Abstract
Heart failure syndromes are characterized by acute and chronic symptomatic clinical presentations of variable etiology. Definitions of heart failure in many studies and surveys vary enormously. Most heart failures involve failure of cardiac mechanics resulting in reduced stroke volume or cardiac work, which in turn occur as a consequence of several processes. Heart failure syndromes are frequently characterized as primarily linked to either systolic or diastolic ventricular dysfunction but most often involve combinations of both to result in elevated pulmonary pressure and pulmonary edema causing breathlessness and exercise limitation.
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Williams, L., Lip, G.Y.H., MacFadyen, R.J. (2010). Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure Syndromes. In: Henein, M. (eds) Heart Failure in Clinical Practice. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-153-0_16
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