Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death (after lung cancer) (American Cancer Society 2009). The incidence of breast cancer varies four- to fivefold across countries, is the highest in Europe and North America, and the lowest in Asia (Ferlay et al. 2001). Breast cancer incidence has been on the rise since the 1930s, with more dramatic increase in the 1980s (White et al. 1990; Devesa et al. 1994). The incidence of breast cancer in the US stabilized from 2001 to 2003 and started to decline in 2003, possibly due, in part, to the reduced use of hormone replacement therapy (Howe et al. 2006). It was projected that in 2010, 207,090 women would develop invasive breast cancer and 39,840 women will die from the disease (American Cancer Society 2010).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adami H, Hunter D, Trichopoulos D (2002) Textbook of cancer epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 301–373
Allan GJ, Flint DJ, Patel K (2001) Insulin-like growth factor axis during embryonic development. Reproduction 122:31–39
Allen NE, Roddam AW, Allen DS, Fentiman IS, Dos Santos Silva I, Peto J, Holly JM, Key TJ (2005) A prospective study of serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3 and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 92:1283–1287
American Cancer Society (2010) Cancer facts & figures 2009. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BreastCancer/OverviewGuide/breast-cancer-overview-key-statistics. Last Accessed 12 Sep 2010
Anderson E, Clarke RB, Howell A (1998) Estrogen responsiveness and control of normal human breast proliferation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 3:23–35
Baldwin S, Chung M, Chard T, Wang HS (1993) Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, glucose tolerance and fetal growth in human pregnancy. J Endocrinol 136:319–325
Belfiore A, Frittitta L, Costantino A, Frasca F, Pandini G, Sciacca L, Goldfine ID, Vigneri R (1996) Insulin receptors in breast cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci 784:173–188
Bennett A, Wilson DM, Liu F, Nagashima R, Rosenfeld RG, Hintz RL (1983) Levels of insulin-like growth factors I and II in human cord blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:609–612
Brinkworth MH (2000) Paternal transmission of genetic damage: findings in animals and humans. Int J Androl 23:123–135
Casey ML, MacDonald PC (1992) Alterations in steroid production by the human placenta. In: Pasqualini JR, Scholler R (eds) Hormones and fetal pathophysiology. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 251
Chiesa C, Osborn JF, Haass C, Natale F, Spinelli M, Scapillati E, Spinelli A, Pacifico L (2008) Ghrelin, leptin, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and insulin concentrations at birth: is there a relationship with fetal growth and neonatal anthropometry. Clin Chem 54:550–558
Choi JY, Lee KM, Park SK, Nah DY, Ahn SH, Yoo KY, Kang D (2005) Association of paternal age at birth and the risk of breast cancer in offspring: a case control study. BMC Cancer 5:143
Clark PM (1999) Assays for insulin, proinsulin(s) and C-peptide. Ann Clin Biochem 36:541–564
Clarke RB, Howell A, Anderson E (1997) Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor gene expression in normal human breast tissue treated with oestrogen and progesterone. Br J Cancer 75:251–257
Csapo AI, Pulkkinen MO, Wiest WG (1973) Effects of luteectomy and progesterone replacement therapy in early pregnant patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 115:759–765
Devesa SS, Grauman DJ, Blot WJ (1994) Recent cancer patterns among men and women in the United States: clues for occupational research. J Occup Med 36:832–841
dos Silva IS, De Stavola B, McCormack V (2008) Collaborative Group on Pre-Natal Risk Factors and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer. Birth size and breast cancer risk: re-analysis of individual participant data from 32 studies. PLoS Med 5:e193
Ekbom A, Thurfjell E, Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO (1995) Perinatal characteristics and adult mammographic patterns. Int J Cancer 61:177–180
Ekbom A, Hsieh CC, Lipworth L, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D (1997) Intrauterine environment and breast cancer risk in women: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:71–76
Ekbom A, Erlandsson G, Hsieh C, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO, Cnattingius S (2000) Risk of breast cancer in prematurely born women. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:840–841
Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM (2001) GLOBOCAN 2000: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
Forman MR, Cantwell MM, Ronckers C, Zhang Y (2005) Through the looking glass at early-life exposures and breast cancer risk. Cancer Invest 23:609–624
Fowden AL (2003) The insulin-like growth factors and feto-placental growth. Placenta 24:803–812
Gallager HS, Martin JE (1969) The study of mammary carcinoma by mammography and whole organ sectioning. Cancer 23:855–873
Giudice LC, de Zegher F, Gargosky SE, Dsupin BA, de las Fuentes L, Fuentes L, Crystal RA, Hintz RL, Rosenfeld RG (1995) Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in the term and preterm human fetus and neonate with normal and extremes of intrauterine growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1548–1555
Glaser RL, Jabs EW (2004) Dear old dad. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ 2004:re1
Gluckman PD, Hanson MA (2004) Maternal constraint of fetal growth and its consequences. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 9:419–425
Gluckman PD, Johnson-Barrett JJ, Butler JH, Edgar BW, Gunn TR (1983) Studies of insulin-like growth factor-I and -II by specific radioligand assays in umbilical cord blood. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 19:405–413
Gonzalez MC, Reyes H, Arrese M, Figueroa D, Lorca B, Andresen M, Segovia N, Molina C, Arce S (1989) Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in twin pregnancies. J Hepatol 9:84–90
Grassi AE, Giuliano MA (2000) The neonate with macrosomia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 43:340–348
Greenwald P, Barlow JJ, Nasca PC, Burnett WS (1971) Vaginal cancer after maternal treatment with synthetic estrogens. N Engl J Med 285:390–392
Grønbaek H, Flyvbjerg A, Mellemkjaer L, Tjønneland A, Christensen J, Sørensen HT, Overvad K (2004) Serum insulin-like growth factors, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1759–1764
Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Sutton PD (2006) Final births for 2004. Health E-stats. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Released 6 July 2006
Hankinson SE, Schernhammer ES (2003) Insulin-like growth factor and breast cancer risk: evidence from observational studies. Breast Dis 17:27–40
Hatch EE, Palmer JR, Titus-Ernstoff L, Noller KL, Kaufman HR, Mittendorf R, Robboy SJ, Hyer M, Cowan CN, Colton T, Hartge P, Hoover RN (1998) Cancer risk in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. JAMA 280:630–634
Hemminki K, Kyyronen P (1999) Parental age and risk of sporadic and familial cancer in offspring: implications for germ cell mutagenesis. Epidemiology 10:747–751
Hill DJ (1990) Relative abundance and molecular size of immunoreactive insulin-like growth factors I and II in human fetal tissues. Early Hum Dev 21:49–58
Hill DJ, Petrik J, Arany E (1998) Growth factors and the regulation of fetal growth. Diab Care 21(Suppl 2):B60–B69
Hodgson ME, Newman B, Millikan RC (2004) Birth weight, parental age, birth order and breast cancer risk in African-American and white women: a population-based case–control study. Breast Cancer Res 6:R656–R667
Holdaway IM, Mason BH, Lethaby AE, Singh V, Harman JE, MacCormick M, Civil ID (1999) Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in benign and malignant breast disease. Aust N Z J Surg 69:495–500
Holland R, Velling SH, Mravunac M, Hendricks JH (1985) Histologic multifocality of Tis, T1-2 breast carcinomas: implications for clinical trials of breast conserving surgery. Cancer 56:979–990
Howe HL, Wu X, Ries LA, Cokkinides V, Ahmed F, Jemal A, Miller B, Williams M, Ward E, Wingo PA, Ramirez A, Edwards BK (2006) Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2003, featuring cancer among U.S. Hispanic/Latino populations. Cancer 107:1711–1742
Innes K, Byers T, Schymura M (2000) Birth characteristics and subsequent risk for breast cancer in very young women. Am J Epidemiol 152:1121–1128
Janerich DT, Hayden CL, Thompson WD, Selenskas SL, Mettlin C (1989) Epidemiologic evidence of perinatal influence in the etiology of adult cancers. J Clin Epidemiol 42:151–157
Jones JI, Clemmons DR (1995) Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev 16:3–34
Jung A, Schuppe HC, Schill WB (2003) Are children of older fathers at risk for genetic disorders? Andrologia 35:191–199
Kaaks R, Lundin E, Rinaldi S, Manjer J, Biessy C, Söderberg S, Lenner P, Janzon L, Riboli E, Berglund F, Hallmans G (2002) Prospective study of IGF-I, IGF binding proteins, and breast cancer risk, in northern and southern Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 13:307–316
Kappel B, Hansen K, Moller J, Faaborg-Andersen J (1985) Human placental lactogen and dU-estrogen levels in normal twin pregnancies. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 34:59–65
Kato H, Yoshimoto Y, Schull WJ (1989) Risk of cancer among children exposed to atomic bomb radiation in utero: a review. IARC Sci Publ 96:365–374
Kenney NJ, Dickson RB (1996) Growth factor and sex steroid interactions in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1:189–198
Klauwer D, Blum WF, Hanitsch S, Rascher W, Lee PD, Kiess W (1997) IGF-I, IGF-II, free IGF-I and IGFBP-1, -2 and -3 levels in venous cord blood: relationship to birthweight, length and gestational age in healthy newborns. Acta Paediatr 86:826–833
Kordon EC, Smith GH (1998) An entire functional mammary gland may comprise the progeny from a single cell. Development 125:1921–1930
Laban C, Bustin SA, Jenkins PJ (2003) The GH-IGF-I axis and breast cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 14:28–34
Land CE (1995) Studies of cancer and radiation dose among atomic bomb survivors. The example of breast cancer. JAMA 274:402–407
Lassarre C, Hardouin S, Daffos F, Forestier F, Frankenne F, Binoux M (1991) Serum insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the human fetus. Relationships with growth in normal subjects and in subjects with intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res 29:219–225
Lauritzen C, Lehmann WD (1966) The importance of steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of hyperbilirubinemia and neonatal jaundice. Z Kinderheilkd 95:143–154
Law LW (1940) The production of tumors by injection of a carcinogen into the amniotic fluid of mice. Science 91:96–97
Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Myers BC, Mi MP (1988) Birth characteristics of premenopausal women with breast cancer. Br J Cancer 57:437–439
Le Roith D (1997) Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Insulin-like growth factors. N Engl J Med 336:633–640
Li BD, Khosravi MJ, Berkel HJ, Diamandi A, Dayton MA, Smith M, Yu H (2001) Free insulin-like growth factor-I and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 91:736–739
Liehr JG (2000) Is estradiol a genotoxic mutagenic carcinogen? Endocr Rev 21:40–54
Lindberg BS, Johansson ED, Nilsson BA (1974) Plasma levels of nonconjugated oestrone, oestradiol-17b and oestriol during uncomplicated pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 32:21–36
Long PA, Abell DA, Beischer NA (1979) Fetal growth and placental function assessed by urinary estriol excretion before the onset of pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135:344–347
Maccoby EE, Doering CH, Nagy Jacklin C, Kraemer H (1979) Concentrations of sex hormones in umbilical-cord blood: their relation to sex and birth order of infants. Child Dev 50:632–642
Macmahon B (1962) Prenatal x-ray exposure and childhood cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 28:1173–1191
Madigan MP, Ziegler RG, Benichou J, Byrne C, Hoover RN (1995) Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1681–1685
Mathieu MC, Clark GM, Allred DC, Goldfine ID, Vigneri R (1997) Insulin receptor expression and clinical outcome in node-negative breast cancer. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 109:565–571
McCormack VA, dos Santos Silva I, De Stavola BL, Mohsen R, Leon DA, Lithell HO (2003) Fetal growth and subsequent risk of breast cancer: results from long term follow up of Swedish cohort. BMJ 326:248
McIntyre HD, Zeck W, Russell A (2009) Placental growth hormone, fetal growth and the IGF axis in normal and diabetic pregnancy. Curr Diab Rev 5:185–189
