Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Using Genomic Biomarkers to Predict Patient Prognosis and Treatment Response in Gastric Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover New Advances on Disease Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Biomedicine

  • 995 Accesses

Abstract

Research over the past decade has shown that genomic biomarkers can predict cancer susceptibility in otherwise healthy patients, and when applied to tumors can stratify cancer patients into subgroups exhibiting distinct prognostic and treatment response outcomes. Genomic biomarkers in the germline DNAs of cancer patients can also establish pharmacogenetic profiles to individualize drug selection and drug dosing. Much of this molecular knowledge has been facilitated by the unprecedented wave of new genomic technologies that has greatly enhanced the analysis of cancer genomes, including DNA microarrays, next-generation sequencing, and large-scale functional genetic screens. Integration of these genomic biomarkers with standard clinical laboratory tests is the logical next step in cancer care and treatment, where individualized genome analysis will allow the tailoring of treatments to provide maximum benefit to the individual. In this chapter, we describe the current state of knowledge regarding genomic biomarkers in gastric cancer (GC).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kohler BA, Ward E, McCarthy BJ, Schymura MJ, Ries LA, Eheman C, Jemal A, Anderson RN, Ajani UA, Edwards BK (2011) Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2007, featuring tumors of the brain and other nervous system. J Natl Cancer Inst 103:714–736

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kamineni A, Williams MA, Schwartz SM, Cook LS, Weiss NS (1999) The incidence of gastric carcinoma in Asian migrants to the United States and their descendants. Cancer Causes Control 10:77–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lee J, Demissie K, Lu SE, Rhoads GG (2007) Cancer incidence among Korean-American immigrants in the United States and native Koreans in South Korea. Cancer Control 14:78–85

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P (2005) Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55:74–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Meireles SI, Cristo EB, Carvalho AF, Hirata R Jr, Pelosof A, Gomes LI, Martins WK, Begnami MD, Zitron C, Montagnini AL, Soares FA, Neves EJ, Reis LF (2004) Molecular classifiers for gastric cancer and nonmalignant diseases of the gastric mucosa. Cancer Res 64:1255–1265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ries L, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg L, Edwards BK (eds) (2001) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973–1998. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lauren PA, Nevalainen TJ (1993) Epidemiology of intestinal and diffuse types of gastric carcinoma. A time-trend study in Finland with comparison between studies from high- and low-risk areas. Cancer 71:2926–2933

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jass JR, Sobin LH, Watanabe H (1990) The World Health Organization’s histologic classification of gastrointestinal tumors. A commentary on the second edition. Cancer 66: 2162–2167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Yamashita K, Sakuramoto S, Watanabe M (2011) Genomic and epigenetic profiles of gastric cancer: potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Surg Today 41:24–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lauwers GY (2003) Defining the pathologic diagnosis of metaplasia, atrophy, dysplasia, and gastric adenocarcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 36(5 Suppl):S37–S43; discussion S61–S62.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Houghton J, Stoicov C, Nomura S, Rogers AB, Carlson J, Li H, Cai X, Fox JG, Goldenring JR, Wang TC (2004) Gastric cancer originating from bone marrow-derived cells. Science 306:1568–1571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ming SC (1977) Gastric carcinoma. A pathobiological classification. Cancer 39:2475–2485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Goseki N, Takizawa T, Koike M (1992) Differences in the mode of the extension of gastric cancer classified by histological type: new histological classification of gastric carcinoma. Gut 33:606–612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mullaney PJ, Wadley MS, Hyde C, Wyatt J, Lawrence G, Hallissey MT, Fielding JW (2002) Appraisal of compliance with the UICC/AJCC staging system in the staging of gastric cancer. Union Internacional Contra la Cancrum/American Joint Committee on Cancer. Br J Surg 89:1405–1408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. La Vecchia C (2004) Mediterranean diet and cancer. Public Health Nutr 7:965–968

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Palli D, Russo A, Ottini L, Masala G, Saieva C, Amorosi A, Cama A, D’Amico C, Falchetti M, Palmirotta R, Decarli A, Mariani Costantini R, Fraumeni JF Jr (2001) Red meat, family history, and increased risk of gastric cancer with microsatellite instability. Cancer Res 61:5415–5419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Correa P (1992) Diet modification and gastric cancer prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 12:75–78

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V (2009) Epidemiology of stomach cancer. Methods Mol Biol 472:467–477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pourfarzi F, Whelan A, Kaldor J, Malekzadeh R (2009) The role of diet and other environmental factors in the causation of gastric cancer in Iran—a population based study. Int J Cancer 125:1953–1960

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Palli D, Saieva C, Coppi C, Del Giudice G, Magagnotti C, Nesi G, Orsi F, Airoldi L (2001) O6-alkylguanines, dietary N-nitroso compounds, and their precursors in gastric cancer. Nutr Cancer 39:42–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Steevens J, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Schouten LJ (2010) Selenium status and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes: the Netherlands cohort study. Gastroenterology 138:1704–1713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Houghton J, Wang TC (2005) Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: a new paradigm for inflammation-associated epithelial cancers. Gastroenterology 128:1567–1578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fry LC, Monkemuller K, Malfertheiner P (2007) Prevention of gastric cancer: a challenging but feasible task. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 37:110–117

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Malfertheiner P, Sipponen P, Naumann M, Moayyedi P, Megraud F, Xiao SD, Sugano K, Nyren O (2005) Helicobacter pylori eradication has the potential to prevent gastric cancer: a state-of-the-art critique. Am J Gastroenterol 100:2100–2115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fuccio L, Zagari RM, Eusebi LH, Laterza L, Cennamo V, Ceroni L, Grilli D, Bazzoli F (2009) Meta-analysis: can Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduce the risk for gastric cancer? Ann Intern Med 151:121–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fuccio L, Eusebi LH, Zagari RM, Bazzoli F (2009) Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduces but does not abolish the risk of gastric cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 104:3100; author reply 3101–3102.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Uemura N, Mukai T, Okamoto S, Yamaguchi S, Mashiba H, Taniyama K, Sasaki N, Haruma K, Sumii K, Kajiyama G (1997) Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on subsequent development of cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:639–642

