Abstract
Modeling 3D shapes from a single-view user sketch leverages on user’s ability to draw contours of shapes well and allows the user to draw what he is thinking of directly. While the problem of making the inference from an arbitrary complex sketch remains challenging, algorithms have been proposed to solve it for a number of restricted cases. Earlier systems like Igarashi’s Teddy could handle only simple closed strokes. In this chapter we present a method for inferring smooth 3D shapes from more complex contours containing junctions, in particular, T-points and cusps. We propose an interactive, mixed-initiative process, in which the user draws contours, and the computer makes shape inferences based on the user input and also allows the user to either select a different topological interpretation from the list of suggestions or edit the existing intermediate shape representation of hidden contours.
The inference process, originally proposed by Williams, involves three basic steps: computing the shape of hidden contours in the user sketch, creating a topological manifold consistent with the full sketch, and smoothly embedding this abstract manifold to create a final plausible 3D shape. We discuss how this framework can be turned into a practical system and propose novel algorithms for completing hidden contours containing cusps in addition to T-junctions, finding a topological embedding of the abstract manifold created by Williams’ method, and creating a fairly smooth solid shape from the topological embedding.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
For a formal definition of a T-point and a cusp see Sect. 12.4.
- 2.
The reader interested in implementing the ideas of this chapter will need first to become acquainted with Williams’ work.
References
Alexe, A., Barthe, L., Cani, M.-P., Gaildrat, V.: Shape modeling by sketching using convolution surfaces. In: Pacific Graphics. Short Papers (2005)
Bellettini, G., Beorchia, V., Paolini, M.: Topological and variational properties of a model for the reconstruction of three-dimensional transparent images with self-occlusions. Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 32(3), 265–291 (2008)
Cordier, F., Seo, H.: Free-form sketching of self-occluding objects. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 27(1), 50–59 (2007)
Gibson, S., Mirtich, B.: A survey of deformable modeling in computer graphics. Technical report TR-97-19, Mitsubishi Electric Research Lab., Cambridge, MA (1997)
Grenander, U.: Lectures in Pattern Theory, vols. 1–3. Springer, Berlin (1981)
Griffiths, H.B.: Surfaces. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1981)
Guillemin, V., Pollack, A.: Differential Topology. Prentice Hall, New York (1974)
Hoffman, D.D.: Visual Intelligence: How We Create What We See. Norton, New York (2000)
Huffman, D.A.: Impossible objects as nonsense sentences. In: Meltzer, B., Michie, D. (eds.) Machine Intelligence, vol. 6. American Elsevier, New York (1971)
Igarashi, T., Matsuoka, S., Tanaka, H.: Teddy: A sketching interface for 3D freeform design. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99, pp. 409–416 (1999)
Igarashi, T., Hughes, J.F.: Smooth meshes for sketch-based freeform modeling. In: Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics, pp. 139–142 (2003)
Johnston, S.F.: Lumo: illumination for cel animation. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering, pp. 45–52 (2002)
Kanizsa, G.: Organization in Vision. Praeger, New York (1979)
Karpenko, O.: Algorithms and interfaces for sketch-based 3D modeling. Doctoral thesis, Brown University (2007)
Karpenko, O., Hughes, J.: Implementation sketch for SmoothSketch: 3D free-form shapes from complex sketches. In: Siggraph Sketches Program (2006)
Karpenko, O., Hughes, J.: SmoothSketch: 3D free-form shapes from complex sketches. ACM Transactions on Graphics 25(3), 589–598 (2006)
Karpenko, O., Hughes, J., Raskar, R.: Free-form sketching with variational implicit surfaces. Eurographics Computer Graphics Forum 21(3), 585–594 (2002)
Kobbelt, L.P., Bareuther, T., Seidel, H.-P.: Multiresolution shape deformations for meshes with dynamic vertex connectivity. Computer Graphics Forum 19(3) (2000)
Koenderink, J.J.: What does the occluding contour tell us about solid shape. Perception 13, 321–330 (1984)
Koenderink, J.J.: Solid Shape. MIT Press, Cambridge (1990)
Mumford, D.: Elastica and computer vision. In: Bajaj, C.L. (ed.) Algebraic Geometry and Its Applications. Springer, New York (1994)
Nealen, A., Sorkine, O., Alexa, M., Cohen-Or, D.: A sketch-based interface for detail-preserving mesh editing. In: ACM SIGGRAPH Transactions on Graphics, pp. 1142–1147 (2005)
Nealen, A., Igarashi, T., Sorkine, O., Alexa, M.: FiberMesh: Designing freeform surfaces with 3D curves. ACM Transactions on Computer Graphics (2007)
Nitzberg, M., Mumford, D., Shiota, T.: Filtering, Segmentation, and Depth. Springer, Berlin (1993)
Pentland, A., Kuo, J.: The artist at the interface. Technical Report 114, MIT Media Lab (1989)
Pereira, J.P., Branco, V.A., Jorge, J.A., Silva, N.F., Cardoso, T.D., Ferreira, F.N.: Cascading recognizers for ambiguous calligraphic interaction. In: Eurographics Workshop on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling (2004)
Russel, S., Norvig, P.: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall, New York (1995)
Schmidt, R., Wyvill, B., Sousa, M.C., Jorge, J.A.: ShapeShop: Sketch-based solid modeling with BlobTrees. In: Eurographics Workshop on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, pp. 53–62 (2005)
Shesh, A., Chen, B.: SMARTPAPER: An interactive and user-friendly sketching system. Eurographics Computer Graphics Forum 23(3), 301–310 (2004)
Shewchuk, J.R.: Triangle: Engineering a 2D quality mesh generator and Delaunay triangulator. In: Lin, M.C., Manocha, D. (eds.) Applied Computational Geometry: Towards Geometric Engineering, vol. 1148 (1996)
Taubin, G.: A signal processing approach to fair surface design. Computer Graphics 29, 351–358 (1995)
Williams, L.: Shading in two dimensions. In: Graphics Interface, pp. 143–151 (1991)
Williams, L.R.: Perceptual completion of occluded surfaces. Ph.D. thesis, University of Massachusetts (1994)
Williams, L.R.: Topological reconstruction of a smooth manifold-solid from its occluding contour. International Journal of Computer Vision 23(1), 93–108 (1997)
Williams, L.R., Jacobs, D.W.: Stochastic completion fields: A neural model of illusory contour shape and salience. Neural Computation 9(4), 837–858 (1997)
Zeleznik, R.C., Herndon, K., Hughes, J.: Sketch: An interface for sketching 3D scenes. ACM Transactions on Graphics 163–170 (1996)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karpenko, O., Hughes, J.F. (2011). Inferring 3D Free-Form Shapes from Complex Contour Drawings. In: Jorge, J., Samavati, F. (eds) Sketch-based Interfaces and Modeling. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-812-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-812-4_12
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84882-811-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-84882-812-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)