Michels KB, Xue F (2006) Role of birthweight in the etiology of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 119:2007–2025
Mogren I, Damber L, Tavelin B, Hogberg U (1999) Characteristics of pregnancy and birth and malignancy in the offspring (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 10:85–94
Morison IM, Becroft DM, Taniguchi T, Woods CG, Reeve AE (1996) Somatic overgrowth associated with overexpression of insulin-like growth factor II. Nat Med 2:311–316
Mucci LA, Lagiou P, Tamimi RM, Hsieh CC, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D (2003) Pregnancy estriol, estradiol, progesterone and prolactin in relation to birth weight and other birth size variables (United States). Cancer Causes Control 14:311–318
Nichols HB, Trentham-Dietz A, Sprague BL, Hampton JM, Titus-Ernstoff L, Newcomb PA (2008) Effects of birth order and maternal age on breast cancer risk: modification by whether women had been breast-fed. Epidemiology 19:417–423
Oleszczuk JJ, Cervantes A, Kiely JL, Keith DM, Keith LG (2001) Maternal race/ethnicity and twinning rates in the United States, 1989–1991. J Reprod Med 46:550–557
Ong K, Kratzsch J, Kiess W, Costello M, Scott C, Dunger D (2000) Size at birth and cord blood levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-3, and the soluble IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor in term human infants. The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4266–4269
Osorio M, Torres J, Moya F, Pezzullo J, Salafia C, Baxter R, Schwander J, Fant M (1996) Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins-1, -2, and -3 in newborn serum: relationships to fetoplacental growth at term. Early Hum Dev 46:15–26
Ostlund E, Tally M, Fried G (2002) Transforming growth factor-beta1 in fetal serum correlates with insulin-like growth factor-I and fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol 100:567–573
Palmer JR, Hatch EE, Rosenberg CL, Hartge P, Kaufman RH, Titus-Ernstoff L, Noller KL, Herbst AL, Rao RS, Troisi R, Colton T, Hoover RN (2002) Risk of breast cancer in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: preliminary results (United States). Cancer Causes Control 13:753–758
Panagiotopoulou K, Katsouyanni K, Petridou E, Garas Y, Tzonou A, Trichopoulos D (1990) Maternal age, parity, and pregnancy estrogens. Cancer Causes Control 1:119–124
Papa V, Belfiore A (1996) Insulin receptors in breast cancer: biological and clinical role. J Endocrinol Invest 19:324–333
Papa V, Pezzino V, Costantino A, Belfiore A, Giuffrida D, Frittitta L, Vannelli GB, Brand R, Goldfin ID, Vigneri R (1990) Elevated insulin receptor content in human breast cancer. J Clin Invest 86:1503–1510
Park SK, Kang D, McGlynn KA, Garcia-Closas M, Kim Y, Yoo KY, Brinton LA (2008) Intrauterine environments and breast cancer risk: meta-analysis and systematic review. Breast Cancer Res 10:R8
Petridou E, Panagiotopoulou K, Katsouyanni K, Spanos E, Trichopoulos D (1990) Tobacco smoking, pregnancy estrogens, and birth weight. Epidemiology 1:247–250
Pike MC, Spicer DV, Dahmoush L, Press MF (1993) Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 15:17–35
Platet N, Cathiard AM, Gleizes M, Garcia M (2004) Estrogens and their receptors in breast cancer progression: a dual role in cancer proliferation and invasion. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 51:55–67
Pollak M (2000) Insulin-like growth factor physiology and cancer risk. Eur J Cancer 36:1224–1228
Reece EA, Wiznitzer A, Le E, Homko CJ, Behrman H, Spencer EM (1994) The relation between human fetal growth and fetal blood levels of insulin-like growth factors I and II, their binding proteins and receptors. Obstet Gynecol 84:88–95
Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL (2001) Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414:105–111
Robine N, Relier JP, Le Bars S (1988) Urocytogram, an index of maturity in premature infants. Biol Neonate 54:93–99
Rosen PR, Groshen S, Saigo PE, Kinne DW, Hellman S (1989) A long-term follow-up study of survival in stage I (T1N0M0) and stage II (T1N1M0) breast carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 7:355–366
Rudland PS (1993) Epithelial stem cells and their possible role in the development of the normal and diseased human breast. Histol Histopathol 8:385–404
Rudland PS, Barraclough R (1988) Stem cells in mammary gland differentiation and cancer. J Cell Sci Suppl 10:95–114
Rudland PS, Barraclough R, Fernig DG, Smith JA (1996) Growth and differentiation of the normal mammary gland and its tumors. Biochem Soc Symp 63:1–20
Russo J, Russo IH (1987) Development of the human mammary gland. In: Neville MC, Daniel CW (eds) The mammary gland. Plenum, New York, pp 67–93
Russo IH, Russo J (1996) Mammary gland neoplasia in long-term rodent studies. Environ Health Perspect 104:938–967
Russo J, Russo IH (2004) Development of the human breast. Maturitas 49:2–15
Sachdev D, Yee D (2001) The IGF system and breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 8:197–209
Sanderson M, Williams MA, Daling JR, Holt VL, Malone KE, Self SG, Moore DE (1998) Maternal factors and breast cancer risk among young women. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 12:397–407
Schernhammer ES, Holly JM, Pollak MN, Hankinson SE (2005) Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors, their binding proteins, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:699–704
Schernhammer ES, Holly JM, Hunter DJ, Pollak MN, Hankinson SE (2006) Insulin-like growth factor-I, its binding proteins (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3), and growth hormone and breast cancer risk in The Nurses Health Study II. Endocr Relat Cancer 13:583–592
Sell S (2004) Stem cell origin of cancer and differentiation therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 51:1–28
Service RE (1998) New role for estrogen in cancer? Science 279:1631–1633
Shipley PW, Wray JA, Hechter HH, Arellano MG, Borhant NO (1967) Frequency of twinning in California. Its relationship to maternal age, parity and race. Am J Epidemiol 85:147–156
Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC (1966) Placental estrogen biosynthesis during human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26:751–761
Spencer JA, Chang TC, Jones J, Robson SC, Preece MA (1995) Third trimester fetal growth and umbilical venous blood concentrations of IGF-1, IGFBP-1, and growth hormone at term. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 73:F87–F90
Swerdlow AJ, De Stavola B, MacOnochie N, Siskind V (1996) A population-based study of cancer risk in twins: relationships to birth order and sexes of the twin pair. Int J Cancer 67:472–478
Swerdlow AJ, De Stavola BL, Swanwick MA, MacOnochie NE (1997) Risks of breast and testicular cancers in young adult twins in England and Wales: evidence on prenatal and genetic aetiology. Lancet 350:1723–1728
TambyRaja RL, Ratnam SS (1981) Plasma steroid changes in twin pregnancies. Prog Clin Biol Res 69A:189–195
Tapanainen J, Koivisto M, Vihko R, Huhtaniemi I (1981) Enhanced activity of the pituitary–gonadal axis in premature human infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:235–238
Thiery M, Dhont M, Vandekerckhove D (1977) Serum HCG and HPL in twin pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 56:495–497
Tomatis L (1979) Prenatal exposure to chemical carcinogens and its effect on subsequent generations. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 51:159–184
Tot T (2005) DCIS, cytokeratins and the theory of the sick lobe. Virchows Arch 447:1–8
Tot T (2007) The theory of the sick lobe and the possible consequences. Int J Surg Pathol 15:369–375
Tot T, Tabár L, Dean PB (2002) Practical breast pathology. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 116–123
Trichopoulos D (1990a) Hypothesis: does breast cancer originate in utero? Lancet 335:939–940
Trichopoulos D (1990b) Is breast cancer initiated in utero? Epidemiology 1:95–96
Trichopoulos D, Lagiou P, Adami HO (2005) Towards an integrated model for breast cancer etiology: the crucial role of the number of mammary tissue-specific stem cells. Breast Cancer Res 7:13–17
Troisi R, Potischman N, Roberts J, Siiteri P, Daftary A, Sims C, Hoover RN (2003a) Associations of maternal and umbilical cord hormone concentrations with maternal, gestational and neonatal factors (United States). Cancer Causes Control 14:347–355
Troisi R, Potischman N, Roberts JM, Harger G, Markovic N, Cole B, Lykins D, Siiteri P, Hoover RN (2003b) Correlation of serum hormone concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord samples. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:452–456
Troisi R, Hatch EE, Titus-Ernstoff L, Hyer M, Palmer JR, Robboy SJ, Strohsnitter WC, Kaufman R, Herbst AL, Hoover RN (2007) Cancer risk in women prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol. Int J Cancer 121:356–360
Tulchinsky D, Hobel CJ, Korenman SG (1971) A radioligand assay for plasma unconjugated estriol in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 111:311–318
Vatten LJ, Nilsen TI, Tretli S, Trichopoulos D, Romundstad PR (2005) Size at birth and risk of breast cancer: prospective population-based study. Int J Cancer 114:461–464
Vogel PM, Georgiade NG, Fetter BF, Vogel FS, McCarty KS Jr (1981) The correlation of histologic changes in the human breast with the menstrual cycle. Am J Pathol 104:23–34
Wei Q, Matanoski GM, Farmer ER, Hedayati MA, Grossman L (1993) DNA repair and aging in basal cell carcinoma: a molecular epidemiology study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1614–1618
Weiss HA, Potischman NA, Brinton LA, Brogan D, Coates RJ, Gammon MD, Malone KE, Schoenberg JB (1997) Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for breast cancer in young women. Epidemiology 8:181–187
Weiss-Salz I, Harlap S, Friedlander Y, Kaduri L, Levy-Lahad E, Yanetz R, Deutsch L, Hochner H, Paltiel O (2007) Ethnic ancestry and increased paternal age are risk factors for breast cancer before the age of 40 years. Eur J Cancer Prev 16:549–554
Wellings SR, Jensen HM, Marcum RG (1975) An atlas of subgross pathology of the human breast with special reference to possible precancerous lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 55:231–273
White E, Lee CY, Kristal AR (1990) Evaluation of the increase in breast cancer incidence in relation to mammography use. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:1546–1552
Xu X, Dailey AB, Peoples-Sheps M, Talbott EO, Li N, Roth J (2009) Birth weight as a risk factor for breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 18 epidemiological studies. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 18:1169–1178
Xue F, Michels KB (2007a) Intrauterine factors and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current evidence. Lancet Oncol 8:1088–1100
Xue F, Michels KB (2007b) Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and breast cancer: a review of the current evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 86:s823–s835
Xue F, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Michels KB (2006) Parental age at delivery and incidence of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 104:331–340
Yu H, Jin F, Shu XO, Li BD, Dai Q, Cheng JR, Berkel HJ, Zheng W (2002) Insulin-like growth factors and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:705–712
Zapf J, Schmid C, Froesch E (1984) Biological and immunological properties of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II. Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:7–12
Zeisler H, Jirecek S, Hohlagschwandtner M, Knofler M, Tempfer C, Livingston JC (2002) Concentrations of estrogens in patients with preeclampsia. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114:458–461
Zhang Y, Cupples LA, Rosenberg L, Colton T, Kreger BE (1995) Parental ages at birth in relation to a daughter’s risk of breast cancer among female participants in the Framingham Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 6:23–29
Zhu BT, Conney AH (1998) Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: review and perspectives. Carcinogenesis 19:1–27
Yee D, Lee AV (2000) Crosstalk between the insulin-like growth factors and estrogens in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 5:107–115
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Xue, F., Michels, K.B. (2010). Breast Cancer May Originate In Utero: The Importance of the Intrauterine Environment for Breast Cancer Development. In: Tot, T. (eds) Breast Cancer. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-314-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-314-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84996-313-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-84996-314-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)