Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spontaneous Abortion and the Pathology of Early Pregnancy

  • Chapter
Fetal and Neonatal Pathology

The medical profession classifi es abortion as induced or spontaneous. The lay public, however, tends to equate the term abortion with one that is induced, whether therapeutically, self, or criminal, and to associate the term miscarriage with spontaneous abortion (Beard et al. 1985).

Spontaneous abortion is usually defi ned as the involuntary loss of a conceptus before the fetus has attained viability (World Health Organization 1970). Although this appears to be a simple defi nition, there are numerous diffi culties with it. First, the gestational age at which the fetus attains viability is subject to much debate, especially with the advent of improved medical care of infants who are born prematurely or are of very low birth weight. Second, the legal criteria on viability of the fetus varies among jurisdictions, and definitions of spontaneous abortion have been given as a pregnancy loss at gestational ages varying up to between 20 and 28 weeks (World Health Organization 1970). These differences make it diffi cult to compare data, and a new defi nition—“complete loss of conceptuses weighing less than 500g or, when birth weight is unavailable, the corresponding gestation age (22 weeks) or body-length (25 cm crown–heel), irrespective of whether or not there is any sign of life”—is recommended (World Health Organization 1975).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 419.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Althuisius SM, Dekker GA (2005) A five century evolution of cervical incompetence as a clinical entity. Curr Pharm Des 11:687–697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen AMN, Hansen KD, Andersen PK, Davey Smith G (2004) Advanced paternal age and risk of fetal death: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 160:1214–1222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen AM, Vastrup P, Wohlfahrt J, Andersen PK, Olsen J, Melbye M (2002) Fever in pregnancy and risk of fetal death: a cohort study. Lancet 360:1552–1556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ankum WM, Mol BW, Van der Veen F, Bossuyt PM (1996) Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 65:1093–1099.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barak S, Oettinger M, Perri A, Cohen HI, Barenboym R, Ophir E (2005) Frozen section examination of endo-metrial curettings in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84:43–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beard RW, Mowbray JF, Pinker GD (1985) Miscarriage or abortion. Lancet 2:1122–1123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz RS, Bernstein MR, Harlow BL, et al. (1995) Case-control study of risk factors for partial molar pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:788–794.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch SK (1976) Occult pregnancy. A pilot study. Obstet Gynecol 48:365–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, et al. (2003) Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol 157:185– 194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brinton LA, Wu BZ, Wang W, et al. (1989) Gestational trophoblastic disease: a case-control study from the People's Republic of China. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:121–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bristow RE, Shumway JB, Khouzami AN, Witter FR (1996) Complete hydatidiform mole and surviving coexistent twin. Obstet Gynecol Surv 51:705–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canobbio MM, Mair DD, van der Velde M, Koos BJ (1996) Pregnancy outcomes after the Fontan repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:763–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castrillon DH, Sun D, Weremowicz S, Fisher RA, Crum CP, Genest DR (2001) Discrimination of complete hydatidiform mole from its mimics by immunohis-tochemistry of the paternally imprinted gene product p57KIP2. Am J Surg Pathol 25:1225–1230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaouat G, Ledee-bataill N, Dubanchet S (2004a) Is there a place for immunomodulation in assisted reproduction techniques? J Reprod Immunol 62:29–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaouat G, Ledee-Bataille N, Dubanchet S, Zourbas S, Sandra O, Martal J (2004b) Reproductive immunology 2003: reassessing the Th1/Th2 paradigm? Immunol Lett 92:207–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheah PL, Looi LM, Sivanesaratnam V (1993) Hydatidi-form molar pregnancy in Malaysian women: a histo-pathological study from the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. Malays J Pathol 15:59–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung ANY, Ngan HYS, Collins RJ, Wong YL (1994) Assessment of cell proliferation in hydatidiform mole using monoclonal antibody MIB1 to Ki-67 antigen. J Clin Pathol 47:601–604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clowse ME, Magder LS, Witter F, Petri M (2005) The impact of increased lupus activity on obstetric outcomes. Arthritis Rheum 52:514–521.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Correa A, Gray RH, Cohen R, et al. (1996) Ethylene glycol ethers and risks of spontaneous abortion and subfertility. Am J Epidemiol 143:707–717.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulam CB, Stern JJ (1994) Endocrine factors associated with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Clin Obstet Gynecol 37:730–744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawood MY (1994) Corpus luteal insufficiency. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 6:121–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de la Rochebrochard E, Thonneau P (2002) Paternal age and maternal age are risk factors for miscarriage; results of a multicentre European study. Hum Reprod 17:1649–1656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • dos Santos Silva I, Higgins C, et al. (2005) Birthweight and other pregnancy outcomes in a cohort of women with pre-gestational insulin-treated diabetes melli-tus, Scotland, 1979–95. Diabet Med 22:440–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dosiou C, Giudice LC (2005) Natural killer cells in pregnancy and recurrent pregnancy loss: endocrine and immunologic perspectives. Endocr Rev 26:44–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards JH, Yuncken C, Rushton DI, Richards S, Mittwoch U (1967) Three cases of triploidy in man. Cytogenetics 6:81–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellish NJ, Saboda K, O'Connor J, Nasca PC, Stanek EJ, Boyle C (1996) A prospective study of early pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod 11:406–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erel CT, Kaleli S, Oral E, et al. (1996) DNA ploidy of ectopic pregnancy and first trimester spontaneous abortion investigated by flow cytometry. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 75:881–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrow A, Farrow SC, Little R, Golding J (1996) The repeatability of self-reported exposure after miscarriage. ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Int J Epidemiol 25:797–806.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox H (1993) Histological classification of tissue from spontaneous abortions: a valueless exercise? Histo-pathology 22:599–600.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox H (1995) Ectopic pregnancy. In: Fox H, ed. Haines and Taylor Obstetrical and Gynaecological Pathology. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp. 1113–1136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz B, Aslan M, Kalscheuer V, Ramsing M, Saar K, Fuchs B, Rehder H (2001) Low incidence of UPD in spontaneous abortions beyond the 5th gestational week. Eur J Hum Genet 9:910–916.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudoin MR, Coulter KL, Robins AM, Verghese A, Hanretty KP (1996) Is the incidence of ovarian ectopic pregnancy increasing? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 70:141–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genest DR, Laborde O, Berkowitz RS, Goldstein DP, Bernstein MR, Lage J (1991) A clinicopathologic study of 153 cases of complete hydatidiform mole (1980–1990): histologic grade lacks prognostic sig-nificance. Obstet Gynecol 78:402–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Genest DR, Roberts D, Boyd T, Bieber FR (1995) Feto-placental histology as a predictor of karyotype: a controlled study of spontaneous first trimester abortions. Hum Pathol 26:201–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldzieher JW, Benigno BB (1958) The treatment of threatened and recurrent abortion; a critical review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 75:1202–1214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greco L, Veneziano A, Di Donato L, et al. (2004) Undi-agnosed coeliac disease does not appear to be associated with unfavourable outcome of pregnancy. Gut 53:149–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green DM, Whitton JA, Stovall M, et al. (2002) Pregnancy outcome of female survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:1070– 1080.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green DM, Whitton JA, Stovall M, et al. (2003) Pregnancy outcome of partners of male survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol 21:716–721.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris JWS, Ramsey EM (1966) The morphology of human uteroplacental vasculature. Contrib Embryol 38:43–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassold TJ, Chen N, Funkhouser J, et al. (1980) A cyto-genetic study of 1000 spontaneous abortions. Ann Hum Genet 44:151–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hay PE (2004) Bacterial vaginosis and miscarriage. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17:41–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hempstock J, Jauniaux E, Greenwold N, Burton GJ (2003) The contribution of placental oxidative stress to early pregnancy failure. Hum Pathol 34:1265– 1275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen TB, Hjollund NH, Jensen TK, et al. (2004) Alcohol consumption at the time of conception and spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 160:661–667.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertig AT, Sheldon WH (1947) Hydatidiform mole: a pathologicoclinical correlation of 200 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 53:1–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill JA, Melling GC, Johnson PM (1995) Immunohisto-chemical studies of human uteroplacental tissues from first-trimester spontaneous abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:90–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogge WA, Byrnes AL, Lanasa MC, Surti U (2003) The clinical use of karyotyping spontaneous abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:397–400; discussion 400–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holley JL, Bernardini J, Quadri KH, Greenberg A, Laifer SA (1996) Pregnancy outcomes in a prospective matched control study of pregnancy and renal disease. Clin Nephrol 45:77–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houwert-de Jong MH, Bruinse HW, et al. (1990) Early recurrent miscarriage: histology of conception products. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97:533–535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes EG, Brennan BG (1996) Does cigarette smoking impair natural or assisted fecundity? Fertil Steril 66:679–689.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hustin J, Jauniaux E, Schaaps JP (1990) Histological study of the materno-embryonic interface in spontaneous abortion. Placenta 11:477–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacques SM, Qureshi F, Doss BJ, Munkarah A (1998) Intraplacental choriocarcinoma associated with viable pregnancy: pathologic features and implications for the mother and infant. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1:380–387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jauniaux E, Zaidi J, Jurkovic D, Campbell S, Hustin J (1994) Comparison of colour Doppler features and pathological findings in complicated early pregnancy. Hum Reprod 9:2432–2437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson A, Wapner RJ, Davis GH, Jackson LG (1990) Mosaicism in chorionic villus sampling: an association with poor perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 75:573–577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalousek DK (1994) Current topic: confined placental mosaicism and intrauterine fetal development. Placenta 15:219–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalousek DK, Barrett IJ, McGillivray BC (1989) Placen-tal mosaicism and intrauterine survival of trisomies 13 and 18. Am J Hum Genet 44:338–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalousek DK, Fitch N, Paradice BA (1990) Pathology of the Human Embryo and Previable Fetus. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karikoski R, Aine R, Heinonen PK (1993) Abnormal embryogenesis in the etiology of ectopic pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 36:158–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keep D, Zaragoza MV, Hassold T, Redline RW (1996) Very early complete hydatidiform mole. Hum Pathol 27:708–713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick JS, Tierney EF, Lawson HW, Strauss LT, Klein L, Atrash HK (1996) Previous cesarean delivery and the risk of ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 87:297–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khong TY, Ismail SM (2005) Handbook of Endometrial Pathology. Taylor and Francis, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khong TY, Liddell HS, Robertson WB (1987) Defective haemochorial placentation as a cause of miscarriage: a preliminary study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94:649– 655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klatt EC (1995) Pathologic examination of fetal specimens from dilation and evacuation procedures. Am J Clin Pathol 103:415–418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kline J, Levin B, Kinney A, Stein Z, Susser M, Warbur-ton D (1995) Cigarette smoking and spontaneous abortion of known karyotype. Precise data but uncertain inferences. Am J Epidemiol 141:417–427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo Y, Tsukishiro S, Tanemura M, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Suzumori K, Sonta S (2004) Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 16 in a case of spontaneous abortion. J Hum Genet 49:177–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kujovich JL (2004) Thrombophilia and pregnancy complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:412–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lage JM, Bagg A (1996) Hydatidiform moles: DNA flow cytometry, image analysis and selected topics in molecular biology. Histopathology 28:379–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lage JM, Mark SD, Roberts DJ, Goldstein DP, Bernstein MR, Berkowitz RS (1992) A flow cytometric study of 137 fresh hydropic placentas: correlation between types of hydatidiform moles and nuclear DNA ploidy. Obstet Gynecol 79:403–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lan J, van den Brule AJ, Hemrika DJ, et al. (1995) Chlamydia trachomatis and ectopic pregnancy: retrospective analysis of salpingectomy specimens, endometrial biopsies, and cervical smears. J Clin Pathol 48:815–819.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen JG (1976) Aetiology of spontaneous abortion. A cytogenetic and epidemiological study of 288 abortuses and their parents. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 52:1–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazda EJ, Sams VR (1995) The effects of gemeprost on the second trimester fetus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102:731–734.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehner R, Kucera E, Jirecek S, Egarter C, Husslein P (2000) Ectopic pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 263:87–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logman JF, de Vries LE, Hemels ME, Khattak S, Einar-son TR (2005) Paternal organic solvent exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis. Am J Ind Med 47:37–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcovici I, Rosenzweig BA, Brill AI, Khan M, Scom-megna A (1994) Cervical pregnancy: case reports and a current literature review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 49:49–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinelli P, Troncone R, Paparo F, et al. (2000) Coeliac disease and unfavourable outcome of pregnancy. Gut 46:332–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsui H, Iitsuka Y, Yamazawa K, Tanaka N, Seki K, Sekiya S (2003) Changes in the incidence of molar pregnancies. A population-based study in Chiba Prefecture and Japan between 1974 and 2000. Hum Reprod 18:172–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McElhatton PR, Garbis HM, Elefant E, et al. (1996) The outcome of pregnancy in 689 women exposed to therapeutic doses of antidepressants. A collaborative study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS). Reprod Toxicol 10:285– 294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meroni PL, di Simone N, Testoni C, D'Asta M, Acaia B, Caruso A (2004) Antiphospholipid antibodies as cause of pregnancy loss. Lupus 13:649–652.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minguillon C, Eiben B, Bahr-Porsch S, Vogel M, Hans-mann I (1989) The predictive value of chorionic villus histology for identifying chromosomally normal and abnormal spontaneous abortions. Hum Genet 82:373–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moffett A, Regan L, Braude P (2004) Natural killer cells, miscarriage, and infertility. Br Med J 329:1283– 1285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mol BW, Ankum WM, Bossuyt PM, Van der Veen F (1995) Contraception and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Contraception 52:337– 341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montes M, Roberts D, Berkowitz RS, Genest DR (1996) Prevalence and significance of implantation site tro-phoblastic atypia in hydatidiform moles and spontaneous abortions. Am J Clin Pathol 105:411–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Napolitano PG, Vu K, Rosa C (1996) Pregnancy after failed tubal sterilization. J Reprod Med 41:609–613.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayar R, Lage JM (1996) Placental changes in a first trimester missed abortion in maternal systemic lupus erythematosus with antiphospholipid syndrome; a case report and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 27:201–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen GL, Skriver MV, Pedersen L, Sorensen HT (2004) Danish group reanalyses miscarriage in NSAID users. Br Med J 328:109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oksenberg JR, Persitz E, Amar A, et al. (1983) Mixed lymphocyte reactivity nonresponsiveness in couples with multiple spontaneous abortions. Fertil Steril 39:525–529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paradinas FJ, Browne P, Fisher RA, Foskett M, Bagshawe KD, Newlands E (1996) A clinical, histopathological and flow cytometric study of 149 complete moles, 146 partial moles and 107 non-molar hydropic abortions. Histopathology 28:101– 110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paradinas FJ, Fisher RA, Browne P, Newlands ES (1997) Diploid hydatidiform moles with fetal red blood cells in molar villi. 1. Pathology, incidence, and prognosis. J Pathol 181:183–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson HB, Xia Z, Hughes JM, Wilcox LS, Tylor LR, Trussell J (1997) The risk of ectopic pregnancy after tubal sterilization. U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization Working Group. N Engl J Med 336:762–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips-Howard PA, Wood D (1996) The safety of anti-malarial drugs in pregnancy. Drug Saf 14:131–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Picton SV, Bose-Haider B, Lendon M, Hancock BW, Campbell RH (1995) Simultaneous choriocarcinoma in mother and newborn infant. Med Pediatr Oncol 25:475–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prigoshin N, Tambutti M, Larriba J, Gogorza S, Testa R (2004) Cytokine gene polymorphisms in recurrent pregnancy loss of unknown cause. Am J Reprod Immunol 52:36–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM (2004) Thyroid autoim-munity and miscarriage. Eur J Endocrinol 150:751– 755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qasim SM, Bohrer MK, Kemmann E (1996) Recurrent cervical pregnancy after assisted reproduction by intrafallopian transfer. Obstet Gynecol 87:831–832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabbani I, Polson DW (2005) Heterotopic pregnancy is not rare. A case report and literature review. J Obstet Gynaecol 25:204–205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez NC, Lawrence WD, Ginsburg KA (1996) Ectopic pregnancy. A recent five-year study and review of the last 50 years' literature. J Reprod Med 41:733–740.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raziel A, Mordechai E, Schachter M, Friedler S, Pansky M, Ron-El R (2004) A comparison of the incidence, presentation, and management of ovarian pregnancies between two periods of time. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 11:191–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redline RW, Zaragoza M, Hassold T (1996) Prevalence of developmental and inflammatory lesions in non-molar first-trimester spontaneous abortions. Hum Pathol 30:93–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehder H, Coerdt W, Eggers R, Klink F, Schwinger E (1989) Is there a correlation between morphological and cytogenetic findings in placental tissue from early missed abortions? Hum Genet 82:377–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romaguera RL, Rodriguez MM, Bruce JH, et al. (2004) Molar gestations and hydropic abortions differentiated by p57 immunostaining. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 23:181–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland AS, Baird DD, Shore DL, Darden B, Wilcox AJ (1996) Ethylene oxide exposure may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, and post-term birth. Epidemiology 7:363–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton DI (1978) Simplified classification of spontaneous abortions. J Med Genet 15:1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton DI (1984) The classification and mechanisms of spontaneous abortion. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 8:269–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salafia C, Maier D, Vogel C, Pezzullo J, Burns J, Silber-man L (1993) Placental and decidual histology in spontaneous abortion: detailed description and correlations with chromosome number. Obstet Gynecol 82:295–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salim R, Regan L, Woelfer B, Backos M, Jurkovic D (2003) A comparative study of the morphology of congenital uterine anomalies in women with and without a history of recurrent first trimester miscarriage. Hum Reprod 18:162–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders JE, Hawley J, Levy W, et al. (1996) Pregnancies following high-dose cyclophosphamide with or without high-dose busulfan or total-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Blood 87:3045– 3052.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer C, Amoura-Elefant E, Vial T, et al. (1996) Pregnancy outcome after prenatal quinolone exposure. Evaluation of a case registry of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 69:83–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Signorello LB, McLaughlin JK (2004) Maternal caffeine consumption and spontaneous abortion: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiology 15:229– 239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson JL, Elias S, Martin AO (1981) Parental chromosomal rearrangements associated with repetitive spontaneous abortions. Fertil Steril 36:584– 590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson JL, Gray RH, Queenan JT, et al. (1996) Further evidence that infection is an infrequent cause of first trimester spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod 11:2058–2060.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skjeldestad FE, Atrash HK (1997) Evaluation of induced abortion as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. A case-control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76:151–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skjeldestad FE, Kendrick JS, Atrash HK, Daltveit AK (1997) Increasing incidence of ectopic pregnancy in one Norwegian county—a population based study, 1970–1993. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76:159–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith NM (2000) Broadsheet number 56: Mechanisms of fetal loss. Pathology 32:107–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soto-Wright V, Bernstein M, Goldstein DP, Berkowitz RS (1995) The changing clinical presentation of complete molar pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 86:775–779.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spandorfer SD, Menzin AW, Barnhart KT, LiVolsi VA, Pfeifer SM (1996) Efficacy of frozen-section evaluation of uterine curettings in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:603–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern JJ, Dorfmann AD, Gutierrez-Najar AJ, Cerrillo M, Coulam CB (1996) Frequency of abnormal karyo-types among abortuses from women with and without a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Fertil Steril 65:250–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers PR (1994) Microbiology relevant to recurrent miscarriage. Clin Obstet Gynecol 37:722–729.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szulman AE, Surti U (1978) The syndromes of hydatidi-form mole. II. Morphologic evolution of the complete and partial mole. Am J Obstet Gynecol 132:20–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taskinen H, Kyyronen P, Hemminki K, Hoikkala M, Lajunen K, Lindbohm ML (1994) Laboratory work and pregnancy outcome. J Occup Med 36:311–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tata LJ, Card TR, Logan RF, Hubbard RB, Smith CJ, West J (2005) Fertility and pregnancy-related events in women with celiac disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 128:849–855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thaker HM, Berlin A, Tycko B, et al. (2004) Immuno-histochemistry for the imprinted gene product IPL/ PHLDA2 for facilitating the differential diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole. J Reprod Med 49:630– 636.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toikkanen S, Joensuu H, Erkkola R (1993) DNA aneu-ploidy in ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortions. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 51:9–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valentin L, Sladkevicius P, Laurini R, Soderberg H, Marsal K (1996) Uteroplacental and luteal circulation in normal first-trimester pregnancies: Doppler ultra-sonographic and morphologic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:768–775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Horn JT, Craven C, Ward K, Branch DW, Silver RM (2004) Histologic features of placentas and abortion specimens from women with antiphospholipid and antiphospholipid-like syndromes. Placenta 25:642– 648.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Lijnschoten G, Arends JW, De La Fuente AA, Schouten HJ, Geraedts JP (1993) Intra- and inter-observer variation in the interpretation of histologi-cal features suggesting chromosomal abnormality in early abortion specimens. Histopathology 22:25–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varras M, Akrivis C, Hadjopoulos G, Antoniou N (2003) Heterotopic pregnancy in a natural conception cycle presenting with tubal rupture: a case report and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 106:79–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venners SA, Wang X, Chen C, et al. (2004) Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 159:993–1001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vorsanova SG, Kolotii AD, Iourov IY, et al. (2005) Evidence for high frequency of chromosomal mosaicism in spontaneous abortions revealed by interphase FISH analysis. J Histochem Cytochem 53:375–380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, French J. Conception, early pregnancy loss, and time to clinical pregnancy: a population-based prospective study. Fertil Steril 79:577–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster J, Chandler J, Battistutta D (1996) Pregnancy outcomes and health care use: effects of abuse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:760–767.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, O'Connor JF, et al. (1988) Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 319:189–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolstenholme J, Rooney DE, Davison EV (1994) Confined placental mosaicism, IUGR, and adverse pregnancy outcome: a controlled retrospective U.K. collaborative survey. Prenat Diagn 14:345– 361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1970) Spontaneous and induced abortion. Technical Report Series No. 461. WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1975) International Conference on the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Disease. WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Histopathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia

    T. Yee Khong MD, FRCPath, FRCPA

Authors
  1. T. Yee Khong MD, FRCPath, FRCPA
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Formerly Consultant Paediatric Pathologist Royal Hospital for Sick Children and Royal Infi rmary Edinburgh and Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, UK

    Jean W. Keeling FRCPath, FRCPEdin, FRCPCH

  2. Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide and Clinical Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia

    T. Yee Khong MD, FRCPath, FRCPA (Consultant Pathologist) (Consultant Pathologist)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Khong, T.Y. (2007). Spontaneous Abortion and the Pathology of Early Pregnancy. In: Keeling, J.W., Khong, T.Y. (eds) Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-743-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-743-5_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-524-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-743-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation