Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pancreatic Imaging: The Value for Surgery of Neuroendocrine Pancreatic Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Endocrine Surgery

Part of the book series: Springer Specialist Surgery Series ((SPECIALIST))

As shown recently [1] 10% of all gastrointestinal tumors arising from gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cells diagnosed within 1 year are localized in the pancreas. Therefore pancreatic neuroendocrine (islet cell) tumors (PNET) are rare neoplasms and represent a heterogeneous group of tumors with distinct functional and biological behavior depending on clinical symptoms and tumor size.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Niederle MB, Hackl M, Kaczirek K, Kaserer K, Niederle B. The incidence of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours in Austria – preliminary results of a prospective study. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2007;392:839–55.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rothmund M. Localization of endocrine pancreatic tumours. Br J Surg. 1994;81(2):164–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Zimmer T, Ziegler K, Bader M, et al. Localisation of neuroendocrine tumours of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Gut. 1994;35(4):471–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kloppel G, Heitz PU. Pancreatic endocrine tumors. Pathol Res Pract. 1988;183(2):155–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Stabile BE, Morrow DJ, Passaro E, Jr. The gastrinoma triangle: operative implications. Am J Surg 1984;147(1):25–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ellison EH, Wilson SD. The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: re-appraisal and evaluation of 260 registered cases. Ann Surg. 1964;160:512–30.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Norton JA, Doppman JL, Collen MJ, et al. Prospective study of gastrinoma localization and resection in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg. 1986;204(4):468–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rosch T, Lightdale CJ, Botet JF, et al. Localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors by endoscopic ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(26):1721–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ruszniewski P, Amouyal P, Amouyal G, et al. Localization of gastrinomas by endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Surgery. 1995;117(6):629–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kloppel G, Perren A, Heitz PU. The gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cell system and its tumors: the WHO classification. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1014:13–27.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rindi G, Kloppel G, Alhman H, et al. TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch. 2006;449(4):395–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rha SE, Jung SE, Lee KH, Ku YM, Byun JY, Lee JM. CT and MR imaging findings of endocrine tumor of the pancreas according to WHO classification. Eur J Radiol. 2007;62(3):371–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Angeli E, Vanzulli A, Castrucci M, et al. Value of abdominal sonography and MR imaging at 0.5 T in preoperative detection of pancreatic insulinoma: a comparison with dynamic CT and angiography. Abdom Imaging. 1997;22(3):295–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen X, Cai WY, Yang WP, Li HW. Pancreatic insulinomas: diagnosis and surgical treatment of 74 patients. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2002;1(3):458–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Galiber AK, Reading CC, Charboneau JW, et al. Localization of pancreatic insulinoma: comparison of pre- and intraoperative US with CT and angiography. Radiology. 1988;166(2):405–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kuzin NM, Egorov AV, Kondrashin SA, Lotov AN, Kuznetzov NS, Majorova JB. Preoperative and intraoperative topographic diagnosis of insulinomas. World J Surg. 1998;22(6):593–7; discussion 7–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Queiroz Almeida M, Machado MC, Correa-Giannella ML, Giannella-Neto D, Albergaria Pereira MA. Endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: diagnostic strategies, predictive features of malignancy and long-term survival. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006;29(8):679–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rothmund M, Angelini L, Brunt LM, et al. Surgery for benign insulinoma: an international review. World J Surg. 1990;14(3):393–8; discussion 8–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Agarwal B, Abu-Hamda E, Molke KL, Correa AM, Ho L. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and multidetector spiral CT in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(5):844–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hocke M, Schulze E, Gottschalk P, Topalidis T, Dietrich CF. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound in discrimination between focal pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(2):246–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Janssen J, Schlorer E, Greiner L. EUS elastography of the pancreas: feasibility and pattern description of the normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and focal pancreatic lesions. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65(7):971–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Goto M, Nakano I, Sumi K, et al. Cystic insulinoma and nonfunctioning islet cell tumor in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Pancreas. 1994;9(3):393–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. O'Toole D, Palazzo, L, Ruszniewski, P. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in endocrine tumours of the duodenopancreatic region. In: Mignon M, Colombel, JF, editors. Recent advances in the physiopathology and management of inflammatory bowel disease and digestice endocrine tumours. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext; 1999:229–40.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Grant CS, van Heerden J, Charboneau JW, James EM, Reading CC. Insulinoma. The value of intraoperative ultrasonography. Arch Surg. 1988;123(7):843–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Norton JA, Cromack DT, Shawker TH, et al. Intraoperative ultrasonographic localization of islet cell tumors. A prospective comparison to palpation. Ann Surg. 1988;207(2):160–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Stefanini P, Carboni M, Patrassi N, Basoli A. Beta-islet cell tumors of the pancreas: results of a study on 1,067 cases. Surgery. 1974;75(4):597–609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hoevels J, Lunderquist A, Owman T. Complications of percutaneous transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein and its tributaries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1980;21(5):593–601.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Krudy AG, Doppman JL, Jensen RT, et al. Localization of islet cell tumors by dynamic CT: comparison with plain CT, arteriography, sonography, and venous sampling. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;143(3):585–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Roche A, Raisonnier A, Gillon-Savouret MC. Pancreatic venous sampling and arteriography in localizing insulinomas and gastrinomas: procedure and results in 55 cases. Radiology. 1982;145(3):621–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Anderson MA, Carpenter S, Thompson NW, Nostrant TT, Elta GH, Scheiman JM. Endoscopic ultrasound is highly accurate and directs management in patients with neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(9):2271–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Glover JR, Shorvon PJ, Lees WR. Endoscopic ultrasound for localisation of islet cell tumours. Gut. 1992;33(1):108–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mirallie E, Pattou F, Malvaux P, et al. Value of endoscopic ultrasonography and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the preoperative localization of insulinomas and gastrinomas. Experience of 54 cases. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2002;26(4):360–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Palazzo L, Roseau G, Salmeron M. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the preoperative localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Endoscopy. 1992;24 Suppl 1:350–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pitre J, Soubrane O, Palazzo L, Chapuis Y. Endoscopic ultrasonography for the preoperative localization of insulinomas. Pancreas. 1996;13(1):55–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Proye C, Malvaux P, Pattou F, et al. Noninvasive imaging of insulinomas and gastrinomas with endoscopic ultrasonography and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Surgery. 1998;124(6):1134–43; discussion 43–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zimmer T, Stolzel U, Bader M, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the preoperative localisation of insulinomas and gastrinomas. Gut. 1996;39(4):562–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Oei HY, et al. Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy in gastroenteropancreatic tumors. An overview of European results. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;733:416–24.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, et al. Parallel in vivo and in vitro detection of functional somatostatin receptors in human endocrine pancreatic tumors: consequences with regard to diagnosis, localization, and therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71(3):566–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Vinik AI, Moattari AR, Cho K, Thompson N. Transhepatic portal vein catheterization for localization of sporadic and MEN gastrinomas: a ten-year experience. Surgery. 1990;107(3):246–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lightdale CJ, Botet JF, Woodruff JM, Brennan MF. Localization of endocrine tumors of the pancreas with endoscopic ultrasonography. Cancer. 1991;68(8):1815–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cadiot G, Lebtahi R, Sarda L, et al. Preoperative detection of duodenal gastrinomas and peripancreatic lymph nodes by somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Groupe D'etude Du Syndrome De Zollinger-Ellison. Gastroenterology. 1996;111(4):845–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Nahon-Uzan K, Vullierme, M-P, O'Toole, D, Costentin, C, Palazzo, L, Aubert, A, Couvelard, A, Lévy, P, Vilgrain, V, Ruszniewski, P. La précision diagnostique de la scanographie abdominale pour les tumeurs endocrines duodéno-pancréatiques s'est-elle améliorée? Gastroenterol Clini et Biol. 2005;29:A:29.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kann PH, Balakina E, Ivan D, et al. Natural course of small, asymptomatic neuroendocrine pancreatic tumours in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: an endoscopic ultrasound imaging study. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006;13(4):1195–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wamsteker EJ, Gauger PG, Thompson NW, Scheiman JM. EUS detection of pancreatic endocrine tumors in asymptomatic patients with type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58(4):531–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hellman P, Hennings J, Akerstrom G, Skogseid B. Endoscopic ultrasonography for evaluation of pancreatic tumours in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Br J Surg. 2005;92(12):1508–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mortensen MB, Fristrup C, Holm FS, et al. Prospective evaluation of patient tolerability, satisfaction with patient information, and complications in endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy. 2005;37(2):146–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Dean PG, van Heerden JA, Farley DR, et al. Are patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I prone to premature death? World J Surg. 2000;24(11):1437–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Doherty GM, Olson JA, Frisella MM, Lairmore TC, Wells SA, Jr., Norton JA. Lethality of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I. World J Surg. 1998;22(6):581–; discussion 6–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Thomas-Marques L, Murat A, Delemer B, et al. Prospective endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of the frequency of nonfunctioning pancreaticoduodenal endocrine tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(2):266–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gauger PG, Scheiman JM, Wamsteker EJ, Richards ML, Doherty GM, Thompson NW. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in screening and treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumours in asymptomatic patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Br J Surg. 2003;90(6):748–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. O'Toole D, Salazar R, Falconi M, et al. Rare functioning pancreatic endocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84(3):189–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Voss M, Hammel P, Molas G, et al. Value of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses. Gut. 2000;46(2):244–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Williams DB, Sahai AV, Aabakken L, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy: a large single centre experience. Gut. 1999;44(5):720–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Giovannini M, Monges, G, Arcidiacono, P, Ardengh, C, Deprez, P, Guaraldi, S, Fogel, R, Karamboulis, J, Bories, E, Pesenti, CH, Moutardier, V, Delpero, JR. Résultats d'une étude prospective multicentrique sur la ponction guidée par échoendoscopie de tumeurs pancréatiques de moins de 3 cm de diamètre. Endoscopy. 2005;37:A10.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ardengh JC, de Paulo GA, Ferrari AP. EUS-guided FNA in the diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors before surgery. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60(3):378–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. O'Toole D, Palazzo L, Arotcarena R, et al. Assessment of complications of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53(4):470–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. van Heerden JA, Grant CS, Czako PF, Service FJ, Charboneau JW. Occult functioning insulinomas: which localizing studies are indicated? Surgery. 1992;112(6):1010–4; discussion 4–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Grover AC, Skarulis M, Alexander HR, et al. A prospective evaluation of laparoscopic exploration with intraoperative ultrasound as a technique for localizing sporadic insulinomas. Surgery. 2005;138(6):1003–8; discussion 8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Iihara M, Kanbe M, Okamoto T, Ito Y, Obara T. Laparoscopic ultrasonography for resection of insulinomas. Surgery. 2001;130(6):1086–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jaroszewski DE, Schlinkert RT, Thompson GB, Schlinkert DK. Laparoscopic localization and resection of insulinomas. Arch Surg. 2004;139(3):270–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lo CY, Lo CM, Fan ST. Role of laparoscopic ultrasonography in intraoperative localization of pancreatic insulinoma. Surg Endosc. 2000;14(12):1131–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Dromain C, de Baere T, Lumbroso J, et al. Detection of liver metastases from endocrine tumors: a prospective comparison of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(1):70–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Rappeport ED, Hansen CP, Kjaer A, Knigge U. Multidetector computed tomography and neuroendocrine pancreaticoduodenal tumors. Acta Radiol. 2006;47(3):248–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Megibow AJ, Lavelle MT, Rofsky NM. MR imaging of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. 2001;81(2):307–20, ix–x.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kirchhoff TD, Merkesdal S, Frericks B, et al. Intraarterial calcium stimulation (ASVS) for pancreatic insulinoma: comparison of preoperative localization procedures. Radiologe. 2003;43(4):301–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Pereira PL, Roche AJ, Maier GW, et al. Insulinoma and islet cell hyperplasia: value of the calcium intraarterial stimulation test when findings of other preoperative studies are negative. Radiology. 1998;206(3):703–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Wiesli P, Brandle M, Schmid C, et al. Selective arterial calcium stimulation and hepatic venous sampling in the evaluation of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: potential and limitations. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;15(11):1251–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kaczirek K, Niederle B. Nesidioblastosis: an old term and a new understanding. World J Surg. 2004;28(12):1227–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Gabriel M, Hausler F, Bale R, et al. Image fusion analysis of (99m)Tc-HYNIC-Tyr(3)-octreotide SPECT and diagnostic CT using an immobilisation device with external markers in patients with endocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32(12):1440–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Balon HR, Goldsmith SJ, Siegel BA, et al. Procedure guideline for somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with (111)In-pentetreotide. J Nucl Med 2001;42(7):1134–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]- and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993;20(8):716–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Patel YC. Somatostatin and its receptor family. Front Neuroendocrinol. 1999;20(3):157–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Waser B, Mengod G. Expression and localization of somatostatin receptor SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR3 messenger RNAs in primary human tumors using in situ hybridization. Cancer Res 1994;54(13):3455–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Arnold R, Simon B, Wied M. Treatment of neuroendocrine GEP tumours with somatostatin analogues: a review. Digestion. 2000;62 Suppl 1:84–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kauhanen S, Seppanen M, Minn H, et al. Fluorine-18-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography as a tool to localize an insulinoma or beta-cell hyperplasia in adult patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(4):1237–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Schillaci O, Spanu A, Scopinaro F, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in liver metastasis detection from gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(3):359–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kwekkeboom D, Krenning EP, de Jong M. Peptide receptor imaging and therapy. J Nucl Med. 2000; 41(10):1704–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Adams S, Baum R, Rink T, Schumm-Drager PM, Usadel KH, Hor G. Limited value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25(1):79–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Eriksson B, Bergstrom M, Orlefors H, Sundin A, Oberg K, Langstrom B. Use of PET in neuroendocrine tumors. In vivo applications and in vitro studies. Q J Nucl Med. 2000;44(1):68–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hofmann M, Maecke H, Borner R, et al. Biokinetics and imaging with the somatostatin receptor PET radioligand (68)Ga-DOTATOC: preliminary data. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28(12):1751–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kowalski J, Henze M, Schuhmacher J, Macke HR, Hofmann M, Haberkorn U. Evaluation of positron emission tomography imaging using [68 Ga]-DOTA-D Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-Octreotide in comparison to [111In]-DTPAOC SPECT. First results in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Mol Imaging Biol. 2003;5(1):42–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hoegerle S, Altehoefer C, Ghanem N, et al. Whole-body 18F dopa PET for detection of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Radiology. 2001;220(2):373–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Brink I, Hentschel M, Neumann H, Schaefer O, Moser E. FDOPA as paradigm of molecular imaging in Oncology. Nuklearmediziner. 2007;30:373–80.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Shinotoh H. Neuroimaging of PD, CBD, and MSA – PET and SPECT studies. J Neurol. 2006;253(Suppl 3):iii30–iii4.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Becherer A, Szabo M, Karanikas G, et al. Imaging of advanced neuroendocrine tumors with (18)F-FDOPA PET. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(7):1161–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Orlefors H, Sundin A, Garske U, et al. Whole-body (11)C-5-hydroxytryptophan positron emission tomography as a universal imaging technique for neuroendocrine tumors: comparison with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(6):3392–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Rothmund M, Carnaille B, Akerström G, et al. Neuroendocrine pancreatic Tumours: minimal consensus on endocopic surgical procedures. http://wwwesescc/download/eses_workshop_synopsis_finalpdf. 2007.

  88. Chapuis Y, Bigourdan JM, Massault PP, Pitre J, Palazzo L. Videolaparoscopic excision of insulinoma. A study of 5 cases. Chirurgie. 1998;123(5):461–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. de Herder WW, Niederle B, Scoazec JY, et al. Well-differentiated pancreatic tumor/carcinoma: insulinoma. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84(3):183–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Jensen RT, Rindi G, Arnold R, et al. Well-differentiated duodenal tumor/carcinoma (excluding gastrinomas). Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84(3):165–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Triponez F, Dosseh D, Goudet P, et al. Epidemiology data on 108 MEN 1 patients from the GTE with isolated nonfunctioning tumors of the pancreas. Ann Surg. 2006;243(2):265–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Falconi M, Plockinger U, Kwekkeboom DJ, et al. Well-differentiated pancreatic nonfunctioning tumors/carcinoma. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84(3):196–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Bottger TC, Weber W, Beyer J, Junginger T. Value of tumor localization in patients with insulinoma. World J Surg. 1990;14(1):107–12; discussion 12–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Aspestrand F, Kolmannskog F, Jacobsen M. CT, MR imaging and angiography in pancreatic apudomas. Acta Radiol. 1993;34(5):468–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Gouya H, Vignaux O, Augui J, et al. CT, endoscopic sonography, and a combined protocol for preoperative evaluation of pancreatic insulinomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181(4):987–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Wong M, Isa SH, Zahiah M, Azmi KN. Intraoperative ultrasound with palpation is still superior to intra-arterial calcium stimulation test in localising insulinoma. World J Surg 2007;31(3):586–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Semelka RC, Cumming MJ, Shoenut JP, et al. Islet cell tumors: comparison of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging with dynamic gadolinium enhancement and fat suppression. Radiology. 1993;186(3):799–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Van Hoe L, Gryspeerdt S, Marchal G, Baert AL, Mertens L. Helical CT for the preoperative localization of islet cell tumors of the pancreas: value of arterial and parenchymal phase images. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165(6):1437–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. King AD, Ko GT, Yeung VT, Chow CC, Griffith J, Cockram CS. Dual phase spiral CT in the detection of small insulinomas of the pancreas. Br J Radiol. 1998;71(841):20–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Thoeni RF, Mueller-Lisse UG, Chan R, Do NK, Shyn PB. Detection of small, functional islet cell tumors in the pancreas: selection of MR imaging sequences for optimal sensitivity. Radiology. 2000;214(2):483–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ichikawa T, Peterson MS, Federle MP, et al. Islet cell tumor of the pancreas: biphasic CT versus MR imaging in tumor detection. Radiology. 2000;216(1):163–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Procacci C, Carbognin G, Accordini S, et al. Nonfunctioning endocrine tumors of the pancreas: possibilities of spiral CT characterization. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(7):1175–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Chiti A, Fanti S, Savelli G, et al. Comparison of somatostatin receptor imaging, computed tomography and ultrasound in the clinical management of neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumours. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25(10):1396–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Lebtahi R, Cadiot G, Sarda L, et al. Clinical impact of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of patients with neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Nucl Med. 1997;38(6):853–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Doppman JL, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: its sensitivity compared with that of other imaging methods in detecting primary and metastatic gastrinomas. A prospective study. Ann Inter Med. 1996;125(1):26–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery Medical University Vienna, Section of Endocrine Surgery Division of General Surgery, Vienna, Austria

    Bruno Niederle MD, FRCS, FACS

  2. Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Brigitte Happel MD

  3. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Amir Kurtaran MD

  4. Department of Gastroenterology, St James’s Hospital Dublin and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

    Dermot O’Toole MD, MRCPI

  5. Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Wolfgang Schima MD

Authors
  1. Bruno Niederle MD, FRCS, FACS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brigitte Happel MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amir Kurtaran MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dermot O’Toole MD, MRCPI
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Wolfgang Schima MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. St Thomas Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom

    Johnathan Hubbard

  2. Coll Physicians & Surgeons Columbia, Fort Washington Avenue 161, New York, 10032, U.S.A.

    William B. Inabnet

  3. Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China, People's Republic

    Chung-Yau Lo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Niederle, B., Happel, B., Kurtaran, A., O’Toole, D., Schima, W. (2009). Pancreatic Imaging: The Value for Surgery of Neuroendocrine Pancreatic Tumors. In: Hubbard, J., Inabnet, W., Lo, CY. (eds) Endocrine Surgery. Springer Specialist Surgery Series. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-881-4_36

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-881-4_36

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-880-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-881-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation