalysis of the replicated Climax I and II wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiments. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 643–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, P. W., K. J. Berry and J. G. Medina, 1982: Climax I and II: Distortion resistant residual analyses. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 788–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, M. L., and G. W. Lunn, 1968: The area of maximum effect resulting from Lake Almanor randomized cloud seeding experiment. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 68–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morel-Seytoux, H. J., and F. Saheli, 1973: Test of runoff increase due to precipitation management for the Colorado River Basin Project. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 322–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, B. J., W. G. Finnegan, R. D. Horn and L. O. Grant, 1984: A laboratory characterization of Dry Ice as a glaciogenic agent. Extended Abstracts. Ninth Conf. on Weather Modification, Park City, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, J. F., and F. J. Brousaides, 1970: Temperature induced errors in the ML-476 humidity data. J. Appl. Meteor., 9, 805–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mossop, S. C., 1984: Comments on production of ice particles in clouds due to aircraft penetrations. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, p. 345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mossop, S. C., R. E. Ruskin and K. J. Heferman, 1968: Glaciation of a cumulus at approximately -4°C. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 889–899.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, V., 1962: Airflow on the windward side of a large ridge. J. Geophys. Res., 67, p. 4267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1966: Weather and Climate Modification, Problems and Prospects. Publ. 1350, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neyman, J., E. L. Scott and M. Vasilevskis, 1960: Statistical evaluation of the Santa Barbara randomized cloud seeding project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 41, 531–547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson, E. C., J. M. Fritsch, C. F. Chappell and D. R. Smith, 1979: Numerical simulation of orographic and convective cloud systems. Annual report, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bur. of Red., Contract 8–0783V0017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parish, T. R., 1982: Barrier winds along the Sierra Nevada Mountains. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 925–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plooster, M. N., and N. Fukuta, 1975: A numerical model of precipitation from seeded and unseeded cold orographic clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 859–867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangno, A. L., 1979: A reanalysis of the Wolf Creek Pass cloud seeding experiment. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 579–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangno, A. L., and P. V. Hobbs, 1980a: Comments on “Randomized cloud seeding in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado.” I Appl. Meteor., 19, 342–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangno, A. L., and P. V. Hobbs, 1980b: Comments on “Generalized criteria for seeding winter orographic clouds.” J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 906–907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangno, A. L., and P. V. Hobbs, 1981: Comments on “Reanalysis of generalized criteria for seeding winter orographic clouds.” J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 216–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rangno, A. L., and P. V. Hobbs, 1983: Production of ice particles in clouds due to aircraft penetrations. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 214–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rauber, R. M., and L. O. Grant, 1983: Preliminary analysis of the hypothesis used in the Utah operational weather modification program. Final report to Utah Dept. of Nat. Resources by Dept. of Atmos. Science, Colorado State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauber, R. M, and L. O. Grant, 1986: The characteristics and distribution of cloud water over the mountains of northern Colorado during wintertime storms. Part II: Spatial distribution and microphysical characteristics. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 468–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rauber, R. M, D. Feng, L. O. Grant and J. B. Snider, 1986: The characteristics and distribution of cloud water over the mountains of northern Colorado during wintertime storms. Part I: Temporal variations. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 468–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D. W., and A. S. Dennis, 1984: Fall 1984 status report. Project Skywater Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project (SCPP). Div. of Atmos. Resources Research, Bur. of Red., Denver Engrg. and Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhea, J. O., 1978: Orographic precipitation model for hydro-meteorological use. Atmos. Sci. Rep. No. 287, Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhea, J. O., 1983: Comments on “A statistical reanalysis of the replicated Climax I and II wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiments.” J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1475–1481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhea, J. O., A. W. Huggins, J. L. LeCompte, G. L. Hemmer, A. P. Kuciawskas and C. J. Wilcox, 1982: Int. Progress Report SCPP Forecasting Support for Period 1 July 1981–30 June 1982. Office of Atmos. Water Res. Management, Bur. of Recl., Contract 9–07–85–V0021, 228 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rottner, D., L. Vardiman and J. A. Moore, 1980: Reanalysis of “Generalized criteria for seeding winter orographic clouds.” J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 622–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1983: The mesoscale structure of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. VIII: A model for the “seeder-feeder” process in warm, frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185–1206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sassen, K., 1984: Deep orographic cloud structure and composition derived from comprehensive remote sensing measurements. J. Climate: Appl. Meteor., 23, 568–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, V. J., 1946: The production of ice crystals in a cloud of supercooled water droplets. Science, 104, 457–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, V. J., 1981: The serendipitous happenings which lead to weather modification. J. Wea. Mod., 13, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, R. W., 1983: Seeding agent threshold activation temperature height, and important seedability criterion for ground-based seeding. J Wea. Mod., 15, 16–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. J., E. E. Adderley and D. T. Walsh, 1963: A cloud seeding experiment in the Snowy Mountains, Australia. J. Appl. Meteor., 2, p. 324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. J., L. G. Veitch, D. E. Shaw and A. J. Mitter, 1979: A cloud seeding experiment in Tasmania. I Appl. Meteor., 18, 804–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. B., 1979: The influence of mountains on the atmosphere. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 21, Academic Press, 87–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snider, J. B., and D. Rottner, 1982: The use of microwave radiometry to determine a cloud seeding opportunity. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1286–1291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, R. E., and J. D. Marwitz, 1982a: The downwind spread of an initially vertical column of particles in a sheared environment. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 1191–1193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, R. E., and J. D. Marwitz, 1982b: Microphysical effects of seeding wintertime stratiform clouds near the Sierra Nevada Mountains. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 874–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stith, J. L., 1984: The effectiveness of dry ice as a seeding agent in the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project. Extended Abstracts. Ninth Conf. on Weather Modification, Park City, Amer. Meteor. Soc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Super, A. B., and J. A. Heimbach, Jr., 1983: Evaluation of the Bridger Range winter cloud seeding experiment using control gages. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1989–2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, J. L., and J. W. Kidd, 1978: A radar climatology of winter storms in northern California for the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project. Final report to Bur. of Recl.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tukey, J. W., D. R. Brillinger and L. V. Jones, 1978: The management of weather resources. Vol. II: The role of statistics in weather resources management. Statistical Task Force report to Wea. Mod. Advisory Board. [U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Stock No. 003–01800091–1.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, F. M., and L. F. Radke, 1973: The design and evaluation of an airborne optical ice particle counter. I Appl. Meteor., 12, 1309 1318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vardiman, L., and J. A. Moore, 1978: Generalized criteria for seeding winter orographic clouds. I Appl. Meteor., 17, 1769–1777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vonnegut, B., 1949: Nucleation of supercooled water by silver iodide smokes. Chem. Rev., 44, 277–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, J. A., M. S. Owens, A. V. Anderson and R. Stone, 1979: Temporal and spatial distribution of seeding material in a ground-based seeded target area. Seventh Conf. on Inadvertent and Planned Weather Modification, Banff, Amer. Meteor. Soc. 43–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weather Modification Advisory Board, 1978: The Management of Weather Resources. Vol. 1, Proposals for a National Policy and Program. U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, K. C., 1974a: A numerical simulation of wintertime orographic precipitation. Part I: Description of model microphysics and numerical techniques. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1735–1748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, K. C., 1974b: A numerical simulation of wintertime orographic precipitation. Part II: Comparison of natural and AgI seeding conditions. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1749–1767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. North American Weather Consultants, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

    Robert D. Elliott

Authors
  1. Robert D. Elliott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 American Meteorological Society

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Elliott, R.D. (1986). Review of Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding. In: Precipitation Enhancement—A Scientific Challenge. Meteorological Monographs. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-17-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-17-1_9

  • Publisher Name: American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-935704-17-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation