Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Emergent Web Intelligence: Advanced Semantic Technologies pp 3–15Cite as

The Dilated Triple

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing ((AI&KP))

Abstract

The basic unit of meaning on the Semantic Web is the RDF statement, or triple, which combines a distinct subject, predicate and object to make a definite assertion about the world. A set of triples constitutes a graph, to which they give a collective meaning. It is upon this simple foundation that the rich, complex knowledge structures of the Semantic Web are built. Yet the very expressiveness of RDF, by inviting comparison with real-world knowledge, highlights a fundamental shortcoming, in that RDF is limited to statements of absolute fact, independent of the context in which a statement is asserted. This is in stark contrast with the thoroughly context-sensitive nature of human thought. The model presented here provides a particularly simple means of contextualizing an RDF triple by associating it with related statements in the same graph. This approach, in combination with a notion of graph similarity, is sufficient to select only those statements from an RDF graph which are subjectively most relevant to the context of the requesting process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The necessity to expose large amounts of data on the Semantic Web has driven the development of triple-store technology. Advanced triple-store technology parallels relational database technologies by providing an efficient medium for the storage and querying of semantic graphs [1, 26, 29].

  2. 2.

    RDF is a data model, not a serialization format. There exist various standard serialization formats such as RDF/XML, N3 [3], Turtle [2], Trix [13], etc.

  3. 3.

    Other formalisms exist for representing an RDF graph such as the directed labeled graph, bipartite graph [22], and directed hypergraph models [31].

  4. 4.

    All resources in this article have been prefixed in order to shorten their lengthy namespaces. For example, foaf:knows, in its extended form, is http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows .

  5. 5.

    A similar presentation is also presented in [41].

  6. 6.

    Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualization).

  7. 7.

    The Oxford English dictionary provides two definitions for the word “dilate”: “to expand” and “to speak or write at length”. It will become clear through the remainder of this article that both definitions suffice to succinctly summarize the presented model.

  8. 8.

    The set of all dilated triples forms a dilated graph denoted \(\mathcal{T}=\bigcup_{\tau\in R}\{T_{\tau}\}\).

  9. 9.

    For the sake of diagram clarity, the supplemented triples are unlabeled in Fig. 1.2. However, please be aware that the unlabeled resources are in fact the URI encoding of the aforementioned natural language example explaining how Marko knows Alberto.

  10. 10.

    For the purpose of this part of the argument, R is assumed to be a theoretical graph instance that includes all statements about the world.

  11. 11.

    A fuzzy set is perhaps the best representation of a dilated triple [48]. In such cases, a membership function \(\mu_{T_{\tau}}:R\rightarrow[0,1]\) would define the degree to which every triple in R is in T τ . However, for the sake of simplicity and to present the proposed model within the constructs of the popular named graph formalism, T τ is considered a classical set. Moreover, a fuzzy logic representation requires an associated membership valued in [0,1] which then requires further statement reification in order to add such metadata. With classic bivalent logic, {0,1} is captured by the membership or non-membership of the statement in T τ .

  12. 12.

    The choices made in the creation of a dilated triple are determined at the knowledge-level [33]. The presentation here does not suppose the means of creation, only the underlying representation and utilization of such a representation.

  13. 13.

    Examples of other predicates beyond foaf:knows also exist. For instance, suppose the predicates foaf:member and foaf:fundedBy. In what way is that individual a member of that group and how is that individual funded?

  14. 14.

    Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(cognitive).

  15. 15.

    It is noted that Marko is a complex concept and includes not only his academic life, but also his personal, business, hobby, etc. lives.

  16. 16.

    H need not be a dynamic context that is generated as a process moves through an RDF graph. H can also be seen as a static, hardwired “expectation” of what the process should perceive. For instance, H could include ontological triples and known instance triples. In such cases, querying for such relationships as foaf:knows, foaf:fundedBy, foaf:memberOf, etc. would yield results related to H—biasing the results towards those relationships that are most representative of the process’ expectations.

  17. 17.

    This notion is sometimes regarded as a “reality tunnel” [44, 45].

  18. 18.

    In many ways this is analogous to finding the primary eigenvector of the graph using the power method. However, the energy vector at time step 1 only has values for the source resources, the energy vector is decayed on each iteration, and finally, only so many iterations are executed as a steady state distribution is not desired.

  19. 19.

    Spreading activation on a semantic graph is complicated as edges have labels. A framework that makes use of this fact to perform arbitrary path traversals through a semantic graph is presented in [34].

References

  1. Aasman, J.: Allegro graph. Technical Report 1, Franz Incorporated (2006). www.franz.com/products/allegrograph/allegrograph.datasheet.pdf

  2. Beckett, D.: Turtle: Terse RDF triple language. Technical Report, University of Bristol (2006). http://www.dajobe.org/2004/01/turtle

  3. Berners-Lee, T.: Notation 3. Technical Report, World Wide Web Consortium (1998). http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Notation3

  4. Berners-Lee, T.: Semantic web road map. Technical Report, World Wide Web Consortium (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Berners-Lee, T., Cailliau, R., Luotonen, A., Nielsen, H., Secret, A.: The World-Wide Web. Communications of the ACM 37, 76–82 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., Masinter, L.: Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax (2005). http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt

  7. Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J.A.: Publishing on the Semantic Web. Nature 410(6832), 1023–1024 (2001). DOI 10.1038/35074206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J.A., Lassila, O.: The Semantic Web. Scientific American 284(5), 34–43 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bizer, C., Heath, T., Idehen, K., Berners-Lee, T.: Linked data on the web. In: Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference, Linked Data Workshop. Beijing, China (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Brin, S., Page, L.: The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 30(1–7), 107–117 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bush, V.: As we may think. The Atlantic Monthly 176(1), 101–108 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Carroll, J.J., Bizer, C., Hayes, P., Stickler, P.: Named graphs, provenance and trust. In: The Fourteenth International World Wide Web Conference, Chiba, Japan, pp. 613–622. ACM, New York (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Carroll, J.J., Stickler, P.: RDF triples in XML. In: Extreme Markup Languages. IDEAlliance, Montréal, Québec (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cohen, P.R., Kjeldsen, R.: Information retrieval by constrained spreading activation in semantic networks. Information Processing and Management 23(4), 255–268 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Collins, A., Loftus, E.: A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82, 407–428 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Crestani, F., Lee, P.L.: Searching the web by constrained spreading activation. Information Processing and Management 36(4), 585–605 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Delugach, H.S.: An exploration into semantic distance. In: Proceedings of the 7th Annual Workshop on Conceptual Structures: Theory and Implementation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 754, pp. 119–124. Springer, London (1993). DOI 10.1007/3-540-57454-9_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Floridi, L.: Web 2.0 and the semantic web: A philosophical view. In: North-American Computing and Philosophy Conference (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Golder, S.A., Huberman, B.A.: Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems. Journal of Information Science 32(2), 198–208 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Harnad, S.: Post-Gutenberg galaxy: The fourth revolution in the means of production of knowledge. Public-Access Computer Systems Review 2(1), 39–53 (1991)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Haveliwala, T.H.: Topic-sensitive pagerank. In: Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference, pp. 517–526. ACM, New York (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hayes, J., Gutierrez, C.: Bipartite graphs as intermediate model for RDF. In: Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference, pp. 47–61 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hayes, P., McBride, B.: RDF semantics. Technical Report, World Wide Web Consortium (2004). http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/

  24. Hellman, R.: A semantic approach adds meaning to the web. Computer 32(12), 13–16 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Heylighen, F.: Collective intelligence and its implementation on the web: Algorithms to develop a collective mental map. Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory 5(3), 253–280 (1999)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Kiryakov, A., Ognyanov, D., Manov, D.: OWLIM—a pragmatic semantic repository for OWL. In: International Workshop on Scalable Semantic Web Knowledge Base Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3807, pp. 182–192. Springer, New York (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kleinberg, J.M.: Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment. Journal of the ACM 46(5), 604–632 (1999)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Klyne, G., Carroll, J.J.: Resource description framework (RDF): Concepts and abstract syntax. Technical Report, World Wide Web Consortium (2004). http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/

  29. Lee, R.: Scalability report on triple store applications. Technical Report, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Magnini, B., Serani, L., Speranza, M.: Making explicit the semantics hidden in schema models. In: Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference. Sanibel Island, Florida (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Morale, A.A.M., Serodio, M.E.V.: A directed hypergraph model for RDF. In: Simperl, E., Diederich, J., Schreiber, G. (eds.) Proceedings of the Knowledge Web PhD Symposium. Innsbruck, Austria (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Nelson, T.H.: Literary Machines. Mindful Press, Sausalito (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Newell, A.: The knowledge level. Artificial Intelligence 18(1), 87–127 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Rodriguez, M.A.: Grammar-based random walkers in semantic networks. Knowledge-Based Systems 21(7), 727–739 (2008). DOI 10.1016/j.knosys.2008.03.030. arXiv:0803.4355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Rodriguez, M.A., Pepe, A.: On the relationship between the structural and socioacademic communities of an interdisciplinary co-authorship network. Journal of Informetrics 2(3), 195–201 (2008). DOI 10.1016/j.joi.2008.04.002. arXiv:0801.2345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Rumelhart, D.E., McClelland, J.L.: Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. MIT Press, Cambridge (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Sheth, A.P., Ramakrishnan, C., Thomas, C.: Semantics for the semantic web: The implicit, the formal, and the powerful. International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 1, 1–18 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Sowa, J.F.: Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations. Course Technology (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tierney, B., Jackson, M.: Contextual semantic integration for ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 21st Annual British National Conference on Databases. Edinburgh, UK (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Udrea, O., Deng, Y., Ruckhaus, E., Subrahmanian, V.: A graph theoretical foundation for integrating RDF ontologies. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Uschold, M.: Where are the semantics in the semantic web? In: Proceedings of the Autonomous Agents Conference. Montréal, Québec (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  42. W3C/IETF: URIs, URLs, and URNs: Clarifications and recommendations 1.0 (2001). http://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/

  43. Wache, H., Vögele, T., Visser, U., Stuckenschmidt, H., Schuster, G., Neumann, H., Hübner, S.: Ontology-based integration of information—a survey of existing approaches. In: Stuckenschmidt, H. (ed.) IJCAI-01 Workshop: Ontologies and Information Sharing, pp. 108–117 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Wilson, R.A.: The evolution of neuro-sociological circuits: A contribution to the sociobiology of consciousness. Ph.D. thesis, Paideia University (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wilson, R.A.: Prometheus Rising. New Falcon, Reno (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Wittgenstein, L.: Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Sci., Oxford (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Woods, W.A.: Meaning and links: A semantic odyssey. In: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference (KR2004), pp. 740–742 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Zadeh, L.A.: Fuzzy sets. Information and Control 8, 338–353 (1965)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  49. Zadeh, L.A.: Toward a perception-based theory of probabilistic reasoning with imprecise probabilities. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 105, 233–264 (2002)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. T-5, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA

    Marko A. Rodriguez

  2. Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, University of California at Los Angeles, 3551 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1596, USA

    Alberto Pepe

  3. Semantic Network Research Group, Knowledge Reef Systems Inc., Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA

    Joshua Shinavier

Authors
  1. Marko A. Rodriguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alberto Pepe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joshua Shinavier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marko A. Rodriguez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. INSA de Lyon, avenue Jean Capelle 7, Villeurbanne CX, 69621, France

    Youakim Badr

  2. Fac. Sciences Mirande, UMR CNRS 5158, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon CX, France

    Richard Chbeir

  3. Technology, Center for Quantifiable Quality of, Norwegian University of Science &, O.S. Bragstads plass 2E, Trondheim, 7491, Norway

    Ajith Abraham

  4. College of Business & Administration, Dept. Quantitative Methods &, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait

    Aboul-Ella Hassanien

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rodriguez, M.A., Pepe, A., Shinavier, J. (2010). The Dilated Triple. In: Badr, Y., Chbeir, R., Abraham, A., Hassanien, AE. (eds) Emergent Web Intelligence: Advanced Semantic Technologies. Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-077-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-077-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84996-076-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84996-077-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation