Abstract
Advances in flexible endoscope design, miniaturization of accessory equipment, and refinement in ureteroscopic technique have all combined to facilitate upper urinary tract access and treatment of proximal ureteral and renal stones. Smaller caliber endoscopes with improved optics are placed atraumatically throughout the calyceal system, allowing ureteroscopic lithotripsy of calculi of various compositions and sizes. Herein, we will present technical considerations for performing safe and effective flexible ureteroscopy for nephroureterolithiasis as well as reviewing the results and complications of these endoscopic interventions.
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© 2013 Springer-Verlag London
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Cohen, J.H., Grasso, M. (2013). Ureteroscopy for Upper Ureteric and Renal Stones: Overcoming Difficulties with the Flexible Approach. In: Al-Kandari, A., Desai, M., Shokeir, A., Shoma, A., Smith, A. (eds) Difficult Cases in Endourology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-083-8_23
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-083-8_23
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