Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental Data on Chronic Magnesium Deficiency

  • Chapter
New Perspectives in Magnesium Research

  • 1379 Accesses

Abstract

Many studies have shown that magnesium ions play an important role in the regulation of cellular and physiological metabolism in most systems within the organism. Moreover, epidemiological studies indicate that the amounts of magnesium consumed by considerable percentages of the population are below the recommended intakes, and that hypomagnesemia is present in 10% to 15% of the western population. However, the clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency are difficult to define because depletion of this cation is associated with considerable abnormalities in the metabolism of many elements and enzymes. If prolonged, insufficient magnesium intake may be responsible for symptoms attributed to other causes, or whose causes are unknown. Many experimental models in laboratory animals have been used to investigate the alterations caused by magnesium deficiency, and these models can be divided into two main types: acute deficiency lasting a few days, and chronic deficiency in which a diet deficient in magnesium is given during a period of several weeks or for up to 1 year. Chronic studies aim to mimic the situation observed in western countries, that is, moderately low intakes o f magnesium sustained over long periods. In this review we will summarize the results reported from long-term studies in experimental animals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 269.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Maguire ME. Magnesium: a regulated and regulatory cation. In: Sigel H, Sigel A, eds. Metal Ions in Biological Systems. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1990:137–153.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Durlach J. Magnesium in Clinical Practice. Paris: John Libbey; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Durlach J, Bac P, Durlach V, Rayssiguier Y, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Magnesium status and ageing: an update. Magnes Res 1998;11:25–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Durlach J. New data on the importance of gestational Mg deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:694S–700S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Laserre B, Spoerri M, Theubet MP, Moullet V. Magnesium balance in ambulatory care: the Donmag Study. II. Prevalence studies and clinical correlates. Magnes Res 1995;8:45–46.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Zirm B, Dreissger G, Scheucher G, et al. Twenty-one per cent of 3700 probands are hypomagnesemic: relationship of their serum magnesium subfractions. Magnes Res 1995;8:79.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schimatschek HF, Rempis R. Prevalence of hypomagnesemia in an unselected German population of 16,000 individuals. Magnes Res 2001;14:283–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Shils ME. Magnesium. In: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, DC: ILSI Press; 1996:307.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Aranda P, Planell E, LLopis J. Magnesio. Ars Pharmaceutica 2000;41:91–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Johnson S. The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency. Med Hypotheses 2001;56:163–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kimura M, Honda K, Takeda A, Imanishi M, Takeda T. Developed determination method of ultra trace elements and ultratrace elements levels in plasma of rat fed low magnesium diet. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:748S–750S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Keenoy BM, Moorkens G, Vertomen J, Noe M, Nève J, De Leeuw I. Magnesium status and parameters of the oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with chronic fatigue: effects of supplementation with magnesium. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;3:374–382.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Thomas J, Millot JM, Sebille S, et al. Free and total magnesium in lymphocytes of migraine patients-effect of magnesium-rich mineral water intake. Clin Chim Acta 2000;295:63–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Depoortere H, Francon D, Llopis J. Effects of a Mg-deficient diet on sleep organization in rats. Neuropsychobiology 1991;27:237–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Durlach J. Circadian rhythms, magnesium status and clinical disorders: possible pathophysiological and therapeutical importance of various types of light therapy and of treatment through light deprivation, melatonin and their mimicking agents. In: Escanero JF, Alda O, Guerra M, Durlach J, eds. Magnesium Research: Physiology, Pathology and Pharmacology. Zaragoza, Spain: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza; 2003:9–30.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lemke MR. Plasma magnesium decrease and altered calcium/magnesium ratio in severe dementia of the Alzheimer type. Biol Psychiatr 1995;37:341–343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Widmer J, Henrotte JG, Raffin Y, Bovier PH, Hilleret H, Gaillard JM. Relationship between erythrocyte magnesium, plasma electrolytes and cortisol, and intensity of symptoms in mayor depressed patients. J Affect Dis 1995;34:201–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Singewald N, Sinner C, Hetzenauer A, Sartori SB, Murck H. Magnesium-deficient diet a lters depression and anxiety related behavior in mice influence of desipramine and Hypericum perforatum extract. Neuropharmacology 2004;47:1189–1197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Pages N, Bac P, Maurois P, Durlach J, Agrapart G. Comparison of a short irradiation (50 sec) by different wavelengths on audiogenic seizures in magnesium deficient mice: evidence for a preventive neuroprotective effect of yellow. Magnes Res 2003;16:29–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Stendig-Lindberg G, Koeller W, Bauer A, Rob PM. Experimentally induced prolonged Magnesium deficiency causes osteoporosis in the rat. Eur J Intern Med 2004;15:97–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing Committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76 rodent diet. J Nutr 1993;123:1939–1951.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lerma A, Planells E, Aranda P, Llopis J. Evolution of Mg-deficiency in rats. Ann Nutr Metab 1993;37:210–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Laurant P, Dalle M, Berthelot A, Rayssiguier Y. Time-course of the change in blood pressure level in magnesium-deficient Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 1999;82: 243–251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Planells E, Sánchez-Morito N, Montellano MA, Aranda P, LLopis J. Effect of magnesium deficiency on enterocyte Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Se content. J Physiol Biochem 2000;56:217–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hardwick LL, Jones N, Brautbar N, Lee DBN. Magnesium absorption: mechanism and the influence of vitamin D, calcium and phosphate. J Nutr 1991;121:13–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Alcock NW, McIntyre I. Interrelation between calcium and magnesium absorption. Clin Sci 1962;22:185–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Traba ML, De la Piedra C, Rapado A. Role of PTH and cAMP in the impaired synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in magnesium deficient rats. Med Sci Res 1989;17:327–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Clark I, Rivera-Cordero F. Effect of endogenous parathyroid hormone on calcium, magnesium and phosphorus metabolism in rat. II. Alterations in dietary phosphate. Endocrinology 1974;95:360–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Greger J L, Smith SA, Snedecker SM. Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on the utilization of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and selenium by adult males. Nutr Res 1981;1:315–325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Planells E, Aranda P, Peran F, Llopis J. Changes in calcium and phosphorus absorption and retention during long-term magnesium deficiency in rats. Nutr Res 1993;13:691–699.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yasui M, Ota K, Garruto RM. Aluminium decreases the zinc concentration of soft tissues and bones of rats fed a low calcium-magnesium diet. Biol Trace Elem Res 1991;31:293–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Planells E, Aranda P, Lerma A, Llopis J. Changes in bioavailability and tissue distribution of zinc caused by magnesium deficiency in rats. Br J Nutr 1994;72: 315–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sanchez-Morito N, Planells E, Aranda P, Llopis J. Influence of magnesium deficiency on the bioavailability and tissue distribution of iron in the rat. J Nutr Biochem 2000;11:103–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sanchez-Morito N, Planells E, Aranda P, Llopis J. Magnesium-manganese interactions caused by magnesium deficiency in rats. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:475–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Jiménez A, Planells E, Aranda P, Sánchez-Viñas M, Llopis J. Changes in bioavailability and tissue distribution of copper caused by magnesium deficiency in rats. J Agric Food Chem 1997;45:4023–4027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Jiménez A, Planells E, Aranda P, Sánchez-Viñas M, Llopis J. Changes in bioavailability and tissue distribution of selenium caused by magnesium deficiency in rats. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:175–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rucker RB, Lönnerdal B, Keen CL. Intestinal absorption of nutritionally important trace elements. In: Johnson LR, ed. Physiology the Gastrointestinal Tract. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994:2183.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hayashi H, Hoshi T. Properties of active magnesium flux across the small intestine of the guinea pig. Jpn J Physiol 1992;42:561–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Malon A, Brockmann C, Fijalkowska-Morawska J, Rob P, Majzurawska M. Ionized magnesium in ery throcy tes the best magnesium parameter to observe hypo or hypermagnesemia. Clin Chim Acta 2004;349:67–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Franz KB. A functional biological marker is needed for diagnosing magnesium deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:738S–741S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wapnir RA. Protein Nutrition and Mineral Absorption. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1990:88–90.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wozniak J, Oledzka R, Groszyk D. Effect of magnesium on the intestinal transport of amino acids in the presence of lead. Bromato Chem Toksykologiezna 1989;22:367–373.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rico MC, Lerma A, Planells E, Aranda P, Llopis J. Changes in the nutritive utilization of protein induced by Mg deficiency in rats. Int J Vit Nutr Res 1995;65: 122–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Bara M, Guiet-Bara A, Durlach J. Regulation of sodium and potassium pathways by magnesium in cell membranes. Magnes Res 1993;6:167–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Altura BM, Altura BT, Gebrewold A, Ising H, Günther T. Magnesium deficiency and hypertension: correlation between magnesium-deficient diets and microcirculatory changes in situ. Science 1984;223:1315–1317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rayssiguier Y. Magnesium and lipid interrelationship in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Magnes Bull 1981;3:165–177.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Rayssiguier Y, Gueux E, Cardot P, Thomas G, Robert A, Trugnan. Variations of fatty acid composition in plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in magnesium deficient rats. Nutr Res 1986;6:233–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gueux E, Rayssiguier Y, Piot MC, Alcindor L. Reduction of plasma LCAT activity by acute magnesium deficiency in the rat. J Nutr 1984;114:1479–1483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rayssiguier Y. Lipoprotein metabolism: Importance of magnesium. Magnes Bull 1986;8:186–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gueux E, Mazur A, Cardot P, Rayssiguier Y. Magnesium deficiency affects plasma lipoprotein composition in rats. J Nutr 1991;121:1222–1227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Altura BT, Bloom S, Barbour RL, Stempak JG, Altura BM. Magnesium dietary intake modulates blood lipids levels and atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:1840–1844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Nassir F, Mazur A, Giannoni F, Gueux E, Davidson NO, Rayssiguier Y. Magnesium deficiency modulates hepatic lipogenesis and apolipoprotein gene expression in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1257:125–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lerma A, Planells E, Aranda P, Llopis J. Effect of magnesium deficiency on fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane and plasma lipid concentration in rats. J Nutr Biochem 1995;6:577–581.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Cunnane S, Soma M, Mcadoo KR, Horrobin DF. Magnesium deficiency in the rat increases tissue levels of docosahexaenoic acid. J Nutr 1985;115:1498–1503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Weis MT, Saunders C. Magnesium and arachidonic acid metabolism. Magnes Res 1993;6:179–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Suarez A, Pulido N, Casla A, Casanova B, Arrieta FJ, Rovira A. Impaired tyrosinekinase a ctivity of muscle insulin receptors from hypomagnesemic rats. Diabetología 1995;38:1262–1270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kimura Y, Murase M, Nagata Y. Change in glucose homeostasis in rats by longterm magnesium-deficient diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 1996;42:407–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Venu L, Kishore YD, Raghunath M. Maternal and perinatal magnesium restriction predisposes rat pups to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. J Nutr 2005;135:1353–1358.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Planells E, Llopis J, Perán F, Aranda, P. Changes in tissue calcium and phosphorus content and plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin after long-term magnesium deficiency in rats. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14:292–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Arsenian MA. Magnesium and cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1993;35:271–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Nair RR, Nair P. A lterations of my ocardial mechanics in marginal magnesium deficiency. Magnes Res 2002;15:287–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kramer JH, Mak IT, Phillips TM, Wegliki. Dietary magnesium intake influences circulating pro-inflamatory neuropeptide levels and loss of myocardial tolerance to postischemic stress. Exp Biol Med 2003;228:665–673.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Touyz RM, Pu Q, He G, et al. Effects of low dietary magnesium intake on development of hy pertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hy pertensive rats: role of reactive oxygen species. J Hypertens 2002;20:2221–2232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Straub B, Müller M, Schrader M, Goessl C, Heicappell R, Miller K. Intestinal and renal handling of oxalate in magnesium-deficent rats. Evaluation of intestinal in vivo 14C-oxalate perfusion. BJU Int 2002;90:312–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Weaver VM, Welsh J. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol supplementation prevents hypocalcemia in magnesium-deficient chicks. J Nutr 1993;123:764–771.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Rude RK, Kirchen ME, Gruber HE, Meyer MH, Luck JS, Crawford DL. Magnesium deficiency-induced osteoporosis in the rat: uncoupling of bone formation and bone resorption. Magnes Res 1999;12:257–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Rude RK, Gruber HE, Norton HJ, Wei LY, Frausto A, Mills BG. Bone loss induced by dietary magnesium reduction to 10% of the nutrient requirement in rats is associated with increased release of substance P and tumor necrosis factor-α. J Nutr 2004;134:79–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kimura M, Itokawa Y. Inefficient utilization of iron and minerals in magnesium deficient rats. In: Itokawa Y, Durlach J, eds. Magnesium in Health and Disease. London: John Libbey; 1989:95–102.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Günther T, Höllriegl V, Massh A, Vormann J, Bubeck J, Classen HG. Effect of Desferrioxamine on lipid peroxidation in tissues of magnesium-deficient and vitamin E-depleted rats. Magnes Bull 1994;16:119–125.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Chakraborti S, Chakraborti T, Mandal M, Mandal A, das S, Ghosh S. Protective role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases: a review. Mol Cell Biochem 2002;238:163–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Planells E, Sánchez-Morito N, Moreno MJ, Aranda P, LLopis J. Effect of chronic magnesium deficiency on mitochondrial Zn content in different rat brain structures. In: Centeno JA, Collery P, Vernet G, Finkelman RB, Gibb H, Etienne JC, eds. Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine. Vol 6. Paris: John Libbey; 2000:154–157.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Planells E, Sánchez-Morito N, Moreno MJ, Aranda P, LLopis J. Effect of chronic magnesium deficiency on mitochondrial Cu content in different rat brain structures. In: Rayssiguier Y, Mazur A, Durlach J, eds. Advances in Magnesium Research: Nutrition and Health. Paris: John Libbey; 2001:423–426.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Planells E, Aranda P, Llopis J. Influence of chronic magnesium deficiency on mitochondrial Se content and glutathione peroxidase activity in different rat brain structures. 1st International FESTEM Congress on Trace Elements and Minerals in Medicine and Biology. Book of Abstracts. 2001:135.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Durlach J, Bac P, Durlach V, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Neurotic, neuromuscular and autonomic nervous form of magnesium imbalance. Magnes Res 1997;10:169–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gong H, Amemiya T, Takaya K. Retinal changes in magnesium-deficient rats. Exp Eye Res 2001;72:23–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Durlach J, Pagès N, Bac P, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Importance of magnesium depletion with hypofunction on the biological clock in the pathophysiology of headaches with photophobia, sudden infant death and some clinical forms of multiple sclerosis. Magnes Res 2004;17:314–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Itokawa Y, Kimura M. Effect of Mg deficiency on thiamine metabolism. Magnes Bull 1982;4:5–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Risco F, Traba ML. Bone specific binding sites for 1,25 (OH)2D3 in magnesium deficiency. J Physiol Biochem 2004;60:199–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Planells E, Lerma A, Sánchez-Morito N, Aranda P, Llopis J. Effect of magnesium deficiency on vitamin B2 and B6 status in the rat. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:4352–4356.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Günther T, Schümann K, Vormann J. Tumor necrosis factor-α, prostanoids and immunoglobins in magnesium deficiency. Magnes Bull 1995;17:109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Weglicki WB, Dickens BF, Wagner TL, Chmielinska JJ, Phillips TM. Immunoregulation by neuropeptides in magnesium deficiency: ex vivo effect of enhanced substance P production on circulating T lymphocytes from magnesium-deficient rats. Magnes Res 1996;9:3–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Durlach J, Bara M, Guit-Bara A. magnesium and its relationship to oncology. In: Sigel H, Sigel A, eds. Metal Ions in Biological Systems. Vol 26. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1990:549–578.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Anastassopoulou J, Theophanides T. Magnesium-DNA interactions and the possible relation of magnesium to carcinogenesis. Irradiation and free radicals. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002;42:79–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Quintero B, Planells E, Cabeza MC, et al. Tumor-promoting activity of phydroxybenzenediazonium is accelerated in Mg-deficient rats. Chem Biol Interac 2006;159:186–195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Pilar Aranda PhD

  2. Department of Physiology School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Elena Planells PhD

  3. Department of Physiology School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    C. Sánchez

  4. Department of Physical Chemistry School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Bartolomé Quintero

  5. Department of Physiology School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    Juan Llopis PhD

Authors
  1. Pilar Aranda PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elena Planells PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Sánchez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bartolomé Quintero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Juan Llopis PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

    Yoshiki Nishizawa MD, PhD (Dean of Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine) (Dean of Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine)

  2. Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan

    Hirotoshi Morii MD, PhD (Emeritus Professor) (Emeritus Professor)

  3. Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

    Jean Durlach MD, PhD (President of the International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium (SDRM), Editor-in-Chief Magnesium Research journal) (President of the International Society for the Development of Research on Magnesium (SDRM), Editor-in-Chief Magnesium Research journal)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Aranda, P., Planells, E., Sánchez, C., Quintero, B., Llopis, J. (2007). Experimental Data on Chronic Magnesium Deficiency. In: Nishizawa, Y., Morii, H., Durlach, J. (eds) New Perspectives in Magnesium Research. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-483-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-483-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-388-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-483-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation