Abstract
The eyes occupy 0.1% of the total and 0.27% of the anterior surface of the body; vision is the most important sense which magnifies the significance of an ocular injury. Visual loss is likely to lead to loss of career, major lifestyle changes, and disfigurement. Unlike in peacetime where unilateral injuries are the rule, ocular war injuries are bilateral in 15–25% of cases.1,2
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Belkin M. Ocular war injuries in the Yom Kippur war. J Ocul Ther Surg. 1983;2:40-9.
Gombos GM. Ocular war injuries in Jerusalem. Am J Ophthalmology. 1969;68:474-8.
Belkin M, Treister G, Dotan S. Eye injuries and ocular protection in the Lebanon War, 1982. Israel J Med Sci. 1984;20:333-8.
Steindorf K. Die Kriegschirugie des schorgans. Berlin Klin Wochensch. 1914;51:1787-9.
Mader TH, Aragones JV, Chandler AC, et al. Ocular and ocular adnexal injuries treated by United States military ophthalmologistsduring Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1462-1467.
Owens BD, Kragh JF jr, Wenke JC, Macaitis J, Wade CE, Holcomb JB. Combat wounds in operation Iraqui Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. J Trauma. 2006;64:295-299.
Lashkari K, Lashkari MH, Kim AJ, Crane WG, Jalkh AE. Combat-related eye trauma: a review of 5, 320 cases. Int Ophthalmology Clin. 1995;35:193-203.
Cotter F, La Piana FG. Eye casualty reduction for eye armour. Mil Med. 1991;156:126-8.
Trediche TJ. Management of eye casualties in South East Asia. Mil Med. 1968;133:355-62.
Gondusky JS, Reiter MC. Protecting military convoys in Iraq: An examination of battle injuries sustained by a mechanised battalion during operation Iraqi Freedom II. Mil Med. 2005;170(6):546-549.
Lakits A, Prokesh R, Scholda C, Bankier A. Orbital helical computed topography in the diagnosis and management of eye trauma. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:2330-2335.
Wharton-Young M. Mechanics of blast injuries. War Medicine. 1945;8(2):73-81.
Chalioulias K, Sim KT, Scott RA. Retinal sequelae of primary ocular blast injuries. J R Army Med Corps. 2007;153:124-5.
Scott GI, Michaelson le. An analysis and follow-up of 301 cases of battle casualty injuries to eyes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1946;30:42-55.
Bellows JG. Ocular war injuries. Am J Ophthalmology. 1947;30:309-23.
Zerihun N. Blast injuries of the eye. Trop Doc. 1993;23:76-78.
Dalinchuk MN, Lalzoi MN. Eye damage accompanying explosive mine injuries. Voen Med Zh. 1989;8:28-30.
Bonnet M. Contribution A L’etude Des Effects Des Explosions De Guerre Sur L’organisme. Nancy: A Crepin-Leblond; 1918.
Kilgore GL. Changes in the ciliary body after contusio bulbi in which only the anterior segment of the eye is affected. Transactions of the Pacific Coast Oto-Ophthalmological Society May 28, 1941. Cal
Quere MA, Bouchat J, Cornand G. Ocular blast injuries. Am J Ophthalmology. 1969;67:64-69.
Sebag 1. Anatomy and pathology of the vitreo-retinal interface. Eye 1992;6:541-52, 33. Kaminskaya ZA. Clinical symptoms and therapy of indirect ocular injuries. Viestnik Oft.1943;22:7
Elmassri A. Injuries to the posterior segment of the globe. Bull Ophthal Soc Egypt. 1970;63:25-33.
Lister WT. War injuries of the eye. Lancet. 1918;20:67-71.
Margo CE. Vitreous Haemorrhage, Diagnostic problems in clinical ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994:404-15.
Hull FE. Management of eye casualties in the Far East Command during the Korean conflict. Transactons of the Joint Committee on Industrial Ophthalmology Oct 14, 1951. Chicago, Ill
Kaminskii De. Hole in the macula as a result of ocular contusion by firearms. Viestnik 01. 1943;22:25-31.
Elmassri A. Injuries to the posterior segment of the globe. Bull Ophthal Soc Egypt. 1970;63:25-33.
Lister WT. Huntarian Lecture: Pathological aspects of certain war injuries of the eye. Lancet. 1918;20:67-72.
Campbell DR. Ophthalmic casualties resulting from air raids. Br Med J. 1941;28:966.
Margo CE. Vitreous Haemorrhage, Diagnostic problems in clinical ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994:404-15.
Mandelcorn MS, Hill JC. Orbital blast injury. Can J Ophthalmol. 1973;8:597-9.
Cooper GJ., Biological effects of blast. Institute of Explosives Engineers/PSBD Home Office, BCC 1993/MOD.
Beiran I, Miller B. Pure ocular blast injury. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;114:504-5.
Campbell DR. Ophthalmic casualties resulting from air raids. Br Med J. 1941;28:966.
Kuhn F, Morris R, Witherspoon CD, Heimann K, Jeffers JB, Treister G. A standardized classification of ocular trauma. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:240-243.
Wilkins RB, Havins WE. Current treatment of blow-out fractures. Ophthalmology. 1982;89(5):464-466.
Wilson SA, Last A. Management of corneal abrasions. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70:123-128.
Kaiser PK, Pineda R 2nd. A study of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory dropsand no pressure patching in the treatment of corneal abrasions. Corneal Abrasion Patching Study Group. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1353-1359.
Caspar L. Subepithelial trubungsfiguren der hornhaut, nach verletzungen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1916;57:385-90.
Monney D. Angle recession and secondary glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973;57:608-612.
Blanton FM. Anterior chamber angle recession and secondary glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol. 1968;46:886-908.
Alper MG. Contusion angle deformity and glaucoma: gonioscopic observations and clinical course. Arch Ophthalmol. 1963;69:455-467.
Sihota RN, Sood NN, Agarwal HC. Traumatic glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1995;73:252-254.
Bleiman BS, Schwartz AL. Paradoxical intraocular pressure response to pilocarpine. A proposed mechanism and treatment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:1305-1306.
McCannel MA. A retrievable suture idea for anterior uveal problems. Ophthalmic Surg. 1976;7:98-103.
Demeler U. Surgical management of ocular hypotony. Eye. 1988;2:77.
Kearns P. Traumatic hyphaema: a retrospective study of 314 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991;75:137-141.
Lewis H, Aaberg TM, Abrams GW. Causes of failure after initial vitreoretinal surgery for severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111:8-14.
Lewis H, Aaberg TM. Anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105:277-284.
Mader TH, Carroll RD, Slade CS, George RK, Ritchey JP, Neville SP. Ocular war injuries of the Iraqi insurgency January-September 2004. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:97-104.
Thach AB, Johnson AJ, Carroll RB, et al. Severe eye injuries in the War in Iraq, 2003-2005. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:377-382.
Thach AB, Ward TP, Dick SB II, et al. Intraocular foreign body injuries during Operation Iraqui Freedom. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:1829-1833.
Woodcock MG, Scott RA, Huntbach J, Kirkby GR. Mass and shape as factors in intraocular foreign body injuries. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(12):2262-9.
Weiss MJ, Hofeldt AJ, Behrens M, Fisher K. Retina. 1997;17:105-108.
Colyer HH, Weber ED, Weichel ED, et al. Delayed intraocular foreign body removal without endophthalmitis during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1439-1447.
Finkelstein M, Legmann A, Peter R. Projectile metallic foriegn bodies in the orbit: A retrospective study of epidemiologic factors, management and outcomes. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:96-103.
Adams JH, Brierley JB, Connor RC, Treip CS. The effects of systemic hypotension upon the human brain. Clinical and neuropathological observations in 11 cases. Brain. 1966;89:235-268.
Michaelides M, Riordan-Eva P, Hugkulstone C. Two unusual cases of visual loss following severe non-surgical blood loss. Eye. 2002;16:185-189.
Özdal MPÇ, Mansour M, Deschênes J. Ultrasound biomicroscopic evaluation of the traumatized eyes. Eye. 2003;17:467-472.
Carley SD, Mackway-Jones K. The casualty profile from the Manchester bombing 1996: a proposal for the construction and dissemination of casualty profiles from major incidents. J Accid Emerg Med. 1997;14:76-80.
Mallonee S, Shariat S, Stennies G, Wax weiler R, Hogan D, Jordan F. Physical injuries and fatalities resulting from the Oklahoma City bombing. JAMA. 1996;276:382-387.
Thach AB, Ward TP, Hollifield RD, Cockerham K, Birdsong R, Kramer KK. Eye injuries in a terrorist bombing: Dharan, Sudi Arabia. Ophthalmology 2000. 1996;107:844-847. Elements of this chapter have been previously published as Scott R. The Injured Eye Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2011;366:251-260.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Scott, R.A.H. (2011). Eyes. In: Brooks, A., Clasper, J., Midwinter, M., Hodgetts, T., Mahoney, P. (eds) Ryan's Ballistic Trauma. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-124-8_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-124-8_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84882-123-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-84882-124-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)