Abstract
Human breast milk is always seen as the preferred choice for infant nutrition [1]. It is a wholly nutritious complete food for infants and contains many components that have important bioactive roles [2, 3]. In particular, several glycoprotein and soluble oligasaccharides were found to be selectively stimulatory for bifidobacteria [4, 5]. Gut flora dominated by bifidobacteria account for healthier outcome of breast-milk infants respect to formula-fed ones. Some kinds of oligosaccharides act as soluble receptors of different pathogens at mucosal level, so demonstrating a higher immunological resistance in breast-milk infants [6].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cuthbertson WJF. Evolution of infant nutrition. Br J Nutr. 1999;81:359–71.
Goldman AS, Chheda S, Garofalo R. Spectrum of immunomodulating agents in human milk. Int J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1997;4:491–7.
Garofalo RP, Goldman AS. Expression of functional immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory factors in human milk. Clin Perinatol. 1999;26:361–77.
Gauhe A, Gyorgy P, Hoover JR, et al. Bifidus factor—preparation obtained from human milk. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1954;49:214–24.
Petschow BW, Talbott RD. Response of bifidobacterium species to growth promoters in human and cow milk. Pediatr Res. 1991;29:208–13.
Kunz C, Rudloff S, Baier W, et al. Oligosaccharides in human milk: structural, functional, and metabolic aspects. Annu Rev Nutr. 2000;20:699–722.
Holzapfel WH, Haberer P, Snel J, et al. Overview of gut flora and probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol. 1998;41:85–101.
Collins MD, Gibson GR. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:1052S–7.
Gibson GR, McCartney AL. Modification of the gut flora by dietary means. Biochem Soc Trans. 1998;26:222–8.
Dunne C, O’Mahony L, Murphy L, et al. In vitro selection criteria for probioticbacteria of human origin: correlation with in vivo findings. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:386S–92.
Bennet R, Nord CE, Zetterstrom R. Transient colonisation of the gut of newborn infants by orally administered bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81:784–7.
Millar MR, Bacon C, Smith SL, et al. Enteral feeding of premature infants with Lactobacillus GG. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:483–7.
Langhendries JP, Detry J, Van Hees J, et al. Effect of a fermented infant formula containing viable bifidobacteria on the fecal flora composition and pH of healthy full-term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995;2:177–81.
Isolauri E, Juntunen M, Rautanen T, et al. A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics. 1991;88:90–7.
Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, et al. Feeding of Bifidobacteriumbifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet. 1994;44:1046–9.
Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microflora introducing the concept of probiotics. J Nutr. 1995;125:1401–12.
National Institutes of Health. The NIH roadmap for medical research: the human microbiome project. http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/hmp/. Accessed 1 Nov 2010.
Hattori M, Taylor TD. The human intestinal microbiome: anew frontier of human biology. DNA Res. 2009;16:1–12.
Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, et al. The human microbiome project. Nature. 2007;449:804–10.
Verdu EF, Collins SM. Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Irritable bowel syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;18:315–21.
Perrier C, Corthésy B. Gut permeability and food allergies. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41:20–8.
Salminen S, Isolauri E, Salminen E. Clinical uses of probiotics or stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1996;70:347–58.
Rhee KJ, Sethupathi P, Driks A, et al. Role of commensal bacteria in development of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and preimmune antibody repertoire. J Immunol. 2004;172:1118–24.
Suzuki K, Kawamoto S, Maruya M, et al. GALT: organization and dynamics leading to IgA synthesis. Adv Immunol. 2010;107:153–85.
Severson KM, Mallozzi M, Driks A, et al. B cell development in GALT: role of bacterial superantigen-like molecules. J Immunol. 2010;184:6782–9.
Abreu MT. Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:131–44.
Collins SM, Bercik P. The relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system in normal gastrointestinal function and disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:2003–14.
Cryan JF, O’Mahony SM. The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;23:187–92.
Lin HC. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a framework forunderstanding irritable bowel syndrome. JAMA. 2004;292:852–8.
Maukonen J, Satokari R, Matto J, Soderlund H, Mattila-Sandholm T, Saarela M. Prevalence and temporal stability of selected clostridialgroups in irritable bowel syndrome in relation to predominantfaecal bacteria. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55:625–33.
Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC, Andrews WW. Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1500–70.
Mshvildadze M, Neu J, Mai V. Intestinal microbiota development in the premature neonate: establishment of a lastingcommensal relationship. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:658–63.
New J. Perinatal and neonatal manipulation of the intestinalmicrobiome: a note of caution. Nutr Rev. 2007;1:282–5.
Kirjavainen P, Gibson GR. Heathy gut microflors and allergy: factors influencing development of the microbiots. Ann Med. 1999;31:288–92.
Domiguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:11971–5.
Saavedra JM. Use of probiotics in pediatrics: rationale, mechanisms of action, and practical aspects. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22:351–65.
Boeckxstaens GE. Neuroimmune interaction in the gut: from bench to bedside. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 2006;68:329–55.
Gewolb IH, Schwalbe RS, Taciak VL, et al. Stool microflora in extremely low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;80:F167–73.
Stark PL, Lee A. The bacterial colonization of the large bowelof pre-term low birth weight neonates. J Hygiene. 1982;89:59–67.
Buchen L. The new germ theory. Nature. 2010;468:492–5.
Wang Y, Hoenig JD, Malin KJ, et al. 16S rRNA gene-basedanalysis of fecal microbiota from preterm infants with andwithout necrotizing enterocolitis. ISME J. 2009;3:944–54.
Morowitz MJ, Poroyko V, Caplan M, et al. Redefining the role of intestinal microbes in the pathogenesisof necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics. 2010;125:777–85.
Berseth CL. Gastrointestinal motility in the neonate. Clin Perinatol. 1996;23:179–90.
Lucas A, Cole TJ, Morley R, et al. Factors associated with maternal choice to provide breast milk for low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child. 1988;63:48–52.
Dumont RC, Rudolph CD. Development of gastrointestinal motility in the infant and child. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1994;23:655–71.
Piena-Spoel M, Albers MJ, Ten Kate J, Tibboel D. Intestinal permeability in newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis and controls: does the sugar absorption test provide guidelines to (re-)introduce enteral nutrition? J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:587–92.
Neu J. Gastrointestinal development and meeting the nutritional needs of premature infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(suppl):629S–34.
Lebenthal A, Lebenthal E. The ontogeny of the small intestinal epithelium. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999;23:S3–6.
Berseth CL, Nordyke CK, Valdes MG, et al. Responses of gastrointestinal peptides and motor activity to milk and water feedings in preterm and term infants. Pediatr Res. 1992;31:587–90.
Newburg DS. Neonatal protection by innate immune system of human milk consisting of oligosaccharides and glycans. J Anim Sci. 2009;87:26–34.
Martin R, Langa S, Reviriego C, et al. Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. J Pediatr. 2003;143:754–8.
Bruzzese E, Volpicelli M, Salvini F, et al. Early administration of GOS/FOS prevent intestinal and respiratory infections in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42:2–18.
Forchielli ML, Walker WA. The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mucosal defence. Br J Nutr. 2005;93 Suppl 1:S41–8.
Labayen I, Forga L, Gonzalez A, et al. Relationship between lactose digestion, gastrointestinal transit time and symptoms in lactose 30 malabsorbers after dairy consumption. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:543–9.
Clark DA, Miller MJ. Intraluminal pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 1990;117:64–7.
Savilahti E, Kuitunen M, Vaarala O. Pre and probiotics in the prevention and treatment of food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;8:243–8.
Furrie E, Macfarlane S, Kennedy A, et al. Symbiotic therapy (bifidobacteriumlongum/Sinergy 1) initiates resolution of inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Gut. 2005;54:242–9.
Lu L, Walker WA. Pathogenic and physiologic interactions of bacteria with the gastrointestinal epithelium. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:1124S–30.
Sherman MP. New concepts of microbial translocation in the neonatal intestine: mechanisms and prevention. Clin Perinatol. 2010;37:565–79.
Madsen K, Cornish A, Soper P, et al. Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:580–91.
Wehkamp J, Harder J, Wehkamp K, et al. Nf-kB and AP-1-mediated induction of human beta defensin-2 in intestinal epithelial cells by Escherichia coli Nissle 1917: a novel effect of a probiotic bacterium. Infect Immun. 2004;72:5750–8.
Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Schmitt J, et al. Early dietary intervention with a mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of allergic manifestations and infections during the first two years of life. J Nutr. 2008;138:1091–5.
Sherman PM, Cabana M, Gibson GR, et al. Potential roles and clinical utility of prebiotics in newborns, infants, and children: proceedings from a global prebiotic summit meeting, New York City, June 27–28, 2008. J Pediatr. 2009;155:S61–70.
Schauber J, Svanholm C, Termen S, et al. Expression of the cathelicidin LL-37 is modulated by short chain fatty acids in colonocytes: relevance of signalling pathways. Gut. 2003;52:735–41.
Raqib R, Sarker P, Bergman P, et al. Improved outcome in shigellosis asociated with butyrate induction of an endogenous peptide antibiotic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:9178–83.
Weizman Z, Alsheikh A. Safety and tolerance of a prebiotic formula in early infancy comparing two probiotic agents: a pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25:415–9.
Schwartz GJ, Moran TH. Duodenal nutrient exposure elicits nutrient-specific gut motility and vagal afferent signals in rats. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:R1236–42.
Bouin M, Savoye G, Maillot C, et al. How do fiber-supplemented formulas affect antroduodenal motility during enteral nutrition? A comparative study between mixed and insoluble fibers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1040–6.
McManus CM, Michel KE, Simon DM, et al. Effect of short chain fatty acids on contraction of smooth muscle in the canine colon. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63:295–300.
Cherbut C. Motor effects of short-chain fatty acids and lactate in the gastrointestinal tract. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003;62:95–9.
Longo WE, Ballantyne GH, Savoca PE, et al. Short-chain fatty acid release of peptide YY in the isolated rabbit distal colon. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1991;26:442–8.
Ravelli AM, Tobanelli P, Volpi S, et al. Vomiting and gastric motility in infants with cow’s milk allergy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;32:59–64.
Clark DA, Miller MJ. Intraluminal pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 1990;117:s64–7.
Guerrini S, Barbara G, Stanghellini V, et al. Inflamatory neuropathies of the enteric nervous system. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1872–83.
Wang XY, Berezin I, Mikkelsen HB, et al. Pathology of interstitial cells of Cajal in relation to inflammation reveald by ultrastructure but not immunochemistry. Am J Pathol. 2002;160:1529–40.
Verdue E, Bergonzelli G, Bercik P, Lopes L, Fürholz A, Rochat F, Corthésy-theulaz I, Collins S. Lactobacillus paracaseii normalizes postinfectivedismotility in vivo- Potential mechanism involved. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42:E96.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Indrio, F., Riezzo, G. (2013). Prebiotics and Probiotics: Infant Health and Growth. In: Watson, R., Grimble, G., Preedy, V., Zibadi, S. (eds) Nutrition in Infancy. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-254-4_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-254-4_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-253-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-254-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)