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wong BC, Lam SK, Wong WM, Chen JS, Zheng TT, Feng RE, Lai KC, Hu WH, Yuen ST, Leung SY, Fong DY, Ho J, Ching CK (2004) Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:187–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD, Ketchum KA, Klenk HP, Gill S, Dougherty BA, Nelson K, Quackenbush J, Zhou L, Kirkness EF, Peterson S, Loftus B, Richardson D, Dodson R, Khalak HG, Glodek A, McKenney K, Fitzegerald LM, Lee N, Adams MD, Hickey EK, Berg DE, Gocayne JD, Utterback TR, Peterson JD, Kelley JM, Cotton MD, Weidman JM, Fujii C, Bowman C, Watthey L, Wallin E, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M, Karp PD, Smith HO, Fraser CM, Venter JC (1997) The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388:539–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Censini S, Lange C, Xiang Z, Crabtree JE, Ghiara P, Borodovsky M, Rappuoli R, Covacci A (1996) cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulence factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14648–14653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Maeda S, Ogura K, Yoshida H, Kanai F, Ikenoue T, Kato N, Shiratori Y, Omata M (1998) Major virulence factors, VacA and CagA, are commonly positive in Helicobacter pylori isolates in Japan. Gut 42:338–343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez GI, Kleanthous H, Cover TL, Peek RM, Chyou PH, Stemmermann GN, Nomura A (1995) Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res 55:2111–2115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Peek RM Jr, Miller GG, Tham KT, Perez-Perez GI, Zhao X, Atherton JC, Blaser MJ (1995) Heightened inflammatory response and cytokine expression in vivo to cagA + Helicobacter pylori strains. Lab Invest 73:760–770

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Orentreich N, Vogelman H (1997) Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 40:297–301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hatakeyama M (2004) Oncogenic mechanisms of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Nat Rev Cancer 4:688–694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Matsumoto Y, Marusawa H, Kinoshita K, Endo Y, Kou T, Morisawa T, Azuma T, Okazaki IM, Honjo T, Chiba T (2007) Helicobacter pylori infection triggers aberrant expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in gastric epithelium. Nat Med 13:470–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Wu X, Zeng Z, Chen B, Yu J, Xue L, Hao Y, Chen M, Sung JJ, Hu P (2010) Association between polymorphisms in interleukin-17A and interleukin-17F genes and risks of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 127:86–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. El-Omar EM, Carrington M, Chow WH, McColl KE, Bream JH, Young HA, Herrera J, Lissowska J, Yuan CC, Rothman N, Lanyon G, Martin M, Fraumeni JF Jr, Rabkin CS (2000) Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 404:398–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. (1994) Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7–14 June 1994. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 61:1–241.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Takada K (2000) Epstein-Barr virus and gastric carcinoma. Mol Pathol 53:255–261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee JH, Kim SH, Han SH, An JS, Lee ES, Kim YS (2009) Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24:354–365

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hoskins LC, Loux HA, Britten A, Zamcheck N (1965) Distribution of ABO blood groups in patients with pernicious anemia, gastric carcinoma and gastric carcinoma associated with pernicious anemia. N Engl J Med 273:633–637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Callender S, Langman MJ, Macleod IN, Mosbech J, Nielsen KR (1971) ABO blood groups in patients with gastric carcinoma associated with pernicious anaemia. Gut 12:465–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Boysen T, Friborg J, Stribolt K, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Goertz S, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M (2011) Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma among patients with pernicious anemia. Int J Cancer 129:2756–2760

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cardwell CR, Abnet CC, Cantwell MM, Murray LJ (2010) Exposure to oral bisphosphonates and risk of esophageal cancer. JAMA 304:657–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gonzalez CA, Pera G, Agudo A, Palli D, Krogh V, Vineis P, Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund G, Siman H, Nyren O, Agren A, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Tormo MJ, Quiros JR, Allen N, Bingham S, Day N, Miller A, Nagel G, Boeing H, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Boshuizen HC, Peeters P, Numans M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Helen I, Agapitos E, Lund E, Fahey M, Saracci R, Kaaks R, Riboli E (2003) Smoking and the risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer 107:629–634

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Neugut AI, Hayek M, Howe G (1996) Epidemiology of gastric cancer. Semin Oncol 23:281–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Crew KD, Neugut AI (2006) Epidemiology of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 12:354–362

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Pinheiro H, Bordeira-Carrico R, Seixas S, Carvalho J, Senz J, Oliveira P, Inacio P, Gusmao L, Rocha J, Huntsman D, Seruca R, Oliveira C (2010) Allele-specific CDH1 downregulation and hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Hum Mol Genet 19:943–952

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhang L, Jia G, Li WM, Guo RF, Cui JT, Yang L, Lu YY (2004) Alteration of the ATM gene occurs in gastric cancer cell lines and primary tumors associated with cellular response to DNA damage. Mutat Res 557:41–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Fan H, Liu D, Qiu X, Qiao F, Wu Q, Su X, Zhang F, Song Y, Zhao Z, Xie W (2010) A functional polymorphism in the DNA methyltransferase-3A promoter modifies the susceptibility in gastric cancer but not in esophageal carcinoma. BMC Med 8:12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ju H, Lim B, Kim M, Kim YS, Kim WH, Ihm C, Noh SM, Han DS, Yu HJ, Choi BY, Kang C (2009) A regulatory polymorphism at position −309 in PTPRCAP is associated with susceptibility to diffuse-type gastric cancer and gene expression. Neoplasia 11:1340–1347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Guan X, Zhao H, Niu J, Tang D, Ajani JA, Wei Q (2009) The VEGF-634G > C promoter polymorphism is associated with risk of gastric cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 9:77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Yasui W, Sentani K, Motoshita J, Nakayama H (2006) Molecular pathobiology of gastric cancer. Scand J Surg 95:225–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sakamoto H, Yoshimura K, Saeki N, Katai H, Shimoda T, Matsuno Y, Saito D, Sugimura H, Tanioka F, Kato S, Matsukura N, Matsuda N, Nakamura T, Hyodo I, Nishina T, Yasui W, Hirose H, Hayashi M, Toshiro E, Ohnami S, Sekine A, Sato Y, Totsuka H, Ando M, Takemura R, Takahashi Y, Ohdaira M, Aoki K, Honmyo I, Chiku S, Aoyagi K, Sasaki H, Yanagihara K, Yoon KA, Kook MC, Lee YS, Park SR, Kim CG, Choi IJ, Yoshida T, Nakamura Y, Hirohashi S (2008) Genetic variation in PSCA is associated with susceptibility to diffuse-type gastric cancer. Nat Genet 40:730–740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Abnet CC, Freedman ND, Hu N, Wang Z, Yu K, Shu XO, Yuan JM, Zheng W, Dawsey SM, Dong LM, Lee MP, Ding T, Qiao YL, Gao YT, Koh WP, Xiang YB, Tang ZZ, Fan JH, Wang C, Wheeler W, Gail MH, Yeager M, Yuenger J, Hutchinson A, Jacobs KB, Giffen CA, Burdett L, Fraumeni JF Jr, Tucker MA, Chow WH, Goldstein AM, Chanock SJ, Taylor PR (2010) A shared susceptibility locus in PLCE1 at 10q23 for gastric adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Genet 42:764–767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Gentile A (1992) Family history and the risk of stomach and colorectal cancer. Cancer 70:50–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Zanghieri G, Di Gregorio C, Sacchetti C, Fante R, Sassatelli R, Cannizzo G, Carriero A, Ponz de Leon M (1990) Familial occurrence of gastric cancer in the 2-year experience of a population-based registry. Cancer 66:2047–2051

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Guilford P, Hopkins J, Harraway J, McLeod M, McLeod N, Harawira P, Taite H, Scoular R, Miller A, Reeve AE (1998) E-cadherin germline mutations in familial gastric cancer. Nature 392:402–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Takezaki T, Gao CM, Wu JZ, Li ZY, Wang JD, Ding JH, Liu YT, Hu X, Xu TL, Tajima K, Sugimura H (2002) hOGG1 Ser(326)Cys polymorphism and modification by environmental factors of stomach cancer risk in Chinese. Int J Cancer 99:624–627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Murray CJ, Lopez AD (1997) Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 349:1269–1276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Huntsman DG, Carneiro F, Lewis FR, MacLeod PM, Hayashi A, Monaghan KG, Maung R, Seruca R, Jackson CE, Caldas C (2001) Early gastric cancer in young, asymptomatic carriers of germ-line E-cadherin mutations. N Engl J Med 344:1904–1909

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Niwa T, Tsukamoto T, Toyoda T, Mori A, Tanaka H, Maekita T, Ichinose M, Tatematsu M, Ushijima T (2010) Inflammatory processes triggered by Helicobacter pylori infection cause aberrant DNA methylation in gastric epithelial cells. Cancer Res 70:1430–1440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kaise M, Yamasaki T, Yonezawa J, Miwa J, Ohta Y, Tajiri H (2008) CpG island hypermethylation of tumor-suppressor genes in H. pylori-infected non-neoplastic gastric mucosa is linked with gastric cancer risk. Helicobacter 13:35–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Maekita T, Nakazawa K, Mihara M, Nakajima T, Yanaoka K, Iguchi M, Arii K, Kaneda A, Tsukamoto T, Tatematsu M, Tamura G, Saito D, Sugimura T, Ichinose M, Ushijima T (2006) High levels of aberrant DNA methylation in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosae and its possible association with gastric cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res 12:989–995

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ooki A, Yamashita K, Kikuchi S, Sakuramoto S, Katada N, Kokubo K, Kobayashi H, Kim MS, Sidransky D, Watanabe M (2010) Potential utility of HOP homeobox gene promoter methylation as a marker of tumor aggressiveness in gastric cancer. Oncogene 29:3263–3275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Majewski IJ, Bernards R (2011) Taming the dragon: genomic biomarkers to individualize the treatment of cancer. Nat Med 17:304–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Wang J, Stemmermann GN, Noffsinger A (2003) TP53 and gastric carcinoma: a review. Hum Mutat 21:258–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Clements WM, Wang J, Sarnaik A, Kim OJ, MacDonald J, Fenoglio-Preiser C, Groden J, Lowy AM (2002) beta-Catenin mutation is a frequent cause of Wnt pathway activation in gastric cancer. Cancer Res 62:3503–3506

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Tsukamoto Y, Uchida T, Karnan S, Noguchi T, Nguyen LT, Tanigawa M, Takeuchi I, Matsuura K, Hijiya N, Nakada C, Kishida T, Kawahara K, Ito H, Murakami K, Fujioka T, Seto M, Moriyama M (2008) Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy number alterations and gene expression in gastric cancer. J Pathol 216:471–482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Peng DF, Sugihara H, Mukaisho K, Tsubosa Y, Hattori T (2003) Alterations of chromosomal copy number during progression of diffuse-type gastric carcinomas: metaphase- and array-based comparative genomic hybridization analyses of multiple samples from individual tumours. J Pathol 201:439–450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Tay ST, Leong SH, Yu K, Aggarwal A, Tan SY, Lee CH, Wong K, Visvanathan J, Lim D, Wong WK, Soo KC, Kon OL, Tan P (2003) A combined comparative genomic hybridization and expression microarray analysis of gastric cancer reveals novel molecular subtypes. Cancer Res 63:3309–3316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA, Berka J, Braverman MS, Chen YJ, Chen Z, Dewell SB, Du L, Fierro JM, Gomes XV, Godwin BC, He W, Helgesen S, Ho CH, Irzyk GP, Jando SC, Alenquer ML, Jarvie TP, Jirage KB, Kim JB, Knight JR, Lanza JR, Leamon JH, Lefkowitz SM, Lei M, Li J, Lohman KL, Lu H, Makhijani VB, McDade KE, McKenna MP, Myers EW, Nickerson E, Nobile JR, Plant R, Puc BP, Ronan MT, Roth GT, Sarkis GJ, Simons JF, Simpson JW, Srinivasan M, Tartaro KR, Tomasz A, Vogt KA, Volkmer GA, Wang SH, Wang Y, Weiner MP, Yu P, Begley RF, Rothberg JM (2005) Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 437:376–380

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Shendure J, Porreca GJ, Reppas NB, Lin X, McCutcheon JP, Rosenbaum AM, Wang MD, Zhang K, Mitra RD, Church GM (2005) Accurate multiplex polony sequencing of an evolved bacterial genome. Science 309:1728–1732

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Wang K, Kan J, Yuen ST, Shi ST, Chu KM, Law S, Chan TL, Kan Z, Chan AS, Tsui WY, Lee SP, Ho SL, Chan AK, Cheng GH, Roberts PC, Rejto PA, Gibson NW, Pocalyko DJ, Mao M, Xu J, Leung SY (2011) Exome sequencing identifies frequent mutation of ARID1A in molecular subtypes of gastric cancer. Nat Genet 43:1219–1223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Zang ZJ, Cutcutache I, Poon SL, Zhang SL, McPherson JR, Tao J, Rajasegaran V, Heng HL, Deng N, Gan A, Lim KH, Ong CK, Huang D, Chin SY, Tan IB, Ng CC, Yu W, Wu Y, Lee M, Wu J, Poh D, Wan WK, Rha SY, So J, Salto-Tellez M, Yeoh KG, Wong WK, Zhu YJ, Futreal PA, Pang B, Ruan Y, Hillmer AM, Bertrand D, Nagarajan N, Rozen S, Teh BT, Tan P (2012) Exome sequencing of gastric adenocarcinoma identifies recurrent somatic mutations in cell adhesion and chromatin remodeling genes. Nat Genet 44(5):570–574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Palanisamy N, Ateeq B, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Pflueger D, Ramnarayanan K, Shankar S, Han B, Cao Q, Cao X, Suleman K, Kumar-Sinha C, Dhanasekaran SM, Chen YB, Esgueva R, Banerjee S, LaFargue CJ, Siddiqui J, Demichelis F, Moeller P, Bismar TA, Kuefer R, Fullen DR, Johnson TM, Greenson JK, Giordano TJ, Tan P, Tomlins SA, Varambally S, Rubin MA, Maher CA, Chinnaiyan AM (2010) Rearrangements of the RAF kinase pathway in prostate cancer, gastric cancer and melanoma. Nat Med 16:793–798

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Yasuda K (2006) Early gastric cancer: diagnosis, treatment techniques and outcomes. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18:839–845

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Tocchi A, Costa G, Lepre L, Liotta G, Mazzoni G, Cianetti A, Vannini P (1998) The role of serum and gastric juice levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19.9 and CA72.4 in patients with gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 124:450–455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. di Mario F, Cavallaro LG (2008) Non-invasive tests in gastric diseases. Dig Liver Dis 40:523–530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Oishi Y, Kiyohara Y, Kubo M, Tanaka K, Tanizaki Y, Ninomiya T, Doi Y, Shikata K, Yonemoto K, Shirota T, Matsumoto T, Iida M (2006) The serum pepsinogen test as a predictor of gastric cancer: the Hisayama study. Am J Epidemiol 163:629–637

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Miki K, Morita M, Sasajima M, Hoshina R, Kanda E, Urita Y (2003) Usefulness of gastric cancer screening using the serum pepsinogen test method. Am J Gastroenterol 98: 735–739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Oue N, Mitani Y, Aung PP, Sakakura C, Takeshima Y, Kaneko M, Noguchi T, Nakayama H, Yasui W (2005) Expression and localization of Reg IV in human neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues: Reg IV expression is associated with intestinal and neuroendocrine differentiation in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Pathol 207:185–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Oue N, Sentani K, Noguchi T, Ohara S, Sakamoto N, Hayashi T, Anami K, Motoshita J, Ito M, Tanaka S, Yoshida K, Yasui W (2009) Serum olfactomedin 4 (GW112, hGC-1) in combination with Reg IV is a highly sensitive biomarker for gastric cancer patients. Int J Cancer 125:2383–2392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Huang X, Chen L (2011) Analysis of the RUNX3 gene methylation in serum DNA from esophagus squamous cell carcinoma, gastric and colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. Hepatogastroenterology 58:2007–2011

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Tsujiura M, Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, Shiozaki A, Takeshita H, Kosuga T, Konishi H, Morimura R, Deguchi K, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Otsuji E (2010) Circulating microRNAs in plasma of patients with gastric cancers. Br J Cancer 102:1174–1179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Zhou H, Guo JM, Lou YR, Zhang XJ, Zhong FD, Jiang Z, Cheng J, Xiao BX (2010) Detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood from patients with gastric cancer using microRNA as a marker. J Mol Med (Berl) 88:709–717

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Edge SB, Compton CC (2010) The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol 17:1471–1474

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ming SC (1998) Cellular and molecular pathology of gastric carcinoma and precursor lesions: a critical review. Gastric Cancer 1:31–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Giordano S, Ponzetto C, Di Renzo MF, Cooper CS, Comoglio PM (1989) Tyrosine kinase receptor indistinguishable from the c-met protein. Nature 339:155–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Seruca R, Suijkerbuijk RF, Gartner F, Criado B, Veiga I, Olde-Weghuis D, David L, Castedo S, Sobrinho-Simoes M (1995) Increasing levels of MYC and MET co-amplification during tumor progression of a case of gastric cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 82:140–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kuniyasu H, Yasui W, Yokozaki H, Kitadai Y, Tahara E (1993) Aberrant expression of c-met mRNA in human gastric carcinomas. Int J Cancer 55:72–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Werner M, Becker KF, Keller G, Hofler H (2001) Gastric adenocarcinoma: pathomorphology and molecular pathology. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 127:207–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lin W, Kao HW, Robinson D, Kung HJ, Wu CW, Chen HC (2000) Tyrosine kinases and gastric cancer. Oncogene 19:5680–5689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Katoh M, Hattori Y, Sasaki H, Tanaka M, Sugano K, Yazaki Y, Sugimura T, Terada M (1992) K-sam gene encodes secreted as well as transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2960–2964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Deng N, Goh LK, Wang H, Das K, Tao J, Tan IB, Zhang S, Lee M, Wu J, Lim KH, Lei Z, Goh G, Lim QY, Tan AL, Sin Poh DY, Riahi S, Bell S, Shi MM, Linnartz R, Zhu F, Yeoh KG, Toh HC, Yong WP, Cheong HC, Rha SY, Boussioutas A, Grabsch H, Rozen S, Tan P (2012) A comprehensive survey of genomic alterations in gastric cancer reveals systematic patterns of molecular exclusivity and co-occurrence among distinct therapeutic targets. Gut 61:673–684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hung MC, Lau YK (1999) Basic science of HER-2/neu: a review. Semin Oncol 26:51–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Gravalos C, Jimeno A (2008) HER2 in gastric cancer: a new prognostic factor and a novel therapeutic target. Ann Oncol 19:1523–1529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ross JS, McKenna BJ (2001) The HER-2/neu oncogene in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer Invest 19:554–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Allgayer H, Babic R, Gruetzner KU, Tarabichi A, Schildberg FW, Heiss MM (2000) c-erbB-2 is of independent prognostic relevance in gastric cancer and is associated with the expression of tumor-associated protease systems. J Clin Oncol 18:2201–2209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Hofmann M, Stoss O, Shi D, Buttner R, van de Vijver M, Kim W, Ochiai A, Ruschoff J, Henkel T (2008) Assessment of a HER2 scoring system for gastric cancer: results from a validation study. Histopathology 52:797–805

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Grabsch H, Sivakumar S, Gray S, Gabbert HE, Muller W (2010) HER2 expression in gastric cancer: rare, heterogeneous and of no prognostic value—conclusions from 924 cases of two independent series. Cell Oncol 32:57–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Wu CW, Li AF, Chi CW, Huang CL, Shen KH, Liu WY, Lin W (2000) Human gastric cancer kinase profile and prognostic significance of MKK4 kinase. Am J Pathol 156:2007–2015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hashiyama M, Iwama A, Ohshiro K, Kurozumi K, Yasunaga K, Shimizu Y, Masuho Y, Matsuda I, Yamaguchi N, Suda T (1996) Predominant expression of a receptor tyrosine kinase, TIE, in hematopoietic stem cells and B cells. Blood 87:93–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Correa P, Shiao YH (1994) Phenotypic and genotypic events in gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 54:1941s–1943s

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Yamada Y, Yoshida T, Hayashi K, Sekiya T, Yokota J, Hirohashi S, Nakatani K, Nakano H, Sugimura T, Terada M (1991) p53 gene mutations in gastric cancer metastases and in gastric cancer cell lines derived from metastases. Cancer Res 51:5800–5805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Leung WK, To KF, Ng YP, Lee TL, Lau JY, Chan FK, Ng EK, Chung SC, Sung JJ (2001) Association between cyclo-oxygenase-2 overexpression and missense p53 mutations in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 84:335–339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Joypaul BV, Hopwood D, Newman EL, Qureshi S, Grant A, Ogston SA, Lane DP, Cuschieri A (1994) The prognostic significance of the accumulation of p53 tumour-suppressor gene protein in gastric adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 69:943–946

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Gamboa-Dominguez A, Seidl S, Reyes-Gutierrez E, Hermannstadter C, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Busch R, Hofler H, Fend F, Luber B (2007) Prognostic significance of p21WAF1/CIP1, p27Kip1, p53 and E-cadherin expression in gastric cancer. J Clin Pathol 60:756–761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Sumiyoshi Y, Kakeji Y, Egashira A, Mizokami K, Orita H, Maehara Y (2006) Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and p53 is a marker for an unfavorable prognosis in gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12:5112–5117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Cunningham SC, Kamangar F, Kim MP, Hammoud S, Haque R, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Maitra A, Ashfaq R, Hustinx S, Heitmiller RE, Choti MA, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL, Yeo CJ, Schulick RD, Montgomery E (2006) Claudin-4, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4, and stratifin are markers of gastric adenocarcinoma precursor lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:281–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Soini Y, Tommola S, Helin H, Martikainen P (2006) Claudins 1, 3, 4 and 5 in gastric carcinoma, loss of claudin expression associates with the diffuse subtype. Virchows Arch 448:52–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kwon MJ, Kim SH, Jeong HM, Jung HS, Kim SS, Lee JE, Gye MC, Erkin OC, Koh SS, Choi YL, Park CK, Shin YK (2011) Claudin-4 overexpression is associated with epigenetic derepression in gastric carcinoma. Lab Invest 91:1652–1667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Jung H, Jun KH, Jung JH, Chin HM, Park WB (2011) The expression of claudin-1, claudin-2, claudin-3, and claudin-4 in gastric cancer tissue. J Surg Res 167:e185–e191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Sanada Y, Oue N, Mitani Y, Yoshida K, Nakayama H, Yasui W (2006) Down-regulation of the claudin-18 gene, identified through serial analysis of gene expression data analysis, in gastric cancer with an intestinal phenotype. J Pathol 208:633–642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Li QL, Ito K, Sakakura C, Fukamachi H, Inoue K, Chi XZ, Lee KY, Nomura S, Lee CW, Han SB, Kim HM, Kim WJ, Yamamoto H, Yamashita N, Yano T, Ikeda T, Itohara S, Inazawa J, Abe T, Hagiwara A, Yamagishi H, Ooe A, Kaneda A, Sugimura T, Ushijima T, Bae SC, Ito Y (2002) Causal relationship between the loss of RUNX3 expression and gastric cancer. Cell 109:113–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kim TY, Lee HJ, Hwang KS, Lee M, Kim JW, Bang YJ, Kang GH (2004) Methylation of RUNX3 in various types of human cancers and premalignant stages of gastric carcinoma. Lab Invest 84:479–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hsu PI, Hsieh HL, Lee J, Lin LF, Chen HC, Lu PJ, Hsiao M (2009) Loss of RUNX3 expression correlates with differentiation, nodal metastasis, and poor prognosis of gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 16:1686–1694

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Oki E, Kakeji Y, Baba H, Tokunaga E, Nakamura T, Ueda N, Futatsugi M, Yamamoto M, Ikebe M, Maehara Y (2006) Impact of loss of heterozygosity of encoding phosphate and tensin homolog on the prognosis of gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21:814–818

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Byun DS, Cho K, Ryu BK, Lee MG, Park JI, Chae KS, Kim HJ, Chi SG (2003) Frequent monoallelic deletion of PTEN and its reciprocal association with PIK3CA amplification in gastric carcinoma. Int J Cancer 104:318–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kang YH, Lee HS, Kim WH (2002) Promoter methylation and silencing of PTEN in gastric carcinoma. Lab Invest 82:285–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Lee HS, Lee HK, Kim HS, Yang HK, Kim WH (2003) Tumour suppressor gene expression correlates with gastric cancer prognosis. J Pathol 200:39–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Maeda K, Kang SM, Onoda N, Ogawa M, Kato Y, Sawada T, Chung KH (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in preoperative biopsy specimens correlates with disease recurrence in patients with early gastric carcinoma. Cancer 86:566–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Kakeji Y, Koga T, Sumiyoshi Y, Shibahara K, Oda S, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K (2002) Clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in gastric cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 21:125–129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Liu YF, Guo S, Zhao R, Chen YG, Wang XQ, Xu KS (2012) Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression with tumor recurrence and poor prognosis in patients with pN0 gastric cancer. World J Surg 36:109–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Chen J, Li T, Wu Y, He L, Zhang L, Shi T, Yi Z, Liu M, Pang X (2011) Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in gastric carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 137:1799–1812

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Nakamura M, Katano M, Fujimoto K, Morisaki T (1997) A new prognostic strategy for gastric carcinoma: mRNA expression of tumor growth-related factors in endoscopic biopsy specimens. Ann Surg 226:35–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Katano M, Nakamura M, Fujimoto K, Miyazaki K, Morisaki T (1998) Prognostic value of platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) in gastric carcinoma. Ann Surg 227:365–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Kodama M, Kitadai Y, Sumida T, Ohnishi M, Ohara E, Tanaka M, Shinagawa K, Tanaka S, Yasui W, Chayama K (2010) Expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B and PDGF-receptor beta is associated with lymphatic metastasis in human gastric carcinoma. Cancer Sci 101:1984–1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Birkedal-Hansen H, Moore WG, Bodden MK, Windsor LJ, Birkedal-Hansen B, DeCarlo A, Engler JA (1993) Matrix metalloproteinases: a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 4:197–250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Kubben FJ, Sier CF, van Duijn W, Griffioen G, Hanemaaijer R, van de Velde CJ, van Krieken JH, Lamers CB, Verspaget HW (2006) Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is a consistent prognostic factor in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 94:1035–1040

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Al-Batran SE, Pauligk C, Wirtz R, Werner D, Steinmetz K, Homann N, Schmalenberg H, Hofheinz RD, Hartmann JT, Atmaca A, Altmannsberger HM, Jager E (2011) The validation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA gene expression as a predictor of outcome in patients with metastatic gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 23(7):1699–1705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Sampieri CL, de la Pena S, Ochoa-Lara M, Zenteno-Cuevas R, Leon-Cordoba K (2010) Expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in human gastric cancer and superficial gastritis. World J Gastroenterol 16:1500–1505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Tseng CW, Lin CC, Chen CN, Huang HC, Juan HF (2011) Integrative network analysis reveals active microRNAs and their functions in gastric cancer. BMC Syst Biol 5:99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Oh HK, Tan AL, Das K, Ooi CH, Deng NT, Tan IB, Beillard E, Lee J, Ramnarayanan K, Rha SY, Palanisamy N, Voorhoeve PM, Tan P (2011) Genomic loss of miR-486 regulates tumor progression and the OLFM4 antiapoptotic factor in gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17:2657–2667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Li X, Zhang Y, Ding J, Wu K, Fan D (2010) Survival prediction of gastric cancer by a seven-microRNA signature. Gut 59:579–585

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Katada T, Ishiguro H, Kuwabara Y, Kimura M, Mitui A, Mori Y, Ogawa R, Harata K, Fujii Y (2009) microRNA expression profile in undifferentiated gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 34:537–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Bandres E, Bitarte N, Arias F, Agorreta J, Fortes P, Agirre X, Zarate R, Diaz-Gonzalez JA, Ramirez N, Sola JJ, Jimenez P, Rodriguez J, Garcia-Foncillas J (2009) microRNA-451 regulates macrophage migration inhibitory factor production and proliferation of gastrointestinal cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 15:2281–2290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Tie J, Pan Y, Zhao L, Wu K, Liu J, Sun S, Guo X, Wang B, Gang Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Qiao T, Zhao Q, Nie Y, Fan D (2010) MiR-218 inhibits invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer by targeting the Robo1 receptor. PLoS Genet 6:e1000879

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Ueda T, Volinia S, Okumura H, Shimizu M, Taccioli C, Rossi S, Alder H, Liu CG, Oue N, Yasui W, Yoshida K, Sasaki H, Nomura S, Seto Y, Kaminishi M, Calin GA, Croce CM (2010) Relation between microRNA expression and progression and prognosis of gastric cancer: a microRNA expression analysis. Lancet Oncol 11:136–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Tan IB, Ivanova T, Lim KH, Ong CW, Deng N, Lee J, Tan SH, Wu J, Lee MH, Ooi CH, Rha SY, Wong WK, Boussioutas A, Yeoh KG, So J, Yong WP, Tsuburaya A, Grabsch H, Toh HC, Rozen S, Cheong JH, Noh SH, Wan WK, Ajani JA, Lee JS, Tellez MS, Tan P (2011) Intrinsic subtypes of gastric cancer, based on gene expression pattern, predict survival and respond differently to chemotherapy. Gastroenterology 141:476–485, 485.e1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Ooi CH, Ivanova T, Wu J, Lee M, Tan IB, Tao J, Ward L, Koo JH, Gopalakrishnan V, Zhu Y, Cheng LL, Lee J, Rha SY, Chung HC, Ganesan K, So J, Soo KC, Lim D, Chan WH, Wong WK, Bowtell D, Yeoh KG, Grabsch H, Boussioutas A, Tan P (2009) Oncogenic pathway combinations predict clinical prognosis in gastric cancer. PLoS Genet 5:e1000676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Cho JY, Lim JY, Cheong JH, Park YY, Yoon SL, Kim SM, Kim SB, Kim H, Hong SW, Park YN, Noh SH, Park ES, Chu IS, Hong WK, Ajani JA, Lee JS (2011) Gene expression signature-based prognostic risk score in gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17:1850–1857

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. (2002) Early administration of intravenous magnesium to high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction in the Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Trial: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 360:1189–1196.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, Foo K, Zalcberg J, Simes J (2007) Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 8:226–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, Thompson JN, Van de Velde CJ, Nicolson M, Scarffe JH, Lofts FJ, Falk SJ, Iveson TJ, Smith DB, Langley RE, Verma M, Weeden S, Chua YJ, Participants MT (2006) Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 355:11–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, Levin WJ, Ullrich A, McGuire WL (1987) Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 235:177–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Revillion F, Bonneterre J, Peyrat JP (1998) ERBB2 oncogene in human breast cancer and its clinical significance. Eur J Cancer 34:791–808

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Lu JW, Gao CM, Wu JZ, Cao HX, Tajima K, Feng JF (2006) Polymorphism in the 3′-untranslated region of the thymidylate synthase gene and sensitivity of stomach cancer to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy. J Hum Genet 51:155–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Ott K, Vogelsang H, Marton N, Becker K, Lordick F, Kobl M, Schuhmacher C, Novotny A, Mueller J, Fink U, Ulm K, Siewert JR, Hofler H, Keller G (2006) The thymidylate synthase tandem repeat promoter polymorphism: a predictor for tumor-related survival in neoadjuvant treated locally advanced gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 119:2885–2894

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Goekkurt E, Hoehn S, Wolschke C, Wittmer C, Stueber C, Hossfeld DK, Stoehlmacher J (2006) Polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases (GST) and thymidylate synthase (TS)—novel predictors for response and survival in gastric cancer patients. Br J Cancer 94:281–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Metzger R, Leichman CG, Danenberg KD, Danenberg PV, Lenz HJ, Hayashi K, Groshen S, Salonga D, Cohen H, Laine L, Crookes P, Silberman H, Baranda J, Konda B, Leichman L (1998) ERCC1 mRNA levels complement thymidylate synthase mRNA levels in predicting response and survival for gastric cancer patients receiving combination cisplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 16:309–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Napieralski R, Ott K, Kremer M, Specht K, Vogelsang H, Becker K, Muller M, Lordick F, Fink U, Rudiger Siewert J, Hofler H, Keller G (2005) Combined GADD45A and thymidine phosphorylase expression levels predict response and survival of neoadjuvant-treated gastric cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 11:3025–3031

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Wei J, Liu B, Zou Z, Qian X, Zhang W, Yu L (2007) ERCC1 mRNA expression and XRCC1 polymorphism as predictive factors for overall survival in gastric cancer patients receiving platinum based chemotherapy. ASCO Meeting Abstracts 25:2512

    Google Scholar 

  155. Liu B, Wei J, Zou Z, Qian X, Nakamura T, Zhang W, Ding Y, Feng J, Yu L (2007) Polymorphism of XRCC1 predicts overall survival of gastric cancer patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in Chinese population. Eur J Hum Genet 15:1049–1053

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Wei J, Zou Z, Qian X, Ding Y, Xie L, Sanchez JJ, Zhao Y, Feng J, Ling Y, Liu Y, Yu L, Rosell R, Liu B (2008) ERCC1 mRNA levels and survival of advanced gastric cancer patients treated with a modified FOLFOX regimen. Br J Cancer 98:1398–1402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Matsubara J, Nishina T, Yamada Y, Moriwaki T, Shimoda T, Kajiwara T, Nakajima TE, Kato K, Hamaguchi T, Shimada Y, Okayama Y, Oka T, Shirao K (2008) Impacts of excision repair cross-complementing gene 1 (ERCC1), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, and epidermal growth factor receptor on the outcomes of patients with advanced gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 98:832–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Reardon JT, Sancar A (2005) Nucleotide excision repair. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 79:183–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Benhamou S, Sarasin A (2000) Variability in nucleotide excision repair and cancer risk: a review. Mutat Res 462:149–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Lunn RM, Helzlsouer KJ, Parshad R, Umbach DM, Harris EL, Sanford KK, Bell DA (2000) XPD polymorphisms: effects on DNA repair proficiency. Carcinogenesis 21:551–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Yin M, Yan J, Martinez-Balibrea E, Graziano F, Lenz HJ, Kim HJ, Robert J, Im SA, Wang WS, Etienne-Grimaldi MC, Wei Q (2011) ERCC1 and ERCC2 polymorphisms predict clinical outcomes of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapies in gastric and colorectal cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cancer Res 17:1632–1640

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Zarate RN, Arias F, Bandres E, Cubedo E, Malumbres R, Garcia-Foncillas J (2006) Xeroderma pigmentosum group D 751 polymorphism as a predictive factor in resected gastric cancer treated with chemo-radiotherapy. World J Gastroenterol 12:6032–6036

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Fareed KR, Kaye P, Soomro IN, Ilyas M, Martin S, Parsons SL, Madhusudan S (2009) Biomarkers of response to therapy in oesophago-gastric cancer. Gut 58:127–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Nakamura M, Tsuji N, Asanuma K, Kobayashi D, Yagihashi A, Hirata K, Torigoe T, Sato N, Watanabe N (2004) Survivin as a predictor of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum sensitivity in gastric cancer patients. Cancer Sci 95:44–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Akatsu Y, Saikawa Y, Kubota T, Akatsu T, Yoshida M, Kitagawa Y, Otani Y, Kumai K, Kitajima M (2007) Predictive value of GADD153, p21 and c-Jun for chemotherapy response in gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 98:707–715

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Boku N, Chin K, Hosokawa K, Ohtsu A, Tajiri H, Yoshida S, Yamao T, Kondo H, Shirao K, Shimada Y, Saito D, Hasebe T, Mukai K, Seki S, Saito H, Johnston PG (1998) Biological markers as a predictor for response and prognosis of unresectable gastric cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil and cis-platinum. Clin Cancer Res 4:1469–1474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Nagashima F, Boku N, Ohtsu A, Yoshida S, Hasebe T, Ochiai A, Sakata Y, Saito H, Miyata Y, Hyodo I, Ando M (2005) Biological markers as a predictor for response and prognosis of unresectable gastric cancer patients treated with irinotecan and cisplatin. Jpn J Clin Oncol 35:714–719

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Nakata B, Chung KH, Ogawa M, Ogawa Y, Yanagawa K, Muguruma K, Inoue T, Yamashita Y, Onoda N, Maeda K, Sawada T, Sowa M (1998) p53 protein overexpression as a predictor of the response to chemotherapy in gastric cancer. Surg Today 28:595–598

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Bataille F, Rummele P, Dietmaier W, Gaag D, Klebl F, Reichle A, Wild P, Hofstadter F, Hartmann A (2003) Alterations in p53 predict response to preoperative high dose chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. Mol Pathol 56:286–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Huang ZH, Hua D, Li LH, Zhu JD (2008) Prognostic role of p53 codon 72 polymorphism in gastric cancer patients treated with fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 134:1129–1134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, Chung HC, Shen L, Sawaki A, Lordick F, Ohtsu A, Omuro Y, Satoh T, Aprile G, Kulikov E, Hill J, Lehle M, Ruschoff J, Kang YK (2010) Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 376:687–697

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Iqbal S, Goldman B, Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Lenz HJ, Zhang W, Danenberg KD, Shibata SI, Blanke CD (2011) Southwest Oncology Group study S0413: a phase II trial of lapatinib (GW572016) as first-line therapy in patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 22:2610–2615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Luber B, Deplazes J, Keller G, Walch A, Rauser S, Eichmann M, Langer R, Hofler H, Hegewisch-Becker S, Folprecht G, Woll E, Decker T, Endlicher E, Lorenzen S, Fend F, Peschel C, Lordick F (2011) Biomarker analysis of cetuximab plus oxaliplatin/leucovorin/5-fluorouracil in first-line metastatic gastric and oesophago-gastric junction cancer: results from a phase II trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). BMC Cancer 11:509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Han SW, Oh DY, Im SA, Park SR, Lee KW, Song HS, Lee NS, Lee KH, Choi IS, Lee MH, Kim MA, Kim WH, Bang YJ, Kim TY (2009) Phase II study and biomarker analysis of cetuximab combined with modified FOLFOX6 in advanced gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 100:298–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Deng N, Goh LK, Wang H, Das K, Tao J, Tan IB, Zhang S, Lee M, Wu J, Lim KH, Lei Z, Goh G, Lim QY, Lay-Keng Tan A, Sin Poh DY, Riahi S, Bell S, Shi MM, Linnartz R, Zhu F, Yeoh KG, Toh HC, Yong WP, Cheong HC, Rha SY, Boussioutas A, Grabsch H, Rozen S, Tan P (2012) A comprehensive survey of genomic alterations in gastric cancer reveals systematic patterns of molecular exclusivity and co-occurrence among distinct therapeutic targets. Gut 61(5):673–684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Imdahl A, Bognar G, Schulte-Monting J, Schoffel U, Farthmann EH, Ihling C (2002) Predictive factors for response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21:657–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Boku N, Ohtsu A, Nagashima F, Shirao K, Koizumi W (2007) Relationship between expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumor tissue from gastric cancers and chemotherapy effects: comparison between S-1 alone and the combination of S-1 plus CDDP. Jpn J Clin Oncol 37:509–514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Shah MA, Ramanathan RK, Ilson DH, Levnor A, D’Adamo D, O’Reilly E, Tse A, Trocola R, Schwartz L, Capanu M, Schwartz GK, Kelsen DP (2006) Multicenter phase II study of irinotecan, cisplatin, and bevacizumab in patients with metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24:5201–5206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Ohtsu A, Shah MA, Van Cutsem E, Rha SY, Sawaki A, Park SR, Lim HY, Yamada Y, Wu J, Langer B, Starnawski M, Kang YK (2011) Bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line therapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study. J Clin Oncol 29:3968–3976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Andre F, Campone M, O’Regan R, Manlius C, Massacesi C, Sahmoud T, Mukhopadhyay P, Soria JC, Naughton M, Hurvitz SA (2010) Phase I study of everolimus plus weekly paclitaxel and trastuzumab in patients with metastatic breast cancer pretreated with trastuzumab. J Clin Oncol 28:5110–5115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Marchet A, Mocellin S, Belluco C, Ambrosi A, DeMarchi F, Mammano E, Digito M, Leon A, D’Arrigo A, Lise M, Nitti D (2007) Gene expression profile of primary gastric cancer: towards the prediction of lymph node status. Ann Surg Oncol 14:1058–1064

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Gautschi O, Heighway J, Mack PC, Purnell PR, Lara PN Jr, Gandara DR (2008) Aurora kinases as anticancer drug targets. Clin Cancer Res 14:1639–1648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Ma X, Chen K, Huang S, Zhang X, Adegboyega PA, Evers BM, Zhang H, Xie J (2005) Frequent activation of the hedgehog pathway in advanced gastric adenocarcinomas. Carcinogenesis 26:1698–1705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Wang LH, Choi YL, Hua XY, Shin YK, Song YJ, Youn SJ, Yun HY, Park SM, Kim WJ, Kim HJ, Choi JS, Kim SH (2006) Increased expression of sonic hedgehog and altered methylation of its promoter region in gastric cancer and its related lesions. Mod Pathol 19:675–683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Berman DM, Karhadkar SS, Maitra A, Montes De Oca R, Gerstenblith MR, Briggs K, Parker AR, Shimada Y, Eshleman JR, Watkins DN, Beachy PA (2003) Widespread requirement for Hedgehog ligand stimulation in growth of digestive tract tumours. Nature 425:846–851

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Zuo DS, Dai J, Bo AH, Fan J, Xiao XY (2003) Significance of expression of heat shock protein90alpha in human gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 9:2616–2618

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Huang ZH, Hua D, Du X (2009) Polymorphisms in p53, GSTP1 and XRCC1 predict relapse and survival of gastric cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 64:1001–1007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Zhao B, Yang P, Yang J, Cai D (2011) A randomized trial of somatostatin to regulate the VEGFs/VEGFRs in patients with gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 58:1425–1430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore

    Kakoli Das & Patrick Tan

  2. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore

    Patrick Tan

  3. Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street Genome #02-01, Singapore, 138672, Singapore

    Patrick Tan

  4. Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore

    Patrick Tan

Authors
  1. Kakoli Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Patrick Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine Building, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road 21, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

    Nikki P. Lee

  2. Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, York Ave. 1230, NEW YORK, 10021, New York, USA

    C.Y. Cheng

  3. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Departmen, National University of Singapore, Medical Drive 10, Singapore, 117597, Singapore

    John M. Luk

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Das, K., Tan, P. (2013). Using Genomic Biomarkers to Predict Patient Prognosis and Treatment Response in Gastric Cancer. In: Lee, N., Cheng, C., Luk, J. (eds) New Advances on Disease Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Biomedicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-456-2_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation