Skip to main content

Postpartum Problems and the Role of a Perineal Clinic

  • Chapter
Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Glazener CM, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell IT. Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:282–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. MacArthur C, Lewis M, Knox E. Health after childbirth. London: HMSO, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brown S, Lumley J. Maternal health after childbirth: results of an Australian population based survey. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105(2):156–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Schytt E, Lindmark G, Waldenstrom U. Physical symptoms after childbirth: prevalence and associations with self-rated health. BJOG 2005;112(2): 210–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Albers L, Garcia J, Renfrew M, McCandlish R, Elbourne D. Distribution of genital tract trauma in childbirth and related postnatal pain. Birth 1999;26(1):11–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Barrett G, Pendry E, Peacock J, Victor C, Thakar R, Manyonda I. Women’s sexual health after childbirth. BJOG 2000;107(2):186–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA. Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth. Birth 2002;29(2):83–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hojberg KE, Salvig JD, Winslow NA, Lose G, Secher NJ. Urinary incontinence: prevalence and risk factors at 16 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106(8):842–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Foldspang A, Mommsen S, Djurhuus JC. Prevalent urinary incontinence as a correlate of pregnancy, vaginal childbirth, and obstetric techniques. Am J Public Health 1999;89(2):209–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wilson PD, Herbison RM, Herbison GP. Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103:154–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Thomas JM, Bartram CI. Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1905– 11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Abramowitz L, Sobhani I, Ganansia R, Vuagnat A, Benifl a JL, Darai E et al. Are sphincter defects the cause of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery? Results of a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43(5):590–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. MacArthur C, Bick DE, Keighley MRB. Faecal incontinence after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:46–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chaliha C, Sultan AH, Bland JM, Monga AK, Stanton SL. Anal function: effect of pregnancy and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185(2): 427–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Macarthur AJ, MacArthur C. Incidence, severity, and determinants of perineal pain after vaginal delivery: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191(4):1199–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Glazener CM. Women’s health after delivery. In: Henderson C, Bick D, eds. Perineal care: an international issue, 1st edn. Salisbury: Quay Books Division, MA Healthcare Ltd, 2005, pp 11–17.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Sleep J, Grant A. Relief of perineal pain following childbirth: a survey of midwifery practice. Midwifery 1988;4(3):118–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Dale A, Cornwell S. The role of lavender oil in relieving perineal discomfort following childbirth: a blind randomized clinical trial. J Adv Nurs 1994; 19(1):89–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hay-Smith J, Herbison P, Morkved S. Physical therapies for prevention of urinary and faecal incontinence in adults (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hedayati H, Parsons J, Crowther CA. Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;2: CD004223.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hedayati H, Parsons J, Crowther CA. Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;3: CD003931.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kettle C. Perineal care. Update in Clin Evid 2002;8: 1461–74.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Labrecque M, Eason E, Marcoux S. Randomized trial of perineal massage during pregnancy: perineal symptoms three months after delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182(1 Pt 1):76–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ridgway LE. Puerperal emergency. Vaginal and vulvar hematomas. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1995;22(2):275–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Villella J, Garry D, Levine G, Glanz S, Figueroa R, Maulik D. Postpartum angiographic embolization for vulvovaginal hematoma. A report of two cases. J Reprod Med 2001;46(1):65–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Soltesz S, Biedler A, Ohlmann P, Molter G. [Puerperal sepsis due to infected episiotomy wound.] Zentralbl Gynakol 1999;121(9):441–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hausler G, Hanzal E, Dagak C, Gruber W. Necrotizing fasciitis arising from episiotomy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1994;255:153–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Glazener CMA. Investigation of postnatal experience and care in the Grampian. PhD Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Goldaber KG, Wendel PJ, McIntire DD, Wendel GD Jr. Postpartum perineal morbidity after fourthdegree perineal repair. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168(2):489–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Uygur D, Yesildaglar N, Kis S, Sipahi T. Early repair of episiotomy dehiscence. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;44(3):244–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Christensen S, Andersen G, Detlefsen GU, Hansen PK. [Treatment of episiotomy wound infections. Incision and drainage versus incision, curettage and sutures under antibiotic cover – a randomized trial.] Ugeskr Laeger 1994;156(34):4829–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hankins GD, Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC III, Hammond TL, Yeomans ER, Snyder RR. Early repair of episiotomy dehiscence. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75(1): 48–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Arona AJ, al-Marayati L, Grimes DA, Ballard CA. Early secondary repair of third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations after outpatient wound preparation. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86(2):294–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nelson RL. Treatment of anal fi ssure. BMJ 2003; 327(7411):354–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Corby H, Donnelly VS, O’Herlihy C, O’Connell PR. Anal canal pressures are low in women with postpartum anal fi ssure. Br J Surg 1997;84(1):86–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Medich DS, Fazio VW. Hemorrhoids, anal fi ssure, and carcinoma of the colon, rectum, and anus during pregnancy. Surg Clin North Am 1995;75(1): 77–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Abramowitz L, Sobhani I, Benifl a JL, Vuagnat A, Darai E, Mignon M et al. Anal fi ssure and thrombosed external hemorrhoids before and after delivery. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45(5):650–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Martin JD. Postpartum anal fi ssure. Lancet 1953; 1(6):271–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, Boerma MO. Anal fi ssure: new concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1996;218: 78–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Nelson R. Non surgical therapy for anal fi ssure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;4:CD003431.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Nelson R. Operative procedures for fi ssure in ano. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;2:CD002199.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Nisar PJ, Scholefi eld JH. Managing haemorrhoids. BMJ 2003;327(7419):847–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Saleeby RG Jr, Rosen L, Stasik JJ, Riether RD, Sheets J, Khubchandani IT. Hemorrhoidectomy during pregnancy: risk or relief? Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34(3):260–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Quijano C, Abalos E. Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;3:CD004077.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Simmons SC. Ano-rectal disorders in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1964;71:960–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jewell DJ, Young G. Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;2:CD001142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kermans G, Wyndaele JJ, Thiery M, De SW. Puerperal urinary retention. Acta Urol Belg 1986; 54(4):376–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Yip SK, Sahota D, Pang MW, Day L. Postpartum urinary retention. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106(3): 602–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Carley ME, Carley JM, Vasdev G, Lesnick TG, Webb MJ, Ramin KD et al. Factors that are associated with clinically overt postpartum urinary retention after vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187(2): 430–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Andolf E, Iosif CS, Jorgensen C, Rydhstrom H. Insidious urinary retention after vaginal delivery: prevalence and symptoms at follow-up in a population- based study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1994;38(1): 51–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ching-Chung L, Shuenn-Dhy C, Ling-Hong T, Ching-Chang H, Chao-Lun C, Po-Jen C. Postpartum urinary retention: assessment of contributing factors and long-term clinical impact. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;42(4):365–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Glavind K, Bjork J. Incidence and treatment of urinary retention postpartum. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2003;14(2):119–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Yip SK, Brieger G, Hin LY, Chung T. Urinary retention in the post-partum period. The relationship between obstetric factors and the post-partum post-void residual bladder volume. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;76(7):667–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Operative vaginal delivery. Guideline no. 26. London: RCOG, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Yip SK, Sahota D, Chang AM. Determining the reliability of ultrasound measurements and the validity of the formulae for ultrasound estimation of postvoid residual bladder volume in postpartum women. Neurourol Urodyn 2003;22(3):255–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Zaki MM, Pandit M, Jackson S. National survey for intrapartum and postpartum bladder care: assessing the need for guidelines. BJOG 2004;111(8): 874–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Burkhart FL, Porges RF, Gibbs CE. Bladder capacity postpartum and catheterization. Obstet Gynecol 1965;26:176–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Yang DL. Acupuncture therapy in 49 cases of postpartum urinary retention. J Tradit Chin Med 1985;5(1):26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Yip SK, Sahota D, Chang AM, Chung TK. Four-year follow-up of women who were diagnosed to have postpartum urinary retention. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187(3):648–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Rortveit G, Hannestad YS, Daltveit AK, Hunskaar S. Age- and type-dependent effects of parity on urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98(6):1004–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Chiarelli P, Brown W, McElduff P. Leaking urine: prevalence and associated factors in Australian women. Neurourol Urodyn 1999;18(6):567–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Viktrup L, Lose G, Rolff M, Barfoed K. The symptom of stress incontinence caused by pregnancy or delivery in primiparas. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79(6): 945–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Thorp JM Jr, Norton PA, Wall LL, Kuller JA, Eucker B, Wells E. Urinary incontinence in pregnancy and the puerperium: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181(2):266–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Viktrup L, Lose G. Lower urinary tract symptoms 5 years after the fi rst delivery. Int Urogynecol J 2000; 11:336–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Rortveit G, Daltveit AK, Hannestad YS, Hunskaar S. Urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery or cesarean section. N Engl J Med 2003;348(10): 900–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Adult conservative management [computer program]. Paris: Health Publications Ltd, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Freeman RM. The role of pelvic fl oor muscle training in urinary incontinence. BJOG 2004;111(Suppl 1):37–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Glazener CM, Herbison GP, MacArthur C, Grant A, Wilson PD. Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: six year follow up. BMJ 2005;330(7487): 337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Morof D, Barrett G, Peacock J, Victor CR, Manyonda I. Postnatal depression and sexual health after childbirth. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102(6): 1318–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Glazener CM. Sexual function after childbirth: women’s experiences, persistent morbidity and lack of professional recognition. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104(3):330–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Swift SE. The distribution of pelvic organ support in a population of female subjects seen for routine gynecologic health care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183(2):277–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. O’Boyle ALO, O’Boyle JD, Ricks RE, Patience TH, Calhoun B, Davis G. The natural history of pelvic organ support in pregnancy. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2003;14:46–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Sze EH, Sherard GB III, Dolezal JM. Pregnancy, labor, delivery, and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100(5 Pt 1):981–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Bick DE, MacArthur C. Attendance, content and relevance of the six week postnatal examination. Midwifery 1995;11(2):69–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Fitzpatrick M, Cassidy M, O’Connell RO, O’Herlihy C. Experience with an obstetric perineal clinic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;100: 199–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thakar, R., Sultan, A.H. (2009). Postpartum Problems and the Role of a Perineal Clinic. In: Sultan, A.H., Thakar, R., Fenner, D.E. (eds) Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-503-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-503-5_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-926-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-503-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics