Skip to main content

Acute Kidney Injury

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nutrition in Kidney Disease

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

  • 2415 Accesses

Abstract

The primary function of the kidneys is to excrete end products of metabolism, regulate electrolytes and mineral concentrations, and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance [1]. Other functions include urine production, dilution, and concentration; maintenance of blood pressure; concentration of extracellular and intracellular fluids; gluconeogenesis; maintenance of calcium phosphorus balance; and activation of vitamin and hormone synthesis [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Biggs JP, Kriz W, Schnermann JB. Overview of kidney function and structure. In: Greenberg A, editor. Primer on kidney disease. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 2–19.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Holley JL. Clinical approach to the diagnosis of acute renal failure. In: Greenberg A, editor. Primer on kidney disease. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 287–92.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Peacock PR, Sinert R. Renal failure, acute. Emedicine from WebMD.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Campbell D. How acute renal failure puts the brakes on kidney function. Nursing. 2003;33:59–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Goldstein-Fuchs DJ, McQuiston B. Renal failure. In: Matarese LE, Gottschlich MM, editors. Contemporary nutrition support practice: a clinical guide. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003. p. 460–83.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chertow GM, Soroko SH, Paganin EP, Cho KC, Himmelfarb J, Ikizler TA, et al. Mortality after acute renal failure: models for prognostic stratification and risk adjustment. Kidney Int. 2006;70:1120–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Star RA. Treatment of acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 1998;54(6):1817–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mindell JA, Chertow GM. A practical approach to acute renal failure. Med Clin North Am. 1997;81(3):731–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bellamo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P. ADQI workgroup. Acute renal failure—definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group. Crit Care. 2004;8(4):R204–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. Clinical practice guidelines on acute kidney injury. 2011. www.kdigo.org

  11. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:8–16. http://www.kdigo.org/clinical_practice_guidelines/pdf/KDIGO%20AKI%20Guideline.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  12. Lewington A, Kanagasundaram S. Acute kidney injury. The Renal Association. 2011. www.renal.org/Clinical/Guidelines/Section/AcuteKidneyInjury.aspx

  13. Russel MK, Mueller C. Nutrition screening and assessment. In: Gottschlich MM, editor. The A.S.P.E.N. nutrition support core curriculum: a case-based approach-the adult patient. Silver Spring, MD: A.S.P.E.N.; 2007. p. 163–86.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gervasio JM, Garmon WP, Holowaty M. Nutrition support in acute kidney injury. Nutr Clin Pract. 2011;26:374–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Blumenkrantz MJ, Kopple JD, Gutman RA, Chan YK, Barbour GL, Roberts C, et al. Methods for assessing nutritional status of patients with renal failure. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;3:1567–85.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Druml W. Nutrition support in acute renal failure. In: Mitch WE, Klahr S, editors. Handbook of nutrition and the kidney. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p. 191–213.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Traub S. The kidneys. In: Traub SL, editor. Basic skills in interpreting laboratory data. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacist; 1996. p. 131–57.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Fiaccadori E, Lombardi M, Leonardi S, Rotelli CF, Tortella G, Borghetti A. Prevalence and clinical outcome associated with pre-existing malnutrition in acute renal failure: a prospective cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:581–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, Ochoa JB, Napolitano L, Cresci G; A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors; American College of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care Medicine. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(3):277–313.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Brown RO, Compher C; American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support in adult acute and chronic renal failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2010;34(4):366–77.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Cano N, Fiaccadori E, Tesinski P, Toigo G, Druml W; DGEM, Kuhlmann M, Mann H, Horl WH. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: adult renal failure. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:295–310.

    Google Scholar 

  22. A.S.P.E.N. enteral access devices: selection, insertion, maintenance, and complications. In: Boullata J, Nieman Carney L, Guenter P, editors. Enteral nutrition handbook. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2010. p. 159–203.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Singh H, Duerksen DR. Vitamin K and nutrition support. Nutr Clin Pract. 2003;18:359–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Beyer PL. Complications of enteral nutrition. In: Matarese LE, Gottschlich MM, editors. Contemporary nutrition support practice: a clinical guide. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003. p. 215–26.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Crook MA, Hally V, Panteli JV. The importance of the refeeding syndrome. Nutrition. 2001;17:632–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Task Force for the Revision of Safe Practices for Parenteral Nutrition. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28:S39–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Lord L, Harrington M. Enteral nutrition implementation and management. In: Merritt R, editor. A.S.P.E.N. nutrition support practice manual. 2nd ed. Silver Spring, MD: A.S.P.E.N.; 2006. p. 76–89.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Vanek WV. Closed versus open enteral delivery systems: a quality improvement study. Nutr Clin Pract. 2000;15:234–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2002;26 Suppl 1:1SA–38.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nyffeler MS, Frankel E, Hayes E, et al. In: Merritt R, editor. A.S.P.E.N. nutrition support practice manual. 2nd ed. Silver Spring, MD: A.S.P.E.N.; 2006. p. 118–36.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Heyland DK, Cahill NE, Dhaliwal R, Wang M, Day AG, Alenzi A, Aris F, et al. Enhanced protein—energy provision via the enteral route in critically ill patients: a single center feasibility trial to the PEP uP protocol. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):R78. http://ccforum.com/content.14/2/R78

  32. Wolk R, Foulks C. Renal disease. In: Mueller CM, editor. The A.S.P.E.N. adult nutrition support core curriculum. 2nd ed. Silver Spring, MD: The American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2012. p. 491–510.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wilkens KG, Juneja V, Shanaman E. Medical nutrition therapy for renal disorders. In: Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S, Raymond J, editors. Krause’s food and the nutrition care process. 13th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier. p. 799–831.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ling P, McCowen KC. Carbohydrates. In: Gottschlich MM, editor. The A.S.P.E.N. nutrition support core curriculum: a case-based approach-the adult patient. Silver Spring, MD: A.S.P.E.N.; 2007. p. 33–47.

    Google Scholar 

  35. A.S. P.E.N. how to write parenteral nutrition orders. In: Canada T, Grill C, Guenter P, editors. A.S.P.E.N. parenteral nutrition handbook; 2009. p. 163–85.

    Google Scholar 

  36. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:43–6.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Seidner DL, Mascioli EA, Istfan NW, Porter KA, Selleck K, Blackburn GL, et al. Effects of long-chain triglyceride emulsions on reticuloendothelial system function in humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1989;13:614–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Driscoll DF. Lipid injectable emulsions. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006;21:381–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. A.S.P.E.N. complications of parenteral nutrition. In: Canada T, Grill C, Guenter P, editors. A.S.P.E.N. parenteral nutrition handbook; 2009. p. 197–234.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fuhrman MP. Parenteral nutrition in kidney disease. In: Byham-Gray L, Wiesen K, editors. Clinical guide to nutrition in kidney disease. 1st ed. Chicago: The American Dietetic Association; 2004. p. 159–74.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Skipper A. Parenteral nutrition. In: Matarese LE, Gottschlich MM, editors. Contemporary nutrition support practice: a clinical guide. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003. p. 227–41.

    Google Scholar 

  42. A.S.P.E.N. parenteral nutrition formulations. In: Canada T, Grill C, Guenter P, editors. A.S.P.E.N. parenteral nutrition handbook; 2009. p. 129–61.

    Google Scholar 

  43. National Kidney Foundation. Nutrient prescription. In: McCann L, editor. Pocket guide to nutrition assessment of the patient with chronic kidney disease. 4th ed. New York: National Kidney Foundation; 2009. p. 4-1–4-18.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fiaccadori E, Maggiore U, Rotelli C, Giacosa R, Picett E, Parenti E, et al. Effects of different energy intakes on nitrogen balance in patients with acute renal failure: a pilot study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:1976–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fouque D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J, Cano N, Chauveau P, Cuppari L, et al. A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008;73:391–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Fiaccadori E, Parenti E, Maggiore U. Nutrition support in acute kidney injury. J Nephrol. 2008;21:645–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Heng AE, Cano NJM. Nutritional problems in adult patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease on dialysis (both haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis). NDT Plus. 2010;3:109–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Druml W. Nutrition management of acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37(1 Suppl 2):S89–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kopple JD. Nutrition management. In: Massry SG, Glassock RJ, editors. Massry & Glassock’s textbook of nephrology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p. 1449–73.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Fiaccadori E, Regolisti G, Cabassi A. Specific nutritional problems in acute kidney injury, treated with non-dialysis and dialytic modalities. NDT Plus. 2010;3:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. van den Berghe G, Woutersn P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1359–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Cano N, Aparicio M, Brunori G, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition. Parenteral nutrition in adult renal failure. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):401–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Toigo G, Aparicio M, Attman PO, et al. Export working group report on nutrition in adult patients with renal insufficiency. Clin Nutr. 2000;19:281–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Faisy C, Guerot E, Diehl JL, et al. Assessment of resting energy expenditure in mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:241–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Wooley JA, Btaiche IF, Good KL. Metabolic and nutritional aspects of acute renal failure in critically ill patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Nutr Clin Pract. 2005;20(2):176–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Frankenfield DC, Reynolds HN. Nutritional effect of continuous hemodiafiltration. Nutrition. 1995;11(4):388–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gervasio JM, Cotton AB. Nutrition support therapy in acute kidney injury: distinguishing dogma from good practice. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2009;11:325–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Strejc JM. Considerations in the nutritional management of patients with acute renal failure. Hemodial Int. 2005;9:135–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Berger MM, Shenkin A, Revelly JP, Roberts E, Cayeux MC, Baines M, et al. Copper, selenium, zinc and thiamine balances during continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in critically ill patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(2):410–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Story DA, Ronco C, Bellomo R. Trace element and vitamin concentration and losses in critically ill patients treated with continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:220–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Metnitz GH, Fischer M, Bartens C, Steltzer H, Lang T, Druml W. Impact of acute renal failure on antioxidant status in multiple organ failure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000;44:236–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Fall P, Szerlip HM. Continuous renal replacement therapy: cause and treatment of electrolyte complications. Semin Dial. 2010;23(6):581–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

Although Dr. Robert N. Pursell (Department of Nephrology, St. Luke’s University Health Network) did not contribute to the chapter in this edition, his previous contribution is invaluable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcia A. Kalista-Richards M.P.H., C.N.S.C., R.D., L.D.N. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kalista-Richards, M.A. (2014). Acute Kidney Injury. In: Byham-Gray, L., Burrowes, J., Chertow, G. (eds) Nutrition in Kidney Disease. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-685-6_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-685-6_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-684-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-685-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics