Abstract
Genital lesions are not always Herpes. Besides chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), syphilis, and granuloma inguinale, vulvar and penile cancer must be considered. Differential diagnosis and treatment is highlighted in this chapter. Up-to-date guidelines and management options provide a concise opportunity for improved patient care.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Schwartz DA. Lymphogranuloma venereum. In: Connor DH, Chandler FW, Schwartz DA, Mantz HJ, Lack EE, editors. Pathology of infectious diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1997. p. 491–7.
Blank S, Schillinger JA, Harbatkin D. Lymphogranuloma venereum in the industrialised world. Lancet. 2005;365:1607–8.
Sweet RL, Gibbs RS. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Infectious diseases of the female genital tract. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002, pp. 118–175.
Bolan RK, Sands M, Schachter J, Miner RC, Drew WL. Lymphogranuloma venereum and acute ulcerative proctitis. Am J Med. 1982;72:703–6.
Bauwens JE, Lampe MF, Suchland RJ, Wong K, Stamm WE. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum serovar L1 in homosexual men with proctitis: molecular analysis of an unusual case cluster. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:576–81. http://ladhs.org/wps/portal
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55(RR-11):15,16,20–22.http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services. Provider alert: lymphogranuloma venereum infections in California. Public’s Health 2005;5(3):1–2. http://www.ladhs.org/media/tph/TPHMarch2005.pdf. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
Schachter J, Smith DE, Dawson CR, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum. I. Comparison of the Frei test, complement fixation test, and isolation of the agent. J Infect Dis. 1969;120:372–5.
Koo D, Wetterhall SF. History and current status of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. J Public Health Manag Pract. 1996;2:4–10.
Ducrey A. Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber den Ansteckungsstof des weichen Schankers und uber die Bubonen. Monatsh Prakt Dermatol. 1889;9:387–405.
Bezancon F, Griffin V, LeSourd L. Culture du bacille du chancre mou. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1900;52:1048–51.
Lewis DA. Diagnostic tests for chancroid. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76:137–41.
Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:3–17.
Spinola SM, Bauer ME, Munson Jr RS. Immunopathogenesis of Haemophilus ducreyi infection (chancroid). Infect Immun. 2002;70:1667–76.
World Health Organization (WHO). Sexually transmitted infections fact sheet. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2004. www.who.int/reproductive-health/rtis/docs/sti_factsheet_2004.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2005.
Nikolaidis G, Rosen T. Chancroid. In: Connor DH, Chandler FW, Schwartz DA, Mantz HJ, Lack EE, editors. Pathology of infectious diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1997. p. 469–71.
Crowe MA, Hall MA. Chancroid. Updated 2005. www.emedicine.com/derm/topic71.htm. Accessed Nov 24, 2006.
Ronald AR, Albritton W. Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi. In: Holmes KK, Mardh P-A, Sparling PF, et al., editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 515–23.
Plummer FA, D’Costa LJ, Nsanze H, Dylewski J, Karasira P, Ronald AR. Epidemiology of chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet. 1983;2:1293–5.
Brunham RC. Epidermiology of sexually transmitted diseases in developing countries. In: Wasserheit J, Aral S, Holmes KK, editors. Research issues in human behavior and STDs in the AIDS era. Washington: American Society of Microbiology; 1991. p. 61–80.
Al-Tawfiq JA, Thornton AC, Katz BP, et al. Standardization of the experimental model of Haemophilus ducreyi infection in human subjects. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1684–7.
Lockett AE. Serum-free media for the isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi. Lancet. 1991;338:326.
Orle KA, Gates CA, Martin DH, Body BA, Weiss JB. Simultaneous PCR detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 from genital ulcers. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:49–54.
Chapel TA, Brown WJ, Jeffres C, Stewart JA. How reliable is the morphological diagnosis of penile ulcerations? Sex Transm Dis. 1977;4:150–2.
Dangor Y, Ballard RC, da L Exposto F, Fehler G, Miller SD, Koornhof HJ. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease. Sex Transm Dis 1990; 17:184–9.
Lewis DA. Chancroid: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79:68–71.
World Health Organization (WHO). Program for sexually transmitted diseases, global program on AIDS. Recommendations for the management of sexually transmitted diseases. WHO/GPA/TEM/94. Geneva: WHO, 1994. http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Guidelines/Documents/CA-STD-Screening-Recommendations.pdf
Bogaerts J, Vuylsteke B, Martinez Tello W, et al. Simple algorithms for the management of genital ulcers: evaluation in a primary health care centre in Kigali, Rwanda. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73:761–7.
California STD/HIV Prevention Training Center. California STD treatment guidelines for adults and adolescents, 2010. Revised January 2010. http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Guidelines/Documents/CA-STD-Screening-Recommendations.pdf. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
Majmudar B. Granuloma inguinale. In: Connor DH, Chandler FW, Schwartz DA, Mantz HJ, Lack EE, editors. Pathology of infectious diseases. Appleton & Lange: Stamford, CT; 1997. p. 1565–70.
Droegemueller W. Infections of the lower genital tract. In: Stenchever MA, Droegemueller W, Herbst AL, Mishell DR, editors. Comprehensive gynecology. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2001. p. 641–706.
O’Farrell N. Donovanosis. Sex Transm Infect. 2002;78:452–7.
Merianos A, Gilles M, Chuah J. Ceftriaxone in the treatment of chronic donovanosis in central Australia. Genitourin Med. 1994;70:84–9.
Richens J. The diagnosis and treatment of donovanosis (granuloma inguinale). Genitourin Med. 1991;67:441–52.
Kuberski T. Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis). Sex Transm Dis. 1980;7:29–36.
Carter J, Bowden FJ, Sriprakash KS, Bastian I, Kemp DJ. Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction for donovanosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1168–9.
Carter JS, Kemp DJ. A colorimetric detection system for Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76:134–6.
Sehgal VN, Prasad AL. Donovanosis. Current concepts. Int J Dermatol. 1986;25:8–16.
Govender D, Naidoo K, Chetty R. Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis): an unusual cause of otitis media and mastoiditis in children. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997;108:510–4.
Brown ST, Nalley JF, Kraus SJ. Molluscum contagiosum. Sex Transm Dis. 1981;8:227–34.
Taillac PP, Bretz S. Molluscum contagiosum. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic317.htm. Accessed Nov. 24, 2006.
Postlethwaite R. Molluscum contagiosum. Arch Environ Health. 1970;21:432–52.
Gottlieb SL, Myskowski PL. Molluscum contagiosum. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33:453–61.
Tyring SK. Molluscum contagiosum: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:S12–6.
Billstein SA, Mattaliano Jr VJ. The “nuisance” sexually transmitted diseases: molluscum contagiosum, scabies, and crab lice. Med Clin North Am. 1990;74:1487–505.
Bugert JJ, Darai G. Recent advances in molluscum contagiosum virus research. Arch Virol Suppl. 1997;13:35–47.
Fenner F. Poxviruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, editors. Virology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: New York Press; 1990.
Henao M, Freeman RG. Inflammatory molluscum contagiosum. Clinicopathological study of seven cases. Arch Dermatol. 1964;90:479–82.
Cockerell CJ. Poxvirus infections. In: Connor DH, Chandler FW, Schwartz DA, Mantz HJ, Lack EE, editors. Pathology of infectious diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1997. p. 273–9.
Janniger CK, Schwartz RA. Molluscum contagiosum in children. Cutis. 1993;52:194–6.
Hughes PS. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the 585-nm pulsed dye laser. Dermatol Surg. 1998;24:229–30.
Becker TM, Blout JH, Douglas J, Judson FM. Trends in molluscum contagiosum. Dermatol Ther. 2000;13:285–9.
Silverberg NB, Sidbury R, Mancini AJ. Childhood molluscum contagiosum: experience with cantharidin therapy in 300 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:503–7.
Hengge UR, Esser S, Schultewolter T, et al. Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod for the treatment of common warts and molluscum contagiosum. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:1026–31.
Liota E, Smith KJ, Buckley R, Menon P, Skelton H. Imiquimod therapy for molluscum contagiosum. J Cutan Med Surg. 2000;4:76–82.
Romiti R, Ribeiro AP, Grinblat BM, Rivitti EA, Romiti N. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with potassium hydroxide: a clinical approach in 35 children. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999;16:228–31.
Hanson D, Diven DG. Molluscum contagiosum. Dermatol Online J. 2003;9:2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Woodward, J.A. (2013). Lymphogranuloma Venereum, Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinale, and Molluscum Contagiosum. In: Skolnik, N., Clouse, A., Woodward, J. (eds) Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Current Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-499-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-499-9_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-498-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-499-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)