Abstract
Human beings, animals, and plants alike are dependent on some gases, nutrients, and solids that are available rather abundantly and almost freely in nature for their survival. Among these the most precious ones are the air in the atmosphere that living organisms breathe and the water that is available in the hydrosphere either in the troposphere as a vapor (humidity) or in the lithosphere as a liquid (rainfall, runoff, groundwater, seas, lake) or a solid (glaciers, snow, ice, hail). The atmosphere has evolved over geological time and the development of life on the earth has been closely related to the composition of the atmosphere. From the geological records, it seems that about 1.5 billion years ago free oxygen first appeared in the atmosphere in appreciable quantities. The appearance of life was very dependent on the availability of oxygen but once a sufficient amount had accumulated for green plants to develop, photosynthesis was able to liberate more into the atmosphere. During all these developments solar radiation provided the sole energy source.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson M (1992) Current status of wind farms in the UK. Renewable Energy System
Baldwin AH, Egnotovich MS, Clarke E (2001) Hydrologic change and vegetation of tidal fresh water marshes: field, greenhouse and seed-bank experiments. Wetlands 21:519–531
Boutkan E, Stikker A (2004) Enhanced water resource base for sustainable integrated water resource management. Nat Resour Forum 28:150–154
Bradley R, Fulmer R (2004) Energy: the master resource. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque
Breslow PB, Sailor DJ (2002) Vulnerability of wind power resources to climate change in the continental United States. Renewable Energy 27:585–598
Burkett VR, Kusler J (2000) Climate change: potential impacts and interactions in wetlands of the United States. J Am Water Resour Assoc 36:313–320
Casola JH, Kay JE, Snover AK, Norheim RA, Whitely LC, Binder and Climate Impacts Group (2005) Climate impacts on Washington’s hydropower, water supply, forests, fish, and agriculture. Prepared for King County (Washington) by the Climate Impacts Group (Center for Science in the Earth System, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle)
Clark A (1988) Wind farm location and environmental impact. Network for Alternative Technology and Technology Assessments C/O EEDU. The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
Confalonieri U, Menne B, Akhtar R, Ebi KL, Hauengue M, Kovats RS, Revich B, Woodward A (2007) Human health. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 391–431
Easterling WE, Aggarwal PK, Batima P, Brander KM, Erda L, Howden SM, Kirilenko A, Morton J, Soussana J-F, Schmidhuber J, Tubiello FN (2007) Food, fiber and forest products. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 273–313
EWEA (1991) Time for action: wind energy in Europe. European Wind Energy Association
Harvey J (1982) θ-S relationships and water masses in the eastern North Atlantic. Deep Sea Res 29(8A):1021–1033
Hewer F (2006) Climate change and energy management: a scoping study on the impacts of climate change on the UK energy industry. UK Meteorological Office, Exeter
IPCC (2007) Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) (2007) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Justi EW (1987) A solar-hydrogen energy system. Plenum, New York
Kundzewicz ZW, Mata LJ, Arnell NW, Döll P, Kabat P, Jiménez B, Miller KA, Oki T, Şen Z, Shiklomanov IA (2007) Freshwater resources and their management. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 173–210
Lehner B, Heinrichs T, Döll P, Alcamo J (2001) EuroWasser: model-based assessment of European water resources and hydrology in the face of global change. Kassel World Water Series 5, Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Germany
Metzger MJ, Leemans R, Schröter D, Cramer W, and the ATEAM consortium (2004) The ATEAM vulnerability mapping tool. Quantitative approaches in system analysis no. 27. Wageningen, C.T. de Witt Graduate School for Production Ecology and Resource Conservation, Wageningen, CD ROM
Monteith JL (1962) Attenuation of solar radiation: a climatological study. Q J R Meteorol Soc 88:508–521
Neuwirth F (1980) The estimation on global and sky radiation in Austria. Solar Energy 24:241
Ohta T (1979) Solar-hydrogen energy systems. Pergamon, New York
Olesen JE, Bindi M (2002) Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy. Eur J Agron 16:239–262
Özger M Şen Z (2005) Prediction of wave parameters by using fuzzy logic approach. Ocean Engineering 34:460–469
Pryor SC, Barthelmie RJ Kjellström E (2005) Potential climate change impact on wind energy resources in northern Europe: analyses using a regional climate model. Climate Dyn 25:815–835
Şahin AD (2004) Progress and recent trends in wind energy. Progr Energy Combustion Sci Int Rev J 30:501–543
Scott DS, Hafele W (1990) The coming hydrogen age: preventing world climatic disruption. Int J Hydrogen Energy 15:727–737
Åžen Z (1995) Applied hydrogeology for scientists and engineers. CRC Lewis, Boca Raton
Şen Z (2003) A short physical note on a new wind power formulation. Renewable Energy 28:2379–2382
Şen Z (2005) Batmayan güneşlerimiz. (Our suns without sunset) (in Turkish) Bilim Serisi. Altı n Burç Yayı nları
Sun G, McNulty SG, Amatya DM, Skaggs RW, Swift LW, Shepard P, Riekerk H (2002) A comparison of watershed hydrology of coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous uplands in the Southern US. J Hydrol 263:92–104
Trenberth KE, Jones PD, Ambenje PG, Bojariu R, Easterling DR, Klein AMG, Parker DE, Renwick JA, Rahimzadeh F, Rusticucci MM, Soden BJ, Zhai PM (2007) Observations: surface and atmospheric change. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 235–336
Troen I, Peterson EL (1989) European wind atlas. Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde
VeziroÄŸlu TN (1995) International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies. Feasibility study. Clean Energy Research Institute, University of Miami, Coral Gables
Voisin N, Hamlet AF, Graham LP, Pierce DW, Barnett TP, Lettenmaier DP (2006) The role of climate forecasts in western U.S. power planning. J Appl Meteorol 45:653–673
Wark K, Warner CF (1981) Air pollution. Its origin and control. Harper Collins, New York
Weast RC (1976) Handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton
Wilbanks TJ, Romero Lankao P, Bao M, Berkhout F, Cairncross S, Ceron J-P, Kapshe M, Muir-Wood R, Zapata-Marti R (2007) Industry, settlement and society. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 357–390
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2008). Atmospheric Environment and Renewable Energy. In: Solar Energy Fundamentals and Modeling Techniques. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-134-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-134-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84800-133-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-84800-134-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)