Abstract
The preceding chapters have laid the foundation for the material presented in this chapter. Here, I shall show how the ideas described earlier can be used to develop practical air pollution models. I shall focus on three topics that are considered important in applied dispersion modeling. The first is dispersion in coastal areas. The recent interest in this subject has been stimulated by offshore drilling for oil. Most of the models developed to estimate the impact of these offshore activities use dispersion parameterizations that are strictly applicable to sources over land. In this chapter I shall emphasize the need to relate the dispersion to the physics of the over-water boundary layer, which differs from that over land. A realistic dispersion model must also treat the sharp change in boundary layer structure as air flows from water to land. I discuss methods to incorporate this transition into models and also discuss estimating the height of the coastal boundary layer, one of the critical inputs to a shoreline dispersion model.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Carson, D. J., and F. B. Smith, 1974: Thermodynamic model for the development of a convectively unstable boundary layer. Advances in Geophysics, 18A, Academic Press, New York, 111–124.
Deardorff, J. W., and G. W. Willis, 1982: Ground-level concentrations due to fumigation into an entraining mixed layer. Atmos. Environ., 16, 1159–1170.
Durbin, P. A., 1980: A stochastic model of two-particle dispersion and concentration fluctuations in homogeneous turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 100, 279–302.
Fox, D. G., 1981: Judging air quality model performance. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 62, 599–609.
Fox, D. G., 1984: Uncertainty in air quality modeling. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65, 27–36.
Hunt, J. C. R., 1982: Diffusion in the stable boundary layer. Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling, F. T. M. Nieuwstadt and H. van Dop, Eds., Reidel, Dordrecht, 231–274.
Hunt, J. C. R., R. E. Britter, and J. S. Puttock, 1979: Mathematical models of dispersion of air pollution around building and hills. Mathematical Modelling of Turbulent Diffusion in the Environment, Academic Press, New York, 145–200.
Kaimal, J. C., J. C. Wyngaard, D. A. Haugen, O. R. Coté, Y. Izumi, S. J. Caughey, and C. J. Readings, 1976: Turbulence structure in the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2152–2169.
Kerman, B. R., R. E. Mickle, R. V. Portelli, N. B. Trivett, and P. K. Misra, 1982: The Nanticoke shoreline diffusion experiment, June 1978-II. Internal boundary layer structure. Atmos. Environ., 16, 423–437.
Kitaigorodskii, S. A., 1973: The Physics of Air-Sea Interaction. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 236 pp.
Lamb, R. G., 1978: A numerical simulation of dispersion from an elevated point source in the convective planetary boundary layer. Atmos. Environ., 12, 1297–1304.
Lamb, R. G., 1982: Diffusion in the convective boundary layer. Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling, F. T. M. Nieuwstadt and H. van Dop, Eds., Reidel, Dordrecht, 159–229.
Lenschow, D. H., J. C. Wyngaard, and W. T. Pennell, 1980: Mean-field and second-moment budgets in a baroclinic convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1313–1326.
Lewellen, W. R., R. I. Sykes, and S. F. Parker, 1985: An evaluation technique which uses the prediction of both concentration mean and variance. Proceedings of the DOE/AMS Air Pollution Evaluation Workshop, October 1984, Savannah River Lab, Report No. DP-1701–1, Sec. 2, 1–24.
Louis, J. F., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 17, 187–207.
Lumley, J. L., and H. A. Panofsky, 1964: The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence. Wiley Interscience, New York, 239 pp.
Lyons, W. A., and H. S. Cole, 1973: Fumigation and trapping on the shores of Lake Michigan during stable onshore flow. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 494–510.
Misra, P. K.,1980: Dispersion from tall stacks into a shoreline environment. Atmos. Environ., 14, 393–397.
Misra, P. K., and S. Onlock, 1982: Modeling continuous fumigation of Nanticoke generating station plume. Atmos. Environ., 15, 479–489.
Nieuwstadt, F. T. M., and H. van Dop, Eds., 1982: Atmospheric Turbulence and Air Pollution Modelling. Reidel, Dordrecht, 358 pp.
Panofsky, H. A., 1978: Matching in the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 272–276.
Panofsky, H. A., and J. Dutton, 1984: Atmospheric Turbulence: Models and Methods for Engineering Applications. Wiley, New York, 397 pp.
Plate, E. J., 1971: Aerodynamic Characteristics of Atmospheric Boundary Layers. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, TID-25465, 190 pp.
Raynor, G. S., P. Michael, R. M. Brown, and S. Sethuraman, 1975: Studies of atmospheric diffusion from a nearshore oceanic site. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 1080–1094.
Sawford, B. L., 1985: Lagrangian statistical similarity of concentration mean and fluctuation fields. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 1152–1166.
Schiermeier, F. A., 1984: Scientific assessment document on status of complex terrain models for EPA regulatory applications. EPA Report No. EPA-600/384–103.
Smith, S. D., 1980: Wind stress and heat flux over the ocean in gale-force winds. J. Phys. Ocean., 10, 709–726.
Snyder, W. H., R. S. Thompson, R. E. Eskridge, R. E. Lawson, Jr., I. P. Castro, J. T. Lee, J. C. R. Hunt, and Y. Ogawa, 1983: The Structure of Strongly Stratified Flow over Hills—Dividing Streamline Concept. Appendix A to EPA-600/383–015, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 320–375.
Strimaitis, D. G., T. F. Lavery, A. Venkatram, D. C. DiCristofaro, B. R. Greene, and B. A. Egan, 1985: EPA Complex Terrain Model Development. Fourth Milestone Report-1984. EPA Report No. EPA-600/3–84/110.
Tennekes, H., 1973: A model for the dynamics of the inversion above a convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 558–567.
Thompson, R. S., and W. H. Snyder, 1984: Dispersion from a source upwind of a three-dimensional hill of moderate slope. EPA report included in Strimaitis et al. (1985).
van Dop, H., R. Steenkist, and F. T. M. Nieuwstadt, 1979: Revised estimates for continuous shoreline fumigation. J. Appl. Met., 18, 133–137.
Venkatram, A., 1977a: A model of internal boundary-layer development. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 11, 419–437.
Venkatram, A., 1977b: Internal boundary layer development and fumigation. Atmos. Environ., 11, 479–482.
Venkatram, A., 1979: The expected deviation of observed concentrations from predicted ensemble means. Atmos. Environ., 13, 1547–1550.
Venkatram, A., 1980: Estimating the Monin-Obukhov length in the stable boundary layer for dispersion calculations. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 19, 481–485.
Venkatram, A., 1983: On dispersion in the convective boundary layer. Atmos. En-viron., 17, 529–533.
Venkatram, A., 1984: The uncertainty in estimating dispersion in the convective boundary layer. Atmos. Environ., 18, 307–310.
Venkatram, A., D. Strimaitis, and D. DiCristofaro, 1984: A semi-empirical model to estimate vertical dispersion of elevated releases in the stable boundary layer. Atmos. Environ., 18, 823–928.
Weil, J. C., and R. P. Brower, 1984: An updated Gaussian plume model for tall stacks. J. Air Pollut. Control. Assoc., 34, 818–827.
Weil, J. C., L. A. Corio, and R. P. Brower, 1986: Dispersion of buoyant plumes in the convective boundary layer. 5th Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 335–338.
Weisman, B., 1976: On the criteria for the occurrence of fumigation inland from a large lake—a reply. Atmos. Environ., 12, 172–173.
Willis, G. E., and J. W. Deardorff, 1978: A laboratory study of dispersion from an elevated source within a modeled convective planetary boundary layer. Atmos. Environ., 12, 1305–1311.
Wyngaard, J. C., Ed., 1984: Large-Eddy Simulation: Guidelines for its Application to Planetary Boundary Layer Research. Available from DTIC, AD-A146381, 122 pp.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 American Meteorological Society
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Venkatram, A. (1988). Topics in Applied Dispersion Modeling. In: Venkatram, A., Wyngaard, J.C. (eds) Lectures on Air Pollution Modeling. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-16-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-16-4_7
Publisher Name: American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA
Online ISBN: 978-1-935704-16-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive