Abstract
The liver responds to injury or tissue loss by rapid restoration of the original cell mass. The high regenerative capacity is sufficient to restore normal volume and function in most forms of acute liver injury and medical interventions are not required. For the development of regenerative therapies a fundamental understanding of these regenerative principles in the liver is required. In this chapter, we discuss the emerging medical approaches for acute liver failure, chronic liver failure, and hereditary liver diseases, which are based on technologies, such as (stem) cell therapy, tissue engineering, bio-artificial devices or gene therapies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sherlock S, Dooley J (2002) Disease of the liver and biliary system. Blackwell Publishing Company, Oxford
Schiff ER, Sorrell MF, Maddrey WC (2007) Schiff’s diseases of the liver. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ferrell LD (2007) MacSween’s pathology of the liver. Elsevier, Philadelphia
Fausto N, Campbell JS, Riehle KJ (2006) Liver regeneration. Hepatology 43:S45–S53
Michalopoulos GK, DeFrances MC (1997) Liver regeneration. Science 276:60–66
Taub R (1996) Transcriptional control of liver regeneration. FASEB J 10(4):413–427
Taub R (2004) Liver regeneration: from myth to mechanism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:836–847
Gorla GR, Malhi H, Gupta S (2001) Polyploidy associated with oxidative injury attenuates proliferative potential of cells. J Cell Sci 114(16):2943–2951
Jungermann K, Kietzmann T (2000) Oxygen: modulator of metabolic zonation and disease of the liver. Hepatology 31(2):255–260
Sigal SH, Gupta S, Gebhard DF, Holst P, Neufeld D, Reid LM (1995) Evidence for a terminal differentiation process in the rat liver. Differentiation 59:35–42
Fellous TG, Islam S, Tadrous PJ, Elia G, Kocher HM, Bhattacharya S, Mears L, Turnbull DM, Taylor RW, Greaves LC, Chinnery PF, Taylor G, McDonald SA, Wright NA, Alison MR (2009) Locating the stem cell niche and tracing hepatocyte lineages in human liver. Hepatology 49(5):1655–1663
Bralet MP, Branchereau S, Brechot C, Ferry N (1994) Cell lineage study in the liver using retroviral mediated gene transfer: evidence against the streaming of hepatocytes in normal liver. Am J Pathol 144:896–905
Quante M, Wang TC (2009) Stem cells in gastroenterology and hepatology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6(12):724–737
Duncan AW, Dorrell C, Grompe M (2009) Stem cells and liver regeneration. Gastroenterology 137(2):466–481
Grisham JW, Hartroft WS (1961) Morphologic identification by electron microscopy of “oval” cells in experimental hepatic degeneration. Lab Invest 10:317–332
Suzuki A, Zheng YW, Kaneko S, Onodera M, Fukao K, Nakauchi H, Taniguchi H (2002) Clonal identification and characterization of self-renewing pluripotent stem cells in the developing liver. J Cell Biol 156:173–184
Fausto N (2004) Liver regeneration and repair: hepatocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells. Hepatology 39:1477–1487
Thorgeirsson SS (1996) Hepatic stem cells in liver regeneration. Faseb J 10:1249–1256
Fausto N, Campbell JS (2003) The role of hepatocytes and oval cells in liver regeneration and repopulation. Mech Dev 120:117–130
Furuyama K, Kawaguchi Y, Akiyama H, Horiguchi M, Kodama S, Kuhara T, Hosokawa S, Elbahrawy A, Soeda T, Koizumi M, Masui T, Kawaguchi M, Takaori K, Doi R, Nishi E, Kakinoki R, Deng JM, Behringer RR, Nakamura T, Uemoto S (2003) Continuous cell supply from a Sox9-expressing progenitor zone in adult liver, exocrine pancreas and intestine. Nat Genet 43(1):34–41
Malato Y, Naqvi S, Schürmann N, Ng R, Wang B, Zape J, Kay MA, Grimm D, Willenbring H (2011) Fate tracing of mature hepatocytes in mouse liver homeostasis and regeneration. J Clin 121(12):4850–4860
Roskams T, Yang SQ, Koteish A, Durnez A, DeVos R, Huang X, Achten R, Verslype C, Diehl AM (2003) Oxidative stress and oval cell accumulation in mice and humans with alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Pathol 163:1301–1311
Roskams T (2006) Liver stem cells and their implication in hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma. Oncogene 25(27):3818–3822
Marshall A, Rushbrook S, Davies SE, Morris LS, Scott IS, Vowler SL, Coleman N, Alexander G (2005) Relation between hepatocyte G1 arrest, impaired hepatic regeneration, and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology 128:33–42
Wiemann SU, Satyanarayana A, Tsahuridu M, Tillmann HL, Zender L, Klempnauer J, Flemming P, Franco S, Blasco MA, Manns MP, Rudolph KL (2002) Hepatocyte telomere shortening and senescence are general markers of human liver cirrhosis. Faseb J 16:935–942
Alison MR, Lovell MJ (2005) Liver cancer: the role of stem cells. Cell Prolif 38:407–421
Mishra L, Banker T, Murray J, Byers S, Thenappan A, He AR, Shetty K, Johnson L, Reddy EP (2009) Liver stem cells and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 49(1):318–329
Dandri M, Burda MR, Török E, Pollok JM, Iwanska A, Sommer G, Rogiers X, Rogler CE, Gupta S, Will H, Greten H, Petersen J (2001) Repopulation of mouse liver with human hepatocytes and in vivo infection with hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 33(4):981–988
Bissig KD, Le TT, Woods NB, Verma IM (2007) Repopulation of adult and neonatal mice with human hepatocytes: a chimeric animal model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(51):20507–20511
Haridass D, Yuan Q, Becker PD, Cantz T, Iken M, Rothe M, Narain N, Bock M, Nörder M, Legrand N, Wedemeyer H, Weijer K, Spits H, Manns MP, Cai J, Deng H, Santo Di JP, Guzman CA, Ott M (2009) Repopulation efficiencies of adult hepatocytes, fetal liver progenitor cells, and embryonic stem cell-derived hepatic cells in albumin-promoter-enhancer urokinase-type plasminogen activator mice. Am J Pathol 175(4):1483–1492
Overturf K (1997) al-Dhalimy, M., Ou, C.N., Finegold, M., and Grompe, M.: Serial transplantation reveals the stem-cell-like regenerative potential of adult mouse hepatocytes. Am J Pathol 151:1273–1280
Habibullah CM, Syed IH, Qamar A, Taher-Uz Z (1994) Human fetal hepatocyte transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation 58(8):951–952
Khan AA, Parveen N, Mahaboob VS, Rajendraprasad A, Ravindraprakash HR, Venkateswarlu J, Rao P, Pande G, Narusu ML, Khaja MN, Pramila R, Habeeb A, Habibullah CM (2008) Treatment of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome type 1 by hepatic progenitor cell transplantation: a simple procedure for management of hyperbilirubinemia. Transplant Proc 40(4):1148–1150
Poyck PP, van Wijk AC, van der Hoeven TV, de Waart DR, Chamuleau RA, van Gulik TM, Oude Elferink RP, Hoekstra R (2008) Evaluation of a new immortalized human fetal liver cell line (cBAL111) for application in bioartificial liver. J Hepatol 48(2):266–275
Petersen BE, Bowen WC, Patrene KD, Mars WM, Sullivan AK, Murase N, Boggs SS, Greenberger JS, Goff JP (1999) Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science 284:1168–1170
Alison MR, Poulsom R, Jeffery R, Dhillon AP, Quaglia A, Jacob J, Novelli M, Prentice G, Williamson J, Wright NA (2000) Hepatocytes from non-hepatic adult stem cells. Nature 406:257
Newsome PN, Johannessen I, Boyle S, Dalakas E, McAulay KA, Samuel K, Rae F, Forrester L, Turner ML, Hayes PC, Harrison DJ, Bickmore WA, Plevris JN (2003) Human cord blood-derived cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in the mouse liver with no evidence of cellular fusion. Gastroenterology 124:1891–1900
Aurich I, Mueller LP, Aurich H, Luetzkendorf J, Tisljar K, Dollinger MM, Schormann W, Walldorf J, Hengstler JG, Fleig WE, Christ B (2007) Functional integration of hepatocytes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells into mouse livers. Gut 56(3):405–415
Cantz T, Sharma AD, Jochheim-Richter A, Arseniev L, Klein C, Manns MP, Ott M (2004) Reevaluation of bone marrow-derived cells as a source for hepatocyte regeneration. Cell Transplant 13:659–666
Evans MJ, Kaufman MH (1981) Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292(5819):154–156
Rathjen J, Rathjen PD (2001) Mouse ES cells: experimental exploitation of pluripotent differentiation potential. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11:587–594
Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM (1998) Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282(5391):1145–1147
Boiani M, Scholer HR (2005) Regulatory networks in embryo-derived pluripotent stem cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:872–884
Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126:663–676
Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S (2007) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131:861–872
Sekiya S, Suzuki A (2011) Direct conversion of mouse fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells by defined factors. Nature 475(7356):390–393
Huang P, He Z, Ji S, Sun H, Xiang D, Liu C, Hu Y, Wang X, Hui L (2011) Induction of functional hepatocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts by defined factors. Nature 475(7356):386–389
Wang X, Willenbring H, Akkari Y, Torimaru Y, Foster M, Al-Dhalimy M, Lagasse E, Finegold M, Olson S, Grompe M (2003) Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes. Nature 422:897–901
Gouon-Evans V, Boussemart L, Gadue P, Nierhoff D, Koehler CI, Kubo A, Shafritz DA, Keller G (2006) BMP-4 is required for hepatic specification of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived definitive endoderm. Nat Biotechnol 24:1402–1411
Drobinskaya I, Linn T, Saric T, Bretzel RG, Bohlen H, Hescheler J, Kolossov E (2008) Scalable selection of hepatocyte- and hepatocyte precursor-like cells from culture of differentiating transgenically modified murine embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 26(9):2245–2256
Touboul T, Hannan NR, Corbineau S, Martinez A, Martinet C, Branchereau S, Mainot S, Strick-Marchand H, Pedersen R, Di Santo J, Weber A, Vallier L (2010) Generation of functional hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells under chemically defined conditions that recapitulate liver development. Hepatology 51(5):1754–1765
Stadtfeld M, Nagaya M, Utikal J, Weir G, Hochedlinger K (2008) Induced pluripotent stem cells generated without viral integration. Science 322:945–949
Li W, Wang D, Qin J, Liu C, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Yu X, Lahn BT, Mao FF, Xiang AP (2010) Generation of functional hepatocytes from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Physiol 222:492–501
Si-Tayeb K, Noto FK, Nagaoka M, Li J, Battle MA, Duris C, North PE, Dalton S, Duncan SA (2010) Highly efficient generation of human hepatocyte-like cells from induced pluripotent stem cells. Hepatology 51:297–305
Song Z, Cai J, Liu Y, Zhao D, Yong J, Duo S, Song X, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Qin H, Yin X, Wu C, Che J, Lu S, Ding M, Deng H (2009) Efficient generation of hepatocyte-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Res 19:1233–1242
Sullivan GJ, Hay DC, Park IH, Fletcher J, Hannoun Z, Payne CM, Dalgetty D, Black JR, Ross JA, Samue lK, Wang G, Daley GQ, Lee JH, Church GM, Forbes SJ, Iredale JP, Wilmut I (2010) Generation of functional human hepatic endoderm from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Hepatology 51:329–335
Ohashi K, Yokoyama T, Yamato M, Kuge H, Kanehiro H, Tsutsumi M, Amanuma T, Iwata H, Yang J, Okano T, Nakajima Y (2007) Engineering functional two- and three-dimensional liver systems in vivo using hepatic tissue sheets. Nat Med 13(7):880–885
Ohashi K, Koyama F, Tatsumi K, Shima M, Park F, Nakajima Y, Okano T (2010) Functional life-long maintenance of engineered liver tissue in mice following transplantation under the kidney capsule. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 4(2):141–148
Jalan R, Wright G, Davies NA, Hodges SJ (2007) l-Ornithine phenylacetate (OP): a novel treatment for hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy. Med Hypotheses 69:1064–1069
Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, Koball S, Hickstein H, Reisinger EC (2009) Albumin dialysis MARS: knowledge from 10 years of clinical investigation. ASAJO J 55(5):498–502
Steiner C, Sen S, Stange J, Williams R, Jalan R (2004) Binding of bilirubin and bromosulphthalein to albumin: implications for understanding the pathophysiology of liver failure and its management. Liver Transpl 10:1531–1538
Stange J, Mitzner S, Risler T (1999) Molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS): clinical results of a new membrane-based blood purification system for bioartificial liver support. Artif Organs 23:319–330
Khuroo MS, Khuroo MS, Farahat KL (2004) Molecular adsorbent recirculating system for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 10:1099–1106
Saliba F, Camus C, Durand F, Mathurin B, Delafosse K, Barange PF, Perrigault P, Revel L, Serfaty M, Belnard A, Letierce P, Ichai D (2009) Samuel: predictive factors of transplant free survival in patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure: results from a randomized controlled multicenter trial. J Hepatol 50(1):S89–S90
Santoro A, Faenza S, Mancini E (2006) Prometheus system: a technological support in liver failure. Transplant Proc 38:1078–1082
Rifai K, Ernst T, Kretschmer U (2003) Prometheus: a new extracorporeal system for the treatment of liver failure. J Hepatol 39:984–990
Kramer L (2000) Clinical experience with artifical liver support in chronic liver failure with encephalopathy. ASAIO J a211
Rifai K, Kribben A, Gerken G (2010) Extracorporeal liver support by fractionated plasma separation and absorption (Prometheus®) in patients with acute on chronic liver failure (HELIOS study): a prospective randomized controlled multicenter study. J Hepatol 52(Suppl. 1):S3
Demetriou AA, Brown RS Jr, Busuttil RW (2004) Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure. Ann Surg 239:660–667
Ellis AJ, Hughes RD, Nicholl D (1999) Temporary extracorporeal liver support for severe acute alcoholic hepatitis using BioLogic-DT. Int J Artif Organs 22:27–34
Sauer IM, Kardassis D, Zeillinger K (2003) Clinical extracorporeal hybrid liver support: phase I study with primary porcine liver cells. Xenotransplantation 10:460–469
Mazariegos GV, Kramer DJ, Lopez RC (2001) Safety observations in phase I clinical evaluation of the Excorp Medical bioartificial liver support system after the first four patients. ASAIO J 47:471–475
Van De Kerkhove MP, Di Florio E, Scuderi V (2002) Phase I clinical trial with the AMC-bioartificial liver. Int J Artif Organs 25:950
Asonuma K, Gilbert JC, Stein JE, Takeda T, Vacanti JP (1992) Quantitation of transplanted hepatic mass necessary to cure the Gunn rat model of hyperbilirubinemia. J Pediatr Surg 27:298–301
Cai J, Ito M, Nagata H, Westerman KA, Lafleur D, Chowdhury JR, Leboulch P, Fox IJ (2002) Treatment of liver failure in rats with end-stage cirrhosis by transplantation of immortalized hepatocytes. Hepatology 36:386–394
Kobayashi N, Ito M, Nakamura J, Cai J, Gao C, Hammel JM, Fox IJ (2000) Hepatocyte transplantation in rats with decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatology 31:851–857
Bilir BM, Guinette D, Karrer F, Kumpe DA, Krysl J, Stephens J, McGavran L, Ostrowska A, Durham J (2000) Hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 6:32–40
Fisher RA, Strom SC (2006) Human hepatocyte transplantation: worldwide results. Transplantation 82:441–449
Stutchfield BM, Rashid S, Forbes SJ, Wigmore SJ (2010) Practical barriers to delivering autologous bone marrow stem cell therapy as an adjunct to liver resection. Stem Cells Dev 19(2):155–162
am Esch JS 2nd, Knoefel WT, Klein M, Ghodsizad A, Fuerst G, Poll LW, Piechaczek C, Burchardt ER, Feifel N, Stoldt V, Stockschläder M, Stoecklein N, Tustas RY, Eisenberger CF, Peiper M, Häussinger D, Hosch SB (2005) Portal application of autologous CD133+ bone marrow cells to the liver: a novel concept to support hepatic regeneration. Stem Cells 23(4):463–470
Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R, Goodman ZD (2001) Pegylated interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomized trial. Lancet 358:958–965
Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Goncales FL Jr et al (2002) Peginterferon alpha 2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 347:975–982
Muir AJ, Sylvestre PB, Rