Skip to main content

Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death in Adult Congenital Heart Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Approach to Sudden Cardiac Death Syndromes
  • 1260 Accesses

Abstract

Congenital heart disease is the leading category of birth defects, afflicting an estimated 75 of 1,000 live newborns, 25% of whom have moderate or severe disease.1 Over the last half century, the field of congenital heart disease has witnessed extraordinary strides. Whereas, decades ago, a minority of children with congenital heart defects survived to adulthood, current estimates project that 95% will prosper into their adult years.2-4 As a product of this astounding progress, the population of patients with congenital heart disease is rapidly growing and aging.5 Compellingly, adults now outnumber children with congenital heart disease.6

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(12):1890-1900

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Warnes CA, Liberthson R, Danielson GK, et al. Task force 1: the changing profile of congenital heart disease in adult life. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(5):1170-1175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Perloff JK, Warnes CA. Challenges posed by adults with repaired congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2001;103(21): 2637-2643

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gatzoulis MA, Hechter S, Siu SC, Webb GD. Outpatient clinics for adults with congenital heart disease: increasing workload and evolving patterns of referral. Heart. 1999; 81(1):57-61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Khairy P, Mackie AS, Ionescu-Ittu R, Pilote L, Marelli AJ. Changing age distribution of death in congenital heart disease from 1988 to 2005: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(9 Suppl 1):268A

    Google Scholar 

  6. Marelli AJ, Mackie AS, Ionescu-Ittu R, Rahme E, Pilote L. Congenital heart disease in the general population: changing prevalence and age distribution. Circulation. 2007; 115(2): 163-172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mackie AS, Pilote L, Ionescu-Ittu R, Rahme E, Marelli AJ. Health care resource utilization in adults with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(6):839-843

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Khairy P, Dore A, Talajic M, et al. Arrhythmias in adult congenital heart disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2006;4(1): 83-95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Walsh EP, Cecchin F. Arrhythmias in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2007;115(4):534-545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kanter RJ, Garson A Jr. Atrial arrhythmias during chronic follow-up of surgery for complex congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997;20(2 Pt 2):502-511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Somerville J. Grown-up congenital heart disease-medical demands look back, look forward 2000. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;49(1):21-26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Engelfriet P, Boersma E, Oechslin E, et al. The spectrum of adult congenital heart disease in Europe: morbidity and mortality in a 5 year follow-up period. Eur Heart J. 2005;26: 2325-2333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Silka MJ, Hardy BG, Menashe VD, Morris CD. A population-based prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(1):245-251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Oechslin EN, Harrison DA, Connelly MS, Webb GD, Siu SC. Mode of death in adults with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(10):1111-1116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Towbin JA, Vatta M, Li H. Genetics of brugada, long QT, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia syndromes. J Electrocardiol. 2000;33(suppl):11-22

    Google Scholar 

  16. Keating M. Linkage analysis and long QT syndrome. Using genetics to study cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1992; 85(6):1973-1986

    Google Scholar 

  17. Yamashita T, Inoue H, Nozaki A, Sugimoto T. Role of anatomic architecture in sustained atrial reentry and double potentials. Am Heart J. 1992;124(4):938-946

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Feld GK, Shahandeh-Rad F. Activation patterns in experimental canine atrial flutter produced by right atrial crush injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20(2):441-451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Boineau JP, Schuessler RB, Mooney CR, Miller CB, Wylds AC, Hudson RD, Borremans JM, Brockus CW. Natural and evoked atrial flutter due to circus movement in dogs. Role of abnormal atrial pathways, slow conduction, nonuniform refractory period distribution and premature beats. Am J Cardiol. 1980;45(6):1167-1181

    Google Scholar 

  20. Dodge-Khatami A, Miller OI, Anderson RH, et al. Surgical substrates of postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in congenital heart defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002; 123(4):624-630

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kurer CC, Tanner CS, Vetter VL. Electrophysiologic findings after Fontan repair of functional single ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17(1):174-181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bae EJ, Noh CI, Choi JY, et al. Late occurrence of adenosine-sensitive focal junctional tachycardia in complex congenital heart disease. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2005; 12(2): 115-122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Khairy P, Fournier A, Ruest P, Vobecky SJ. Transcatheter ablation via a sternotomy approach as a hybrid procedure in a univentricular heart. PACE 2008;31(5):639-640.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Khairy P, Marelli AJ. Clinical use of electrocardiography in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2007; 116(23):2734-2746

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Khairy P. EP challenges in adult congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5(10):1464-1472.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Gatzoulis MA, Freeman MA, Siu SC, Webb GD, Harris L. Atrial arrhythmia after surgical closure of atrial septal defects in adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(11):839-846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Attie F, Rosas M, Granados N, Zabal C, Buendia A, Calderon J. Surgical treatment for secundum atrial septal defects in patients >40 years old. A randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(7):2035-2042

    Google Scholar 

  28. Delacretaz E, Ganz LI, Soejima K, et al. Multi atrial maco-re-entry circuits in adults with repaired congenital heart disease: entrainment mapping combined with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37(6): 1665-1676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hebe J, Hansen P, Ouyang F, Volkmer M, Kuck KH. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;21(6): 557-575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Shah D, Jais P, Takahashi A, et al. Dual-loop intra-atrial reentry in humans. Circulation. 2000;101(6):631-639

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Webb G, Gatzoulis MA. Atrial septal defects in the adult: recent progress and overview. Circulation. 2006;114(15): 1645-1653

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Donti A, Bonvicini M, Placci A, et al. Surgical treatment of secundum atrial septal defect in patients older than 50 years. Ital Heart J. 2001;2(6):428-432

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Silversides CK, Siu SC, McLaughlin PR, et al. Symptomatic atrial arrhythmias and transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects in adult patients. Heart. 2004;90(10):1194-1198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Berger F, Vogel M, Kretschmar O, Dave H, Pretre R, Dodge-Khatami A. Arrhythmias in patients with surgically treated atrial septal defects. Swiss Med Wkly. 2005;135(11-12): 175-178

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Therrien J, Dore A, Gersony W, Iserin L, Liberthson R, Meijboom F, Colman JM, Oechslin E, Taylor D, Perloff J, Somerville J, Webb GD. CCS Consensus Conference 2001 update: recommendations for the management of adults with congenital heart disease. Part I. Can J Cardiol. 2001;17(9): 940-959

    Google Scholar 

  36. Liberman L, Kaufman S, Alfayyadh M, Hordof AJ, Apfel HD. Noninvasive prediction of pulmonary artery pressure in patients with isolated ventricular septal defect. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;21(3):197-201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cohle SD, Balraj E, Bell M. Sudden death due to ventricular septal defect. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1999;2(4):327-332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sarubbi B, Gerlis LM, Ho SY, Somerville J. Sudden death in an adult with a small ventricular septal defect and an aneurysmal membranous septum. Cardiol Young. 1999;9(1): 99-103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Byard RW. Ventricular septal defect and sudden death in early childhood. J Paediatr Child Health. 1994;30(5): 439-440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Smith NM, Ho SY. Heart block and sudden death associated with fibrosis of the conduction system at the margin of a ventricular septal defect. Pediatr Cardiol. 1994;15(3): 139-142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fournier A, Young ML, Garcia OL, Tamer DF, Wolff GS. Electrophysiologic cardiac function before and after surgery in children with atrioventricular canal. Am J Cardiol. 1986; 57(13):1137-1141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Moller JH, Patton C, Varco RL, Lillehei CW. Late results (30 to 35 years) after operative closure of isolated ventricular septal defect from 1954 to 1960. Am J Cardiol. 1991; 68(15):1491-1497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhou T, Shen XQ, Zhou SH, et al. Complications associated with transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;71(4): 559-563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Moorman AFM, de Jong F, Denyn MMFJ, Lamers WH. Development of the cardiac conduction system. Circ Res. 1998;82:629-644

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Anderson RH, Ho SY. The morphology of the specialized atrioventricular junctional area: the evolution of understanding. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25(6):957-966

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Anderson RH, Ho SY. The morphology of the cardiac conduction system. Novartis Found Symp. 2003;250:6-17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Campbell RM, Dick M, Hees P, Behrendt DM. Epicardial and endocardial activation in patients with endocardial cushion defect. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51(2):277-281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Borkon AM, Pieroni DR, Varghese PJ, Ho CS, Rowe RD. The superior QRS axis in ostium primum ASD: a proposed mechanism. Am Heart J. 1975;90(2):215-221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Khairy P, Mercier LA, Dore A, Dubuc M. Partial atrioventricular canal defect with inverted atrioventricular nodal input into an inferiorly displaced atrioventricular node. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4(3):355-358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Vetter VL, Horowitz LN. Electrophysiologic residua and sequelae of surgery for congenital heart defects. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50(3):588-604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Daliento L, Rizzoli G, Marchiori MC, et al. Electrical instability in patients undergoing surgery for atrioventricular septal defect. Int J Cardiol. 1991;30(1):15-21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. McGrath LB, Gonzalez-Lavin L. Actuarial survival, freedom from reoperation, and other events after repair of atrioventricular septal defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987; 94(4):582-590

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Culpepper W, Kolff J, Lin CY, et al. Complete common atrioventricular canal in infancy - surgical repair and postoperative hemodynamics. Circulation. 1978;58(3):550-558

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rastelli GC, Ongley PA, Kirklin JW, McGoon DC. Surgical repair of the complete form of persistent common atrioventricular canal. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1968;55(3):299-308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jacobsen JR, Gillette PC, Corbett BN, Rabinovitch M, McNamara DG. Intracardiac electrography in endocardial cushion defects. Circulation. 1976;54(4):599-603

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Klein RC. Ventricular arrhythmias in aortic valve disease: analysis of 102 patients. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53(8):1079-1083

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. von Olshausen K, Schwarz F, Apfelbach J, Rohrig N, Kramer B, Kubler W. Determinants of the incidence and severity of ventricular arrhythmias in aortic valve disease. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51(7):1103-1109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Santinga JT, Kirsh MM, Brady TJ, Thrall J, Pitt B. Left ventricular function in patients with ventricular arrhythmias and aortic valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 1983;35(2): 152-155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Anderson RH, Arnold R, Wilkinson JL. The conducting system in congenitally corrected transposition. Lancet. 1973; 1(7815):1286-1288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Anderson RH, Becker AE, Arnold R, Wilkinson JL. The conducting tissues in congenitally corrected transposition. Circulation. 1974;50(5):911-923

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Huhta JC, Maloney JD, Ritter DG, Ilstrup DM, Feldt RH. Complete atrioventricular block in patients with atrioventricular discordance. Circulation. 1983;67(6):1374-1377

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Daliento L, Corrado D, Buja G, John N, Nava A, Thiene G. Rhythm and conduction disturbances in isolated, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1986;58(3):314-318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gillette PC, Busch U, Mullins CE, McNamara DG. Electrophysiologic studies in patients with ventricular inversion and “corrected transposition”. Circulation. 1979; 60(4): 939-945

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Amikam S, Lemer J, Kishon Y, Riss E, Neufeld HN. Complete heart block in an adult with corrected transposition of the great arteries treated with permanent pacemaker. Thorax. 1979;34(4):547-549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Foster JR, Damato AN, Kline LE, Akhtar M, Ruskin JN. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels: localization of the site of complete atrioventricular block using his bundle electrograms. Am J Cardiol. 1976;38(3): 383-387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Rosen KM, Loeb HS, Gunnar RM, Rahimtoola SH. Mobitz type II block without bundle-branch block. Circulation. 1971;44(6):1111-1119

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. de Leval MR, Bastos P, Stark J, Taylor JF, Macartney FJ, Anderson RH. Surgical technique to reduce the risks of heart block following closure of ventricular septal defect in atrioventricular discordance. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1979; 78(4):515-526

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. McGrath LB, Kirklin JW, Blackstone EH, Pacifico AD, Kirklin JK, Bargeron LM Jr. Death and other events after cardiac repair in discordant atrioventricular connection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1985;90(5):711-728

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hwang B, Bowman F, Malm J, Krongrad E. Surgical repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: results and follow-up. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50(4):781-785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ho SY, Goltz D, McCarthy K, et al. The atrioventricular junctions in Ebstein malformation. Heart. 2000;83(4): 444-449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Smith WM, Gallagher JJ, Kerr CR, et al. The electrophysiologic basis and management of symptomatic recurrent tachycardia in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49(5):1223-1234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Hebe J. Ebstein’s anomaly in adults. Arrhythmias: diagnosis and therapeutic approach. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000; 48(4):214-219

    Google Scholar 

  73. Attie F, Rosas M, Rijlaarsdam M, Buendia A, Zabal C, Kuri J, Granados N. The adult patient with Ebstein anomaly. Outcome in 72 unoperated patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;79(1):27-36

    Google Scholar 

  74. Shah MJ, Jones TK, Cecchin F. Improved localization of right-sided accessory pathways with microcatheter-assisted right coronary artery mapping in children. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15(11):1238-1243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Reich JD, Auld D, Hulse E, Sullivan K, Campbell R. The Pediatric Radiofrequency Ablation Registry’s experience with Ebstein’s anomaly. Pediatric Electrophysiology Society. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9(12):1370-1377

    Google Scholar 

  76. Huang CJ, Chiu IS, Lin FY, et al. Role of electrophysiological studies and arrhythmia intervention in repairing Ebstein’s anomaly. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;48(6):347-350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias-executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias). Circulation. 2003;108(15):1871-1909

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Rossi L, Montella S, Frescura C, Thiene G. Congenital atrioventricular block in right atrial isomerism (asplenia). A case due to atrionodal discontinuity. Chest. 1984;85(4): 578-580

    Google Scholar 

  79. Dickinson DF, Wilkinson JL, Anderson KR, Smith A, Ho SY, Anderson RH. The cardiac conduction system in situs ambiguus. Circulation. 1979;59(5):879-885

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Wren C, Macartney FJ, Deanfield JE. Cardiac rhythm in atrial isomerism. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(12):1156-1158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Momma K, Takao A, Shibata T. Characteristics and natural history of abnormal atrial rhythms in left isomerism. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65(3):231-236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Garcia OL, Metha AV, Pickoff AS, et al. Left isomerism and complete atrioventricular block: a report of six cases. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48(6):1103-1107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Katcher AL. Familial asplenia, other malformations, and sudden death. Pediatrics. 1980;65(3):633-635

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Khairy P, Fournier A, Dubuc M. Monckeberg’s sling. Can J Cardiol. 2003;19(6):717-718

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Epstein MR, Saul JP, Weindling SN, Triedman JK, Walsh EP. Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia involving twin atrioventricular nodes in patients with complex congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001; 12(6):671-679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Khairy P, Poirier N, Mercier LA. Univentricular heart. Circulation. 2007;115(6):800-812

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Bharati S, Lev M. The course of the conduction system in single ventricle with inverted (L-) loop and inverted (L-) transposition. Circulation. 1975;51(4):723-730

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Wilkinson JL, Dickinson D, Smith A, Anderson RH. Conducting tissues in univentricular heart of right ventricular type with double or common inlet. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1979;77(5):691-698

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Guller B, DuShane JW, Titus JL. The atrioventricular conduction system in two cases of tricuspid atresia. Circulation. 1969;40(2):217-226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Bharati S, Lev M. The conduction system in tricuspid atresia with and without regular (d-) transposition. Circulation. 1977;56(3):423-429

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Dick M, Fyler DC, Nadas AS. Tricuspid atresia: clinical course in 101 patients. Am. J. Cardiol. 1975;36(3):327-337

    Google Scholar 

  92. Khairy P, Seslar SP, Triedman JK, Cecchin F. Ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in tricuspid atresia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15(6):719-722

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Fontan F, Baudet E. Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia. Thorax. 1971;26(3):240-258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Khairy P, Fernandes SM, Mayer JE Jr, et al. Long-term survival, modes of death, and predictors of mortality in patients with Fontan surgery. Circulation. 2008;117(1):85-92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Gatzoulis MA, Munk MD, Williams WG, Webb GD. Definitive palliation with cavopulmonary or aortopulmonary shunts for adults with single ventricle physiology. Heart. 2000;83(1):51-57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Triedman JK, Jenkins KJ, Colan SD, Saul JP, Walsh EP. Intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia after palliation of congenital heart disease: characterization of multiple macroreentrant circuits using fluoroscopically based three-dimensional endocardial mapping. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1997; 8(3):259-270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Love BA, Collins KK, Walsh EP, Triedman JK. Electro­anatomic characterization of conduction barriers in sinus/atrially paced rhythm and association with intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia circuits following congenital heart disease surgery. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12(1): 17-25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Berul CI, Bevilacqua LM, Walsh EP. Electroanatomic mapping of entrained and exit zones in patients with repaired congenital heart disease and intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia. Circulation. 2001;103(16): 2060-2065

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Gandhi SK, Bromberg BI, Schuessler RB, Turken BJ, Boineau JP, Cox JL, Huddleston CB. Characterization and surgical ablation of atrial flutter after the classic Fontan repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61(6):1666-1678; discussion 1678-1669

    Google Scholar 

  100. Kannankeril PJ, Anderson ME, Rottman JN, Wathen MS, Fish FA. Frequency of late recurrence of intra-atrial reentry tachycardia after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 92(7):879-881

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Walsh EP. Arrhythmias in patients with congenital heart disease. Card Electrophysiol. Rev. 2002;6(4):422-430

    Google Scholar 

  102. Triedman JK. Arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Heart. 2002;87(4):383-389

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Love BA, et al. Influence of patient factors and ablative technologies on outcomes of radiofrequency ablation of intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(11):1827-1835

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Baker BM, Lindsay BD, Bromberg BI, Frazier DW, Cain ME, Smith JM. Catheter ablation of clinical intraatrial reentrant tachycardias resulting from previous atrial surgery: localizing and transecting the critical isthmus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28(2):411-417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Triedman JK, DeLucca JM, Alexander ME, Berul CI, Cecchin F, Walsh EP. Prospective trial of electroanatomically guided, irrigated catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2(7):700-705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Deal BJ, Johnsrude C, Strasburger J. Total cavopulmonary conversion and maze procedure for patients with failure of the Fontan operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122(5):863-871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Mavroudis C, Deal BJ, Backer CL. The beneficial effects of total cavopulmonary conversion and arrhythmia surgery for the failed Fontan. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2002;5:12-24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Setty SP, Finucane K, Skinner JR, Kerr AR. Extracardiac conduit with a limited maze procedure for the failing Fontan with atrial tachycardias. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002; 74(6):1992-1997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Petko M, Myung RJ, Wernovsky G, et al. Surgical reinterventions following the Fontan procedure. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24(2):255-259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Agnoletti G, Borghi A, Vignati G, Crupi GC. Fontan conversion to total cavopulmonary connection and arrhythmia ablation: clinical and functional results. Heart. 2003;89(2): 193-198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Nurnberg JH, Ovroutski S, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Ewert P, Hetzer R, Lange PE. New onset arrhythmias after the extracardiac conduit Fontan operation compared with the intraatrial lateral tunnel procedure: early and midterm results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78(6):1979-1988; discussion 1988

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kumar SP, Rubinstein CS, Simsic JM, Taylor AB, Saul JP, Bradley SM. Lateral tunnel versus extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure: a concurrent comparison. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76(5):1389-1396; discussion 1396-1387

    Google Scholar 

  113. Brickner ME, Hillis LD, Lange RA. Congenital heart disease in adults. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(5):334-342

    Google Scholar 

  114. Li W, Somerville J. Atrial flutter in grown-up congenital heart (GUCH) patients. Clinical characteristics of affected population. Int J Cardiol. 2000;75(2-3):129-137

    Google Scholar 

  115. Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA, et al. Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study. Lancet. 2000; 356(9234):975-981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Harrison DA, Siu SC, Hussain F, MacLoghlin CJ, Webb GD, Harris L. Sustained atrial arrhythmias in adults late after repair of tetralogy of fallot. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87(5): 584-588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Therrien J, Siu SC, Harris L, et al. Impact of pulmonary valve replacement on arrhythmia propensity late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 2001;103(20):2489-2494

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Gillette PC, Garson A Jr. Sudden cardiac death in the pediatric population. Circulation. 1992;85(1 Suppl):I64-I69

    Google Scholar 

  119. Nollert G, Fischlein T, Bouterwek S, Bohmer C, Klinner W, Reichart B. Long-term survival in patients with repair of tetralogy of Fallot: 36-year follow-up of 490 survivors of the first year after surgical repair. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(5):1374-1383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Jonsson H, Ivert T, Brodin LA, Jonasson R. Late sudden deaths after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Electrocardiographic findings associated with survival. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;29(3):131-139

    Google Scholar 

  121. Bricker JT. Sudden death and tetralogy of Fallot. Risks, markers, and causes. Circulation. 1995;92(2):158-159

    Google Scholar 

  122. Norgard G, Gatzoulis MA, Moraes F, et al. Relationship between type of outflow tract repair and postoperative right ventricular diastolic physiology in tetralogy of Fallot: implications for long-term outcome. Circulation. 1996; 94(12):3276-3280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Gatzoulis MA, Till JA, Somerville J, Redington AN. Mechanoelectrical interaction in tetralogy of Fallot. QRS prolongation relates to right ventricular size and predicts malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Circulation. 1995;92(2):231-237

    Google Scholar 

  124. Till JA, Gatzoulis MA, Deanfield JE, Somerville J, Gregory W, Redington AN. Evolution of QRS prolongation following repair of tetralogy of Fallot: implications for symptomatic arrhythmia and sudden death. Circulation. 1995; 92(Suppl):I707

    Google Scholar 

  125. Harrison DA, Harris L, Siu SC, et al. Sustained ventricular tachycardia in adult patients late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(5):1368-1373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Garson A Jr, Nihill MR, McNamara DG, Cooley DA. Status of the adult and adolescent after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 1979;59:1232-1240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Katz NM, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, Pacifico AD. Late survival and symptoms after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 1982;65:403-410

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Hokanson JS, Moller JH. Significance of early transient complete heart block as a predictor of sudden death late after operative correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87(11):1271-1277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Berul CI, Hill SL, Geggel RL, et al. Electrocardiographic markers of late sudden death risk in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot children. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1997;8(12): 1349-1356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Vogel M, Sponring J, Cullen S, Deanfield JE, Redington AN. Regional wall motion and abnormalities of electrical depolarization and repolarization in patients after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 2001;103(12): 1669-1673

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Gatzoulis MA, et al. Value of programmed ventricular stimulation after tetralogy of fallot repair: a multicenter study. Circulation. 2004;109(16): 1994-2000

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Khairy P. Programmed ventricular stimulation for risk stratification in patients with tetralogy of Fallot: a Bayesian perspective. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2007;4(6): 292-293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Khairy P, Harris L, Landzberg MJ, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 2008;117(3):363-370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Liebman J, Cullum L, Belloc NB. Natural history of transpostion of the great arteries: anatomy and birth and death characteristics. Circulation. 1969;40:237-262

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Senning A. Surgical correction of transposition of the great vessels. Surgery. 1959;45:966-980

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Mustard WT. Successful two stage correction of transposition of the great vessels. Surgery. 1964;55:469-472

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Jatene AD, Fontes VF, Paulista PP, Souza LC, Neger F, Galantier M, Sousa JE. Anatomic correction of transposition of the great vessels. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1976; 72(3):364-370

    Google Scholar 

  138. Wilson NJ, Clarkson PM, Barratt-Boyes BG, Calder AL, Whitlock RM, Easthope RN, Neutze JM. Long-term outcome after the mustard repair for simple transposition of the great arteries. 28-year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(3):758-765

    Google Scholar 

  139. Khairy P, Fournier A, Mercier LA, Dubuc M. Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome in d-transposition of the great arteries and mustard baffle. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3(7):853-856

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Janousek J, Paul T, Luhmer I, Wilken M, Hruda J, Kallfelz HC. Atrial baffle procedures for complete transposition of the great arteries: natural course of sinus node dysfunction and risk factors for dysrhythmias and sudden death. Z Kardiol. 1994;83(12):933-938

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Gatzoulis MA, Walters J, McLaughlin PR, Merchant N, Webb GD, Liu P. Late arrhythmia in adults with the mustard procedure for transposition of great arteries: a surrogate marker for right ventricular dysfunction? Heart. 2000;84(4):409-415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Gelatt M, Hamilton RM, McCrindle BW, et al. Arrhythmia and mortality after the Mustard procedure: a 30-year single-center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(1): 194-201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Stark J, Tynan MJ, Ashcraft KW, Aberdeen E, Waterston DJ. Obstruction of pulmonary veins and superior vena cava after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 1972;45(Suppl 1):I116-I120

    Google Scholar 

  144. Benatar A, Tanke R, Roef M, Meyboom EJ, Van de Wal HJ. Mid-term results of the modified Senning operation for cavopulmonary connection with autologous tissue. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1995;9(6):320-324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Kirjavainen M, Happonen JM, Louhimo I. Late results of Senning operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117(3): 488-495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Khairy P, Harris L, Landzberg MJ, et al. Defibrillators in transposition of the great arteries with Mustard or Senning baffles. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4(5):S95-S96

    Google Scholar 

  147. Khairy P, Fournier A, Thibault B, Dubuc M, Therien J, Vobecky SJ. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2006;109(2):160-168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Khairy P. Defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation therapy in congenital heart disease. Exp Rev Med Devices. 2008; 5(3):267-271

    Google Scholar 

  149. Puley G, Siu S, Connelly M, et al. Arrhythmia and survival in patients >18 years of age after the mustard procedure for complete transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(7):1080-1084

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Li W, Somerville J, Gibson DG, Henein MY. Disturbed atrioventricular electromechanical function long after Mustard operation for transposition of great arteries: a potential contributing factor to atrial flutter. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001;14(11):1088-1093

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Sarkar D, Bull C, Yates R, Wright D, Cullen S, Gewillig M, Clayton R, Tunstill A, Deanfield J. Comparison of long-term outcomes of atrial repair of simple transposition with implications for a late arterial switch strategy. Circulation. 1999;100(19 Suppl):II176-II181

    Google Scholar 

  152. Kammeraad JA, van Deurzen CH, Sreeram N, et al. Predictors of sudden cardiac death after Mustard or Senning repair for transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(5):1095-1102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Smallhorn JF, Gow R, Freedom RM, et al. Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the pulmonary venous pathway after the Mustard or Senning procedure for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 1986;73(4):765-774

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Bender HW Jr, Stewart JR, Merrill WH, Hammon JW Jr, Graham TP Jr. Ten years’ experience with the Senning operation for transposition of the great arteries: ­physiological results and late follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989; 47(2): 218-223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Chin AJ, Sanders SP, Williams RG, Lang P, Norwood WI, Castaneda AR. Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of caval and pulmonary venous pathways after the senning operation. Am J Cardiol. 1983;52(1):118-126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Dodge-Khatami A, Kadner A, Berger Md F, Dave H, Turina MI, Pretre R. In the footsteps of senning: lessons learned from atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(4):1433-1444

    Google Scholar 

  157. Breckenridge IM, Stark J, Bonham-Carter RE, Oelert H, Graham GR, Waterston DJ. Mustard’s operation for transposition of the great arteries. Review of 200 cases. Lancet. 1972;1(7761):1140-1142

    Google Scholar 

  158. Rodriguez-Fernandez HL, Kelly DT, Collado A, Haller JA Jr, Krovetz LJ, Rowe RD. Hemodynamic data and angiographic findings after Mustard repair for complete transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 1972;46(4): 799-808

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Arciniegas E, Farooki ZQ, Hakimi M, Perry BL, Green EW. Results of the Mustard operation for dextro-transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1981; 81(4):580-587

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Meijboom F, Szatmari A, Deckers JW, et al. Long-term follow-up (10 to 17 years) after Mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996; 111(6):1158-1168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Lambert J, O’Donnell CP. Long-term outcomes after the atrial switch for surgical correction of transposition: a meta-analysis comparing the Mustard and Senning procedures. Cardiol Young. 2004;14(3):284-292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the Canada Research Chair in Electrophysiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul Khairy .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Khairy, P. (2010). Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death in Adult Congenital Heart Disease. In: Brugada, R. (eds) Clinical Approach to Sudden Cardiac Death Syndromes. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-927-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-927-5_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84882-926-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84882-927-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics