Skip to main content

Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Pathophysiology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Managing COPD

Abstract

The term ‘COPD’ is relatively new (see Chapter 1). However, it has now been widely accepted as the worldwide standard term for obstructive airway disease, usually (but not always) caused by tobacco smoke. GOLD [1] has defined COPD as: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease with some significant extrapulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual patients. Its pulmonary component is characterised by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. December 2008. Available at: http://goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=989. [Last accessed 28th April 2011].

  2. Hansel TT, Barnes PJ. An Atlas of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Encyclopedia of Visual Medicine Series). London: Parthenon Publishing Group, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hogg JC. Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2004; 364:709–721.

    Google Scholar 

  4. American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and management of patients with COPD. Available at: www.annals.org/content/147/9/633.full. [Last accessed 28th April 2011].

  5. The British Thoracic Society. Guidelines on the management of COPD. Available at: www. brit-thoracic.org.uk/ClinicalInformation/COPD/COPDGuidelines/tabid/121/Default.aspx. [Last accessed 28th April 2011].

    Google Scholar 

  6. European Respiratory Society. COPD guidelines. Available at: www.ersnet.org/ lrPresentations/copd/files/main/index.html. [Last accessed 28th April 2011].

  7. Proctor RN. The global smoking epidemic: a history and status report. Clin Lung Cancer 2004; 5:371–376.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Buist AS, Vollmer WM, Sullivan SD, et al. The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease Initiative (BOLD): rationale and design. COPD 2005; 2:277–283.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lindberg A, Jonsson AC, Ronmark E, et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to BTS, ERS, GOLD and ATS criteria in relation to doctor’s diagnosis, symptoms, age, gender, and smoking habits. Respiration 2005; 72:471–479.

    Google Scholar 

  10. De Torres JP, Campo A, Casanova C, et al. Gender and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in high-risk smokers. Respiration 2006; 73:306–310.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, et al. Global burden of COPD: systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:523–532.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Lopez AD, Murray C. The global burden of disease 1990–2020. Nat Med 1998; 4:1241–1243.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Siahpush M, McNeill A, Hammond D, et al. Socioeconomic and country variations in knowledge of health risks of tobacco smoking and toxic constituents of smoke: results from the 2002 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tob Control 2006; 15(Suppl 3):iii65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ding A. Curbing adolescent smoking: a review of the effectiveness of various policies. Yale J Biol Med 2005; 78:37–44.

    Google Scholar 

  15. World Bank Report. Measures to reduce the demand for tobacco. In: Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control. Washington: World Bank, 1999. Available at: www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/book/html/chapter4.htm. [Last accessed 28th April 2011].

  16. Wouters EF. Economic analysis of the confronting COPD survey: an overview of results Respir Med 2003; 97(Suppl C):S3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Goodman P, Agnew M, McCaffrey M, et al. Effects of the Irish smoking ban on respiratory health of bar workers and air quality in Dublin pubs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:840–845.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ozbay B, Uzun K, Arslan H, et al. Functional and radiological impairment in women highly exposed to indoor biomass fuels. Respirology 2001; 6:255–258.

    Google Scholar 

  19. DeMeo D, Mariani T, Lange C, et al. The SERPINE2 gene is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3:502.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Keatings VM, Cave SJ, Henry MJ, et al. A polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter region may predispose to a poor prognosis in COPD. Chest 2000; 118:971–975.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Sandford AJ, Chagani T, Weir TD, et al. Susceptibility genes for rapid decline of lung function in the lung health study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:469–473.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cheng SL, Yu CJ, Chen CJ, et al. Genetic polymorphism of epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase in COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23:818–824.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hunninghake GM, Cho MH, Tesfaigzi Y, et al. MMP12, lung function, and COPD in high-risk populations. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2599–2608.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Orie NGM, Sluiter HJ, et al. Bronchitis: an international symposium; April 27–29, 1960. Proceeds published by Royal Van Gorcum, Assen, the Netherlands; 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hospers JJ, Postma DS, Rijcken B, et al. Histamine airway hyper-responsiveness and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study. Lancet 2000;356:1313–1317.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Barnes PJ. Against the Dutch hypothesis: asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are distinct diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:240–243.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Tabak C, Smit HA, Heederik D, et al. Diet and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: independent beneficial effects of fruits, whole grains, and alcohol (the MORGEN study). Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:747–755.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Barnes PJ, Stockley RA. COPD: current therapeutic interventions and future approaches. Eur Respir J 2005; 25:1084–1106.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, et al. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2645–2653.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Barnes PJ. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In: Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine, vols 1–4. Edited by G Laurent and SJ Shapiro. Elsevier, 2006; 429–438.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bourdin A, Burgel P-R, Chanez P, et al. Recent advances in COPD: pathophysiology, respiratory physiology and clinical aspects, including comorbidities. Eur Respir Rev 2009; 18:198–212.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter Barnes .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Healthcare, a part of Springer Science+Business Media

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Russell, R., Ford, P., Barnes, P. (2011). Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Pathophysiology. In: Managing COPD. Springer Healthcare, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-61-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-61-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer Healthcare, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-85873-449-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-908517-61-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics