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Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Genetic Expressions

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Omega-6/3 Fatty Acids

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Recent studies indicate that the optimal ratio of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids may vary within the pathogenesis of a disease under consideration. This is consistent with the fact that noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are polygenic and multifactorial. It seems likely that the therapeutic dose of omega-3 fatty acids will depend on the risk factor of the disease as well as on degree of severity of disease resulting from the genetic predisposition. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the NCDs of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries that are rapidly adopting Western dietary habits (1–3). It has been proposed that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of ∼1, whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1 to 16.7/1 and in Asia the ratio may be 1/50. Modern diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today’s modern diets, promote the pathogenesis of NCDs, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio) exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk. A ratio of 2–3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences. It is possible that the intake of wild foods rich in ω-3 and low in ω-6 fatty acids may also be protective, whereas Western diet and lifestyle may enhance the expression of genes related to NCDs. Our genes or pathways are most likely regulated by microRNA (2–4). It is difficult to tell which miRNA sequences might be responsible. It is possible now to apply a simple and accurate real-time PCR technique to identify miRNA expression patterns that correlate with biological phenotypes of the disease. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes, obesity, and cancer are polygenic in nature, and their prevalences and mortality vary depending upon genetic susceptibility and presence of phenotype risk factors (1–6).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://projects.tcag.ca/variation

  2. 2.

    www.columbus-concept.com

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Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge International College of Nutrition, International College of Cardiology, and The Tsim Tsoum Institute for their support in the writing of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Halberg Hospital and Research Institute Civil Lines, Moradabad, UP, India

    Ram Bahadur Singh MD

  2. Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Civil Lines, Moradabad, UP, India

    A. K. Singh & Shaan E. Alam

  3. DMF Ltd Co, Marche/Famenne, Belgium The Scientific Advisory Boards of the Columbus Paradigm Institute, The Tsim Tsoum Institute, Gliwice, Poland

    Fabien De Meester PhD

  4. Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia

    Jan Fedacko MD

  5. Department of Biochemistry, Saraswati Bhuvan Science College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

    Suniti M. Dharwadkar MSc, PhD

  6. Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd, Yokkaichi, Mie, Japan

    Lekh R. Juneja PhD

  7. Department of Statistics, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, UK

    Douglas W. Wilson

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  1. DMF Ltd Company, Luxembourg Str 46, Marche/Famenne, 6900, Belgium

    Fabien De Meester PhD

  2. Health Sciences Center, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave. 1295, Tucson, 85724-5155, Arizona, USA

    Ronald Ross Watson PhD

  3. Division of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Avenue, Tucson, 85724, Arizona, USA

    Sherma Zibadi PhD

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Singh, R.B. et al. (2013). Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Genetic Expressions. In: De Meester, F., Watson, R., Zibadi, S. (eds) Omega-6/3 Fatty Acids. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-215-5_3

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