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Nonreceptor Protein Kinases c-Src, c-Yes, and FAK Are Biomarkers for Male Contraceptive Research

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Abstract

A major obstacle in male contraceptive research and development is the lack of reliable and sensitive biomarkers to monitor the efficacy and potency of candidate compounds under investigation. Since the use of routine andrology techniques/analyses, such as sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology, sperm DNA integrity, sperm metabolism, and other semen characteristics (e.g., semen volume, pH, bacterial content) are tedious, representing the combined changes that take place in the testis and the male reproductive tract including the epididymis, rete testis, efferent ducts, prostate, and seminal vesicles. As such, the number of compounds that can be rapidly screened and tested is severely limited. Also, the outcomes are often difficult to interpret since it is not known if a compound under investigation exerts its effects mostly in the testis, the epididymis, another accessory sex organ or a combination of these organs. Herein, we summarize recent findings in the field regarding the use of nonreceptor protein kinases c-Src, c-Yes, and FAK as possible biomarkers for male contraceptive development based on our experience with adjudin, 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbohydrazide (formerly known as AF-2364). This information should pave the way of using these, and possibly other, markers for male contraceptive research.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, NICHD, R01 HD056034 to C.Y.C; U54 HD029990 Project 5 to C.Y.C; Hong Kong University CRCG Seed Funding Research Grant to W.M.L; Hong Kong Research Grants Council/National Natural Science Foundation of China N_HKU717/12 to W.M.L.; the Government of India, Department of Biotechnology (BT/BI/03/015/2002 to P.P.M), and Department of Information Technology (DIT/R & D/BIO/15(9)/2007 to P.P.M).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA

    Xiang Xiao, Dolores D. Mruk & C. Y. Cheng Ph.D.

  2. Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India

    Pranitha Jenardhanan, Jayakanthan Mannu & Premendu P. Mathur

  3. KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar, 751024, Odisha, India

    Premendu P. Mathur

  4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Will M. Lee

  5. S.B.M. Srl, Via Domenico Tardini 35, Rome, 00167, Italy

    Bruno Silvestrini

  6. Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, NY, 10310, USA

    Yan-ho Cheng

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  1. Xiang Xiao
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  2. Dolores D. Mruk
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  3. Pranitha Jenardhanan
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  4. Jayakanthan Mannu
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  5. Premendu P. Mathur
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  6. Will M. Lee
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  7. Bruno Silvestrini
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  8. Yan-ho Cheng
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  9. C. Y. Cheng Ph.D.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Y. Cheng Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine Building, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road 21, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

    Nikki P. Lee

  2. Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, York Ave. 1230, NEW YORK, 10021, New York, USA

    C.Y. Cheng

  3. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Departmen, National University of Singapore, Medical Drive 10, Singapore, 117597, Singapore

    John M. Luk

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Xiao, X. et al. (2013). Nonreceptor Protein Kinases c-Src, c-Yes, and FAK Are Biomarkers for Male Contraceptive Research. In: Lee, N., Cheng, C., Luk, J. (eds) New Advances on Disease Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Biomedicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-456-2_1

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