Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cardiovascular Risk Prediction by Measurement of Arterial Elastic Properties and Wall Thickness

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Vascular Medicine

Abstract

Arterial elastic properties (stiffness, wave reflections, and central pressures) and carotid wall thickness are important determinants of global cardiovascular (CV) performance. There is mounting evidence that these arterial characteristics are associated with the presence and extent of CV disease. Furthermore, they are important and independent predictors of CV risk in several populations, and may even be used to monitor the clinical benefit of treatment strategies. Recent guidelines underscore the value of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) as tools for stratification of risk in hypertensive patients. Currently, there are many available modalities for the evaluation of arterial elastic properties, and several imaging protocols are devoted to measuring the thickness of the carotids. Recently, attempts to define the normal values for arterial indexes and to standardize the available techniques have been forthcoming. It is anticipated that these efforts will facilitate the implementation of the concept of “vascular age” in everyday clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cohn JN, Quyyumi AA, Hollenberg NK, Jamerson KA. Surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease: functional markers. Circulation. 2004;109(25 suppl 1):IV31-IV46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Clinical appraisal of arterial stiffness: the Argonauts in front of the golden fleece. Heart. 2006;92:1544-1550.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Nichols WW, O’Rourke MF. McDonald’s Blood Flow in Arteries. London: Arnold; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, et al. European network for non-invasive investigation of large arteries. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2588-2605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Agabiti-Rosei E, Mancia G, O’Rourke MF, et al. Central blood pressure measurements and antihypertensive therapy: a consensus document. Hypertension. 2007;50:154-160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, et al. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:483-494.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, et al. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular health study collaborative research group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:14-22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, et al. CAFE investigators, for the anglo-scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial investigators. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation. 2006;113:1213-1225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. Management of arterial hypertension of the European society of hypertension; European society of cardiology. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European society of hypertension (ESH) and of the European society of cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007;25:1105-1187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:932-943.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. O’Rourke MF, Staessen JA, Vlachopoulos C, et al. Clinical applications of arterial stiffness; definitions and reference values. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:426-444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wilkinson IB, MacCallum H, Cockcroft JR, Webb DJ. Inhibition of basal nitric oxide synthesis increases aortic augmentation index and pulse wave velocity in vivo. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;53:189-192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P. Structural and genetic bases of arterial stiffness. Hypertension. 2005;45:1050-1055.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Stefanadis C, Stratos C, Vlachopoulos C, et al. Pressure-diameter relation of the human aorta. A new method of determination by the application of a special ultrasonic dimension catheter. Circulation. 1995;92:2210-2219.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bank AJ, Wilson RF, Kubo SH, et al. Direct effects of smooth muscle relaxation and contraction on in vivo human brachial artery elastic properties. Circ Res. 1995;77:1008-1016.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Van der Heijden-Spek JJ, Staessen JA, Fagard RH, et al. Effect of age on brachial artery wall properties differs from the aorta and is gender dependent: a population study. Hypertension. 2000;35:637-642.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stefanadis C, Stratos C, Boudoulas H, et al. Distensibility of the ascending aorta: comparison of invasive and non-invasive techniques in healthy men and in men with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 1990;11:990-996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ikonomidis I, Lekakis J, Stamatelopoulos K, et al. Aortic elastic properties and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with Adamantiades-Behcet’s disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1075-1081.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Roman MJ, Ganau A, Saba PS, et al. Impact of arterial stiffening on left ventricular structure. Hypertension. 2000;36:489-494.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Van Bortel LM, Balkestein EJ, van der Heijden-Spek JJ, et al. Non-invasive assessment of local arterial pulse pressure: comparison of applanation tonometry and echo-tracking. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1037-1044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Van der Meer RW, Diamant M, Westenberg JJ, et al. Magnetic resonance assessment of aortic pulse wave velocity, aortic distensibility, and cardiac function in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2007;9:645-651.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wiesmann F, Petersen SE, Leeson PM, et al. Global impairment of brachial, carotid, and aortic vascular function in young smokers: direct quantification by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:2056-2064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Grathwohl D, Schmid A, et al. Assessment of carotid wall motion and stiffness with tissue Doppler imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1998;24:639-646.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Herrington DM, Brown WV, Mosca L, et al. Relationship between arterial stiffness and subclinical aortic atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2004;110:432-437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Zambanini A, Cunningham SL, Parker KH, et al. Wave-energy patterns in carotid, brachial, and radial arteries: a noninvasive approach using wave-intensity analysis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289:H270-H276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lehmann ED, Hopkins KD, Rawesh A, et al. Relation between number of cardiovascular risk factors/events and noninvasive Doppler ultrasound assessments of aortic compliance. Hypertension. 1998;32:565-569.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jiang B, Liu B, McNeill KL, Chowienczyk PJ. Measurement of pulse wave velocity using pulse wave Doppler ultrasound: comparison with arterial tonometry. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008;34:509-512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sandor GG, Hishitani T, Petty RE, et al. A novel Doppler echocardiographic method of measuring the biophysical properties of the aorta in pediatric patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:745-750.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Patrianakos AP, Karakitsos DN, de Groot E, et al. Alteration of proximal aorta biophysical properties in patients with end stage renal disease. Heart. 2006;92:228-232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gosse P, Lasserre R, Minifié C, et al. Arterial stiffness evaluated by measurement of the QKD interval is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(4 Pt 1):470-476.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. De Simone G, Roman MJ, Koren MJ, et al. Stroke volume/pulse pressure ratio and cardiovascular risk in arterial hypertension. Hypertension. 1999;33:800-805.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. McGrath BP, Liang YL, Teede H, et al. Age-related deterioration in arterial structure and function in postmenopausal women: impact of hormone replacement therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:1149-1156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Cohn JN, Finkelstein S, McVeigh G, et al. Noninvasive pulse wave analysis for the early detection of vascular disease. Hypertension. 1995;26:503-508.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Segers P, Rietzschel E, Heireman S, et al. Carotid tonometry versus synthesized aorta pressure waves for the estimation of central systolic blood pressure and augmentation index. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(9 Pt 1):1168-1173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hope SA, Meredith IT, Cameron JD. Arterial transfer functions and the reconstruction of central aortic waveforms: myths, controversies and misconceptions. J Hypertens. 2008;26:4-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: the strong heart study. Hypertension. 2007;50:197-203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Li Y, Wang JG, Dolan E, et al. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index derived from 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension. 2006;47:359-364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mitchell GF, Guo CY, Benjamin EJ, et al. Cross-sectional correlates of increased aortic stiffness in the community: the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 2007;115:2628-2636.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. McEniery CM, Yasmin, Hall IR, et al, on behalf of the ACCT Investigators. Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity. The Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1753-1760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Din-Dzietham R, Couper D, Evans G, et al. Arterial stiffness is greater in African Americans than in whites. Evidence from the Forsyth County, North Carolina, ARIC cohort. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:304-313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Bond MG, et al. Nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism (G894T) influences arterial stiffness in adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:553-559.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, et al. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;100:354-360.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Blacher J, Pannier B, Guerin AP, et al. Carotid arterial stiffness as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension. 1998;32:570-574.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, et al. Impact of aortic stiffness on survival in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. 1999;99:2434-2439.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. London GM, Blacher J, Pannier B, et al. Arterial wave reflections and survival in end-stage renal failure. Hypertension. 2001;38:434-438.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Guerin AP, Blacher J, Pannier B, et al. Impact of aortic stiffness attenuation on survival of patients in end-stage renal failure. Circulation. 2001;103:987-992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Blacher J, Safar ME, Guerin AP, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity index and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2003;63:1852-1860.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fagard RH, Pardaens K, Staessen JA, Thijs L. The pulse pressure-to-stroke index ratio predicts cardiovascular events and death in uncomplicated hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:227-231.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2001;37:1236-1241.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension. 2002;39:10-15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Laurent S, Katsahian S, Fassot C, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of fatal stroke in essential hypertension. Stroke. 2003;34:1203-1206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cruickshank K, Riste L, Anderson SG, et al. Aortic pulse-wave velocity and its relationship to mortality in diabetes and glucose intolerance: an integrated index of vascular function? Circulation. 2002;106:2085-2090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Matsuoka O, Otsuka K, Murakami S, et al. Arterial stiffness independently predicts cardiovascular events in an elderly community - Longitudinal Investigation for the Longevity and Aging in Hokkaido County (LILAC) study. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005;59(Suppl 1):S40-S44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sutton-Tyrrell K, Najjar SS, Boudreau RM, et al, for the Health ABC Study. Elevated aortic pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, predicts cardiovascular events in well-functioning older adults. Circulation. 2005;111:3384-3390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Dolan E, Thijs L, Li Y, et al. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the Dublin Outcome Study. Hypertension. 2006;47:365-370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Hansen TW, Staessen JA, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index predicts stroke in a general population. J Hypertens. 2006;24:2247-2253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mattace-Raso FU, van der Cammen TJ, Hofman A, et al. Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 2006;113:657-663.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Willum-Hansen T, Staessen JA, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Prognostic value of aortic pulse wave velocity as index of arterial stiffness in the general population. Circulation. 2006;113:664-670.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kikuya M, Staessen JA, Ohkubo T, et al. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index and 24-hour ambulatory pulse pressure as predictors of mortality in Ohasama, Japan. Stroke. 2007;38:1161-1166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2001;358:1305-1315.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Javid H. Development of carotid plaque. Am J Surg. 1979;138:224-227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Solberg LA, Eggen DA. Localization and sequence of development of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid and vertebral arteries. Circulation. 1971;43:711-724.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, et al. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation. 1986;74:1399-1406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004-2006). An update on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23:75-80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Mitchell CKC, Aeschlimann SE, Korcarz CE. Carotid intima-media thickness testing: technical considerations. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17:690-692.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Tang R, Hennig M, Thomasson B, et al. Baseline reproducibility of B-mode ultrasonic measurement of carotid artery intima-media thickness: the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA). J Hypertens. 2000;18:197-201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Bond MG, Barnes RW, Riley WA, et al. High-resolution B-mode ultrasound scanning methods in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). The ARIC Study Group. J Neuroimaging. 1991;1:68-73.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Howard G, Sharrett AR, Heiss G, et al. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investigators Stroke. 1993;24:1297-1304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Simon A, Gariepy J, Chironi G, et al. Intima-media thickness: a new tool for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens. 2002;20:159-169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Selzer RH, Hodis HN, Kwong-Fu H, et al. Evaluation of computerized edge tracking for quantifying intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery from B-mode ultrasound images. Atherosclerosis. 1994;111:1-11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Gnasso A, Irace C, Mattioli PL, Pujia A. Carotid intima-media thickness and coronary heart disease risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 1996;119:7-15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gariepy J, Salomon J, Denarie N, et al. Sex and topographic differences in associations between large-artery wall thickness and coronary risk profile in a French working cohort: the AXA Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:584-590.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Salonen JT, Salonen R. Ultrasonographically assessed carotid morphology and the risk of coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11:1245-1249.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kullo IJ, Malik AR. Arterial ultrasonography and tonometry as adjuncts to cardiovascular risk stratification. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1413-1426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Crouse JR, Goldbourt U, Evans G, et al. Risk factors and segment-specific carotid arterial enlargement in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke. 1996;27:69-75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Salonen R, Salonen JT. Progression of carotid atherosclerosis and its determinants: a population-based ultrasonography study. Atherosclerosis. 1990;81:33-40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Folsom AR, Eckfeldt JH, Weitzman S, et al. Relation of carotid artery wall thickness to diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose and insulin, body size, and physical activity. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Stroke. 1994;25:66-73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ranjit N, Diez-Roux AV, Chambless L, et al. Socioeconomic differences in progression of carotid intima-media thickness in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:411-416.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. D’ Agostino RB, Burke G, O’Leary D, et al. Ethnic differences in carotid wall thickness. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Stroke. 1996;27:1744-1749.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Watanabe H, Yamane K, Equsa G, et al. Influence of westernization of lifestyle on the progression of IMT in Japanese. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2004;11:330-334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Wang TJ, Nam B-H, Wilson PWF, et al. Association of C-reactive protein with carotid atherosclerosis in men and women: the Framingham Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:1662-1667.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hashimoto H, Kitagawa K, Hougaku H, et al. Relationship between C-reactive protein and progression of early carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive subjects. Stroke. 2004;35:1625-1630.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. van der Meer IM, de Maat MPM, Bots ML, et al. Inflammatory mediators and cell adhesion molecules as indicators of severity of atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:838-842.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lorenz MW, Karbstein P, Markus HS, Sitzer M. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is not associated with carotid intima-media progression: the carotid atherosclerosis progression study. Stroke. 2007;38:1774-1779.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ashfaq S, Abramson JL, Jones DP, et al. The relationship between plasma levels of oxidized and reduced thiols and early atherosclerosis in healthy adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1005-1011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Hulthe J, Fagerberg B. Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis development and inflammatory cytokines (AIR Study). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:1162-1167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Fadini GP, Coracina A, Baesso I, et al. Peripheral blood CD34+KDR+ endothelial progenitor cells are determinants of subclinical atherosclerosis in a middle-aged general population. Stroke. 2006;37:2277-2282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Graner M, Varpula M, Kahri J, et al. Association of carotid intima-media thickness with angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:624-629.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Androulakis AE, Andrikopoulos GK, Richter DJ, et al. The role of carotid atherosclerosis in the distinction between ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:919-926.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Fernandes VR, Polak JF, Edvardsen T, et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis and incipient regional myocardial dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2420-2428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Clegg LX, et al. Carotid wall thickness is predictive of incident clinical stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151:478-487.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 1997;96:1432-1437.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Lorenz MW, von Kegler S, Steinmetz H, et al. Carotid intima-media thickening indicates a higher vascular risk across a wide age range: prospective data from the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke. 2006;37:87-92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, et al. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007;115:459-467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Ramaswami G, et al. Carotid and femoral ultrasound morphology screening and cardiovascular events in low risk subjects: a 10-year follow-up study (the CAFES-CAVE study(1)). Atherosclerosis. 2001;156:379-387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Wojciechowska W, Staessen JA, Nawrot T, et al. European Project on Genes in Hypertension (EPOGH) Investigators. Reference values in white Europeans for the arterial pulse wave recorded by means of the SphygmoCor device. Hypertens Res. 2006;29:475-483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Stefanadis C, Dernellis J, Tsiamis E, et al. Aortic stiffness as a risk factor for recurrent acute coronary events in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:390-396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Meaume S, Benetos A, Henry OF, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in subjects >70 years of age. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:2046-2050.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Grey E, Bratteli C, Glasser SP, et al. Reduced small artery but not large artery elasticity is an independent risk marker for cardiovascular events. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16:265-269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Chirinos JA, Zambrano JP, Chakko S, et al. Aortic pressure augmentation predicts adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established coronary artery disease. Hypertension. 2005;45:980-985.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Shokawa T, Imazu M, Yamamoto H, et al. Pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality: findings from the Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima study. Circ J. 2005;69:259-264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Tomiyama H, Koji Y, Yambe M, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is a simple and independent predictor of prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circ J. 2005;69:815-822.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Weber T, Auer J, O’Rourke MF, et al. Increased arterial wave reflections predict severe cardiovascular events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:2657-2663.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Rosvall M, Janzon L, Berglund G, et al. Incidence of stroke is related to carotid IMT even in the absence of plaque. Atherosclerosis. 2005;179:325-331.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Rd. NE, Suite D403C, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Arshed A. Quyyumi

Authors
  1. Konstantinos Aznaouridis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Saurabh S. Dhawan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Arshed A. Quyyumi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arshed A. Quyyumi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

    David Abraham

  2. The Royal Free & Univ College Med School, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

    Handler Clive

  3. University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

    Michael Dashwood

  4. The Royal Free & Univ College Med School, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

    Gerry Coghlan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Aznaouridis, K., Dhawan, S.S., Quyyumi, A.A. (2009). Cardiovascular Risk Prediction by Measurement of Arterial Elastic Properties and Wall Thickness. In: Abraham, D., Clive, H., Dashwood, M., Coghlan, G. (eds) Advances in Vascular Medicine. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-637-3_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-637-3_22

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84882-636-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84882-637-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation