Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cancer of the Penis and Scrotum

  • Chapter
Urological Oncology

Abstract

Cancer of the penis is a rare malignancy with incidence rates of 0.3 to 8 per 100,000. High-incidence areas are found in South America, the highest being Brazil (8/100,000). It has a low incidence in countries where circumcision at birth or at a very young age is practiced (e.g. Israel, Middle East) (1,2).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Misra S, Chaturvedi A, Misra NC. Penile carcinoma: a challenge for the developing world. Lancet Oncol 2004;5(4):240–247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Stancik I, Holtl W. Penile cancer: review of the recent literature. Curr Opin Urol 2003;13(6):467–472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Dillner J, vonKrogh G, Horenblas S, Meijer CJ. Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 2000;205:189–193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999;189(1):12–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ferreux E, Lont AP, Horenblas S, et al. Evidence for at least three alternative mechanisms targeting the p16INK4A/cyclin D/Rb pathway in penile carcinoma, one of which is mediated by high-risk human papillomavirus. J Pathol 2003;201(1): 109–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bezerra AL, Lopes A, Santiago GH, et al. Human papillomavirus as a prognostic factor in carcinoma of the penis: analysis of 82 patients treated with amputation and bilateral lymphadenectomy. Cancer 2001;91(12):2315–2321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Munger K. The role of human papillomaviruses in human cancers. Front Biosci 2002;7:d641–d649.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Harish K, Ravi R. The role of tobacco in penile carcinoma. Br J Urol 1995;75: 375–377.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tsen HF, Morgenstern H, Mack T, Peters RK. Risk factors for penile cancer: results of a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2001;12:267–277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. vonKrogh G, Horenblas S. Diagnosis and clinical presentation of premalignant lesions of the penis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 2000;205:201–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sanchez-Ortiz RF, Pettaway CA. The role of lymphadenectomy in penile cancer. Urol Oncol 2004;22(3):236–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Liegl B, Regauer S. Penile clear cell carcinoma: a report of 5 cases of a distinct entity. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28(11):1513–1517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Horenblas S, vanTinteren H, Delemarre JF, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. II. Treatment of the primary tumor. J Urol 1992;147(6):1533–1538.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Horenblas S, vanTinteren H, Delemarre JF, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. III. Treatment of regional lymph nodes. J Urol 1993;149(3):492–497.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ornellas AA, Seixas AL, Marota A, et al. Surgical treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: retrospective analysis of 350 cases. J Urol 1994;151: 1244–1249.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lopes A, Hidalgo GS, Kowalski LP, et al. Prognostic factors in carcinoma of the penis: multivariate analysis of 145 patients treated with amputation and lymphadenectomy. J Urol 1996;156(5):1637–1642.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kroon BK, Horenblas S, Deurloo EE, Nieweg OE, Teertstra HJ. Ultrasonographyguided fine-needle aspiration cytology before sentinel node biopsy in patients with penile carcinoma. BJU Int 2005;95:517–521.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Singh I, Khaitan A. Current trends in the management of carcinoma penis—a review. Int Urol Nephrol 2003;35(2):215–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pizzocaro G, Piva L, Bandieramonte G, Tana S. Up-to-date management of carcinoma of the penis. Eur Urol 1997;32(1):5–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Horenblas S. Lymphadenectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Part 1: diagnosis of lymph node metastasis. BJU Int 2001;88(5):467–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Horenblas S, vanTinteren H. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. IV. Prognostic factors of survival: analysis of tumor, nodes and metastasis classification system. J Urol 1994;151(5):1239–1243.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lont AP, Horenblas S, Tanis PJ, et al. Management of clinically node negative penile carcinoma: improved survival after the introduction of dynamic sentinel node biopsy. J Urol 2003;170(3):783–786.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Scardino E, Villa G, Bonomo G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging combined with artificial erection for local staging of penile cancer. Urology 2004;63(6): 1158–1162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kroon BK, Horenblas S, Estourgie SH, et al. How to avoid false-negative dynamic sentinel node procedures in penile carcinoma. J Urol 2004;171 (6 Pt 1): 2191–2194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Tabatabaei S, Harisinghani M, McDougal WS. Regional lymph node staging using lymphotropic nanoparticle enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with ferumoxtran-10 in patients with penile cancer. J Urol 2005;174(3):923–927.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Minhas S, Kayes O, Hegarty P, et al. What surgical resection margins are required to achieve oncological control in men with primary penile cancer? BJU Int 2005;96(7): 1040–1043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Brown CT, Minhas S, Ralph DJ. Conservative surgery for penile cancer: subtotal glans excision without grafting. BJU Int 2005;96(6):911–912.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sagerman RH, Yu WS, Chung CT, Puranik A. External-beam irradiation of carcinoma of the penis. Radiology 1984;152(1):183–185.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Crook JM, Jezioranski J, Grimard L, Esche B, Pond G. Penile brachytherapy: results for 49 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;62(2):460–467.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Solsona E, Iborra I, Rubio J, et al. Prospective validation of the association of local tumor stage and grade as a predictive factor for occult lymph node micrometastasis in patients with penile carcinoma and clinically negative inguinal lymph nodes. J Urol 2001;165(5):1506–1509.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. McDougal WS. Carcinoma of the penis: improved survival by early regional lymphadenectomy based on the histological grade and depth of invasion of the primary lesion. J Urol 1995;154(4):1364–1366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Horenblas S, Jansen L, Meinhardt W, et al. Detection of occult metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis using a dynamic sentinel node procedure. J Urol 2000; 163(1):100–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kroon BK, Horenblas S, Meinhardt W, et al. Dynamic sentinel node biopsy in penile carcinoma: evaluation of 10 years experience. Eur Urol 2005;47(5):601–606.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Horenblas S. Lymphadenectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Part 2: the role and technique of lymph node dissection. BJU Int 2001;88(5):473–483.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Culkin DJ, Beer TM. Advanced penile carcinoma. J Urol 2003;170 (2 pt 1):359–365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Windahl T, Andersson SO. Combined laser treatment for penile carcinoma: results after long-term followup. J Urol 2003;169(6):2118–2121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. d’Ancona CA, Botega NJ, De Moraes C, Lavoura NS, Jr., Santos JK, Rodrigues Netto N, Jr. Quality of life after partial penectomy for penile carcinoma. Urology 1997;50: 593–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Opjordsmoen S, Fossa SD. Quality of life in patients treated for penile cancer. A follow-up study. Br J Urol 1994;74(5):652–657.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lowe FC. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the scrotum. Urol Clin North Am 1992; 19(2):397–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Simon Horenblas MD, PhD, FEBU & Bin K. Kroon MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Simon Horenblas MD, PhD, FEBU
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bin K. Kroon MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. St. Bartholomew’s and Homerton Hospitals Queen Mary Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, UK

    Vinod H. Nargund PhD, FRCS (Urol), FEBU (Chair, Uro-Oncology MDT and Consultant Urological Surgeon) (Chair, Uro-Oncology MDT and Consultant Urological Surgeon)

  2. Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Derek Raghavan MD, PhD, FACP, FRACP (Chairman and Director) (Chairman and Director)

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Howard M. Sandler MD (Professor and Senior Associate Chair) (Professor and Senior Associate Chair)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Horenblas, S., Kroon, B.K. (2008). Cancer of the Penis and Scrotum. In: Nargund, V.H., Raghavan, D., Sandler, H.M. (eds) Urological Oncology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-738-1_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-738-1_33

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-387-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-738-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation