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Carotenoid Metabolism and Enzymology

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Carotenoids and Human Health

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Carotenoids are plant-derived lipophilic compounds with a common chemical structure of eight isoprenoid units. The major carotenoids that are present in human tissues are primarily the polyunsaturated hydrocarbon carotenes β-carotene and lycopene and the oxygen-containing xanthophylls β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin. These carotenoids function in the body as retinoid (vitamin A) precursors and antioxidants.

Shmarakov and Yuen contributed equally to this work.

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Abbreviations

ABC:

ATP-binding cassette

ACO:

apocarotenoid-15,15′-oxygenase

Apo:

apolipoprotein

BCMO1:

β-carotene-15,15′-monooxygenase

BCMO2:

β-carotene-9′,10′-monooxygenase

CD36:

cluster of differentiation 36

CR:

chylomicron remnant

CRBP-II:

cellular retinol binding protein type II

EZ:

ezetimibe

HDL:

high-density lipoprotein

HSC:

hepatic stellate cell

ISX:

intestine specific homeobox

LDL:

low-density lipoprotein

LPL:

lipoprotein lipase

LRAT:

lecithin-retinol acyltransferase

MEF2:

myocyte enhancer factor 2

NPC1L1:

Niemann-Pick C1-like 1

PPAR:

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PPRE:

peroxisome proliferator response element

RAR:

retinoic acid receptor

RPE65:

retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein 65 kDa

RXR:

retinoid X receptor

SR-BI:

scavenger receptor class B type I

T3 :

triiodothyronine

TR:

thyroid hormone receptor

TRE:

thyroid hormone response element

UCP1:

uncoupling protein 1

VLDL:

very low density lipoprotein

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Acknowledgments

The work described in this chapter that was carried out in the authors’ laboratory was supported by grants R01 DK068437, R01 DK079221, and RC2 AA019413 from the National Institutes of Health.

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  1. Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    Igor O. Shmarakov Ph.D., Jason J. Yuen M.S. & William S. Blaner Ph.D.

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chernivtsi National University, 2 Kotsyubynskyi Street, Chernivtsi, 58000, Ukraine

    Igor O. Shmarakov Ph.D.

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    Sherry A. Tanumihardjo

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Shmarakov, I.O., Yuen, J.J., Blaner, W.S. (2013). Carotenoid Metabolism and Enzymology. In: Tanumihardjo, S. (eds) Carotenoids and Human Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-203-2_3

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