Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of Prostaglandin E1 and Nitroglycerin on Lung Preservation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Principles of Pulmonary Protection in Heart Surgery

Abstract

The term lung preservation usually refers to protection of the lungs from ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). The most extreme situation in which IRI can be observed is in lung transplantation as the ischemic time can be more than 10 h. Adequate preservation of the lungs is critical to achieve a good outcome following lung transplantation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Toronto Lung Transplant Group. Unilateral lung transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1140-1145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Baldwin JC, Frist WH, Starkey TD, et al. Distant graft procurement for combined heart and lung transplantation using pulmonary artery flush and simple topical hypothermia for graft preservation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;43:670-673.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Cooper JD, Pearson FG, Patterson GA, et al. Technique of successful lung transplantation in humans. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987;93:173-181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Patterson GA, Cooper JD, Dark JH, Jones MT. Experimental and clinical double lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;95:70-74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anderson DC, Glazer HS, Semenkovich JW, et al. Lung transplant edema: chest radiography after lung transplantation – the first 10 days. Radiology. 1995;195:275-281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Christie JD, Bavaria JE, Palevsky HI, et al. Primary graft failure following lung transplantation. Chest. 1998;114:51-60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. King RC, Binns OA, Rodriguez F, et al. Reperfusion injury significantly impacts clinical outcome after pulmonary transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:1681-1685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee KH, Martich GD, Boujoukos AJ, Keenan RJ, Griffith BP. Predicting ICU length of stay following single lung transplantation. Chest. 1996;110:1014-1017.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Novick RJ, Bennett LE, Meyer DM, Hosenpud JD. Influence of graft ischemic time and donor age on survival after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:425-431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. de Perrot M, Liu M, Waddell TK, Keshavjee S. Ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:490-511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Novick RJ, Gehman KE, Ali IS, Lee J. Lung preservation: the importance of endothelial and alveolar type II cell integrity. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62:302-314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. McEver RP. Selectins: novel receptors that mediate leukocyte adhesion during inflammation. Thromb Haemost. 1991;65:223-228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Parks DA, Granger DN. Contributions of ischemia and reperfusion to mucosal lesion formation. Am J Physiol. 1986;250(6 pt 1):G749-G753.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jurmann MJ, Dammenhayn L, Schaefers HJ, Haverich A. Pulmonary reperfusion injury: evidence for oxygen-derived free radical mediated damage and effects of different free radical scavengers. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1990;4:665-670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zimmerman BJ, Granger DN. Mechanisms of reperfusion injury. Am J Med Sci. 1994;307:284-392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. van Putte BP, Cobelens PM, van der Kaaij N, et al. Exogenous surfactant attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the lung through alteration of inflammatory and apoptotic factors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:824-828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Levine AJ, Parkes K, Rooney S, Bonser RS. Reduction of endothelial injury after hypothermic lung preservation by initial leukocyte-depleted reperfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120:47-54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Tagawa T, Suda T, Daddi N, et al. Low-dose endobronchial gene transfer to ameliorate lung graft ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123:795-802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Inci I, Inci D, Dutly A, Boehler A, Weder W. Melatonin attenuates posttransplant lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:220-225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Squifflet JP, Pirson Y, Gianello P, Van Cangh P, Alexandre GP. Safe preservation of human renal cadaver transplants by Euro-Collins solution up to 50 hours. Transplant Proc. 1981;13(1 pt 2):693-966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Konertz WF, Saka B, Berhard A. Euro-Collins solution for heart preservation: experimental and clinical experience. Transplant Proc. 1988;20:984-986.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Belzer FO, Ashby BS, Dunphy JE. 24- and 72-hour preservation of canine kidneys. Lancet. 1967;2:536-538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jeevanandam V, Barr ML, Auteri JS, et al. University of Wisconsin solution versus crystalloid cardioplegia for human donor heart preservation. A randomized blinded prospective clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103:194-199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wallwork J, Jones K, Cavarocchi N, Hakim M, Higenbottam T. Distant procurement of organs for clinical heart-lung transplantation using a single flush technique. Transplantation. 1987;44:654-658.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Yamazaki F, Yokomise H, Keshavjee SH, et al. The superiority of an extracellular fluid solution over Euro-Collins’ solution for pulmonary preservation. Transplantation. 1990;49:690-694.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wittwer T, Wahlers T, Cornelius JF, Elki S, Haverich A. Celsior solution for improvement of currently used clinical standards of lung preservation in an ex vivo rat model. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;15:667-671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fujimura S, Handa M, Kondo T, Ichinose T, Shiraishi Y, Nakada T. Successful 48-hour simple hypothermic preservation of canine lung transplants. Transplant Proc. 1987;19(1 pt 2):1334-1336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kimblad PA, Sjöberg T, Massa G, Solem JO, Steen S. High potassium contents in organ preservation solutions causes strong pulmonary vasoconstriction. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;52:523-528.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Keshavjee SH, Yamazaki F, Yokomise H, Cardoso PF, Slutsky AS, Patterson GA. The role of dextran 40 and potassium in extended hypothermic lung preservation for transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103:314-325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA. No-reflow phenomenon. Circulation. 2002;105:656-662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Menger MD. Microcirculatory disturbances secondary to ischemia-reperfusion. Transplant Proc. 1995;27:2863-2865.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rabanal JM, Ibañez AM, Mons R, et al. Influence of preservation solution on early lung function (Euro-Collins vs Perfadex). Transplant Proc. 2003;35:1938-1939.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wittwer T, Fehrenbach A, Meyer D, et al. Retrograde flush perfusion with low-potassium solutions for improvement of experimental pulmonary preservation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:976-983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Müller C, Fürst H, Reichenspurner H, Briegel J, Groh J, Reichart B; Munich Lung Transplant Group. Lung procurement by low-potassium dextran and the effect on preservation injury. Transplantation 1999;68:1139–1143.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Albes JM, Brandes H, Heinemann MK, Scheule A, Wahlers T. Potassium-reduced lung preservation solutions: a screening study. Eur Surg Res. 1997;29:327-338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu CC, Hsu PK, Huang WC, Huang MH, Hsu HS. Two-layer method (UW solution/perfluorochemical plus O2) for lung preservation in rat lung transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2007;39:3019-3023.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Aziz TM, Pillay TM, Corris PA, et al. Perfadex for clinical lung procurement: is it an advance? Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:990-995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wu M, Yang Q, Yim AP, Underwood MJ, He GW. Cellular electrophysiologic and mechanical evidence of superior vascular protection in pulmonary microcirculation by Perfadex compared with Celsior. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;13:492-498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Oto T, Griffiths AP, Rosenfeldt F, Levvey BJ, Williams TJ, Snell GI. Early outcomes comparing Perfadex, Euro-Collins, and Papworth solutions in lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:1842-1848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. De Perrot M, Sekine Y, Fischer S, et al. Interleukin-8 release during early reperfusion predicts graft function in human lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:211-215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bertolotti A, Gómez C, Lascano E, et al. Effect of preservation solution on graft viability in single-lung transplantation from heart-beating donors in pigs. Transplant Proc. 2007;39:355-357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wittwer T, Franke UF, Fehrenbach A, et al. Experimental lung transplantation: impact of preservation solution and route of delivery. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24:1081-1090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Puskas JD, Cardoso PF, Mayer E, Shi S, Slutsky AS, Patterson GA. Equivalent eighteen-hour lung preservation with low-potassium dextran or Euro-Collins solution after prostaglandin E1 infusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104:83-89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Naka Y, Roy DK, Liao H, et al. cAMP-mediated vascular protection in an orthotopic rat lung transplant model. Insights into the mechanism of action of prostaglandin E1 to improve lung preservation. Circ Res. 1996;79:773-783.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. de Perrot M, Fischer S, Liu M, et al. Prostaglandin E1 protects lung transplants from ischemia-reperfusion injury: a shift from pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transplantation. 2001;72:1505-1512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gohrbandt B, Sommer SP, Fischer S, et al. Iloprost to improve surfactant function in porcine pulmonary grafts stored for twenty-four hours in low-potassium dextran solution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:80-86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Naka Y, Chowdhury NC, Liao H, et al. Enhanced preservation of orthotopically transplanted rat lungs by nitroglycerin but not hydralazine. Requirement for graft vascular homeostasis beyond harvest vasodilation. Circ Res. 1995;76:900-906.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wittwer T, Albes JM, Fehrenbach A, et al. Experimental lung preservation with Perfadex: effect of the NO-donor nitroglycerin on postischemic outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:1208-1216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dandel M, Lehmkuhl HB, Mulahasanovic S, et al. Survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension after listing for transplantation: impact of iloprost and bosentan treatment. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:898-906.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Santillan-Doherty P, Sotres-Vega A, Jasso-Victoria R, Olmos-Zuñiga R, Arreola-Ramirez JL, Cedillo-Ley I. Effect of prostaglandin E2 on the tracheobronchial distribution of lung preservation perfusate. J Invest Surg. 1998;11:259-265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Chiang CH, Wu K, Yu CP, Yan HC, Perng WC, Wu CP. Hypothermia and prostaglandin E(1) produce synergistic attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1319-1323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Wittwer T, Wahlers T, Fehrenbach A, et al. Combined use of prostacyclin and higher perfusate temperatures further enhances the superior lung preservation by Celsior solution in the isolated rat lung. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:684-692.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sasaki S, Yasuda K, McCully JD, LoCicero J III. Does PGE1 attenuate potassium-induced vasoconstriction in initial pulmonary artery flush on lung preservation? J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:139-142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Löckinger A, Schütte H, Walmrath D, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Protection against gas exchange abnormalities by preaerosolized PGE1, iloprost, and nitroprusside in lung ischemia-reperfusion. Transplantation. 2001;71:185-193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Fiser SM, Cope JT, Kron IL, et al. Aerosolized prostacyclin (Epoprostenol) as an alternative to inhaled nitric oxide for patients with reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121:981-982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Schütte H, Löckinger A, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Aerosolized PGE1, PGI2 and nitroprusside protect against vascular leakage in lung ischemia-reperfusion. Eur Respir J. 2001;18:15-22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Olschewski H, Ghofrani HA, Walmrath D, et al. Inhaled prostacyclin and iloprost in severe pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:600-607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ikeda S, Shirai M, Shimouchi A, et al. Pulmonary microvascular responses to inhaled prostacyclin, nitric oxide and their combination in anesthetized cats. Jpn J Physiol. 1999;49:89-98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Toyoda Y, Thacker J, Santos R, et al. Long-term outcome of lung and heart-lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:1116-1122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Trulock EP, Christie JD, Edwards LB, et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-third official adult lung and heart–lung transplantation report – 2007. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:782-795.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Pinsky DJ, Naka Y, Chowdhury NC, et al. The nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in organ transplantation: critical role in successful lung preservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:12086-12090.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Marczin N, Riedel B, Gal J, Polak J, Yacoub M. Exhaled nitric oxide during lung transplantation. Lancet. 1997;350:1681-1682.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Liu M, Tremblay L, Cassivi SD, et al. Alterations of nitric oxide synthase expression and activity during rat lung transplantation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2000;278:L1071-L1081.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Schmid RA, Hillinger S, Walter R, et al. The nitric oxide synthase cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin reduces allograft ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;118:726-732.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Suda T, Mora BN, D’Ovidio F, et al. In vivo adenovirus-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene transfer ameliorates lung allograft ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;119:297-304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cardella JA, Keshavjee SH, Bai XH, et al. Increased expression of nitric oxide synthase in human lung transplants after nitric oxide inhalation. Transplantation. 2004;77:886-890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cremona G, Dinh Xuan AT, Higenbottam TW. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor and the pulmonary circulation. Lung. 1991;169:185-202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Feelisch M, te Poel M, Zamora R, Deussen A, Moncada S. Understanding the controversy over the identity of EDRF. Nature. 1994;368:62-65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kubes P, Suzuki M, Granger DN. Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:4651-4655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kubes P, Granger DN. Nitric oxide modulates microvascular permeability. Am J Physiol. 1992;262:H611-H615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pinsky DJ, Oz MC, Koga S, et al. Cardiac preservation is enhanced in a heterotopic rat transplant model by supplementing the nitric oxide pathway. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:2291-2297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Gustafsson LE, Leone AM, Person MG, Wiklung NP, Moncada S. Endogenous nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guinea pigs, and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991;181:852-857.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Stamler JS, Loh E, Roddy M-A, Currie KE, Creager MA. Nitric oxide regulates basal and systemic pulmonary vascular resistance in healthy humans. Circulation. 1994;89:2035-2040.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Adkins WK, Taylor AE. Role of xanthine oxidase and neutrophils in ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit lung. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69:2012-2018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kirk AJ, Colguhoun IW, Dark JH. Lung preservation: a review of current practice and future directions. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:990-1000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. de Perrot M, Keshavjee S. Lung preservation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;16:300-308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Naka Y, Roy DK, Smerling AJ, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide fails to confer the pulmonary protection provided by distal stimulation of the nitric oxide pathway at the level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;110:1434-1441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Eppinger MJ, Ward PA, Jones ML, Bolling SF, Deeb GM. Disparate effects of nitric oxide on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:1169-1176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Rosenkranz ER, Okamoto F, Buckberg GD, Vinten-Johansen J, Robertson JM, Buqyi H. Safety of prolonged aortic clamping with blood cardioplegia. III. Aspartate enrichment of glutamate-blood cardioplegia in energy-depleted hearts after ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986;91:428-435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Schmid RA, Yamashita M, Ando K, Tanaka Y, Cooper JD, Patterson GA. Lidocaine reduces reperfusion injury and neutrophil migration in canine lung allografts. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:949-955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Toyoda Y, Di Gregorio V, Parker RA, Levitsky S, McCully JD. Anti-stunning and anti-infarct effects of adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning. Circulation. 2000;102:III326-III331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Stadler B, Phillips J, Toyoda Y, Federman M, Levitsky S, McCully JD. Adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning modulates necrosis and apoptosis: effects of stunning and ischemia-reperfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:555-563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Toyoda Y, Friehs I, Parker RA, Levitsky S, McCully JD. Differential role of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial K(ATP) channels in adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000;279:H2694-H2703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Reece TB, Ellman PI, Maxey TS, et al. Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces inflammation and preserves pulmonary function in an in vivo model of lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:1137-1143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sullivan AT, Baker DJ, Drew GM. Effect of calcium channel blocking agents on infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion in anaesthetized pigs: relationship between cardioprotection and cardiodepression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1991;17:707-717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Conte JV Jr, Katz NM, Foegh ML, Wallace RB, Ramwell PW. Iron chelation therapy and lung transplantation. Effects of deferoxamine on lung preservation in canine single lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101:1024-1029.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. King RC, Laubach VE, Kanithanon RC, et al. Preservation with 8-bromo-cyclic GMP improves pulmonary function after prolonged ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:1732-1738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hillinger S, Schmid RA, Sandera P, et al. 8-Br-cGMP is superior to prostaglandin E1 for lung preservation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:1138-1143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Heart, Lung and Esophageal Surgery Institute, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Yoshiko Toyoda & Yoshiya Toyoda

Authors
  1. Stefano Salizzoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yoshiko Toyoda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yoshiya Toyoda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 04023900, Brazil

    Edmo Atique Gabriel

  2. University of Miami, 1611 N.W. 12th Avenue, Miami, 33136, Florida, USA

    Tomas Salerno

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Salizzoni, S., Toyoda, Y., Toyoda, Y. (2010). Effects of Prostaglandin E1 and Nitroglycerin on Lung Preservation. In: Gabriel, E., Salerno, T. (eds) Principles of Pulmonary Protection in Heart Surgery. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-308-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-308-4_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84996-307-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84996-308-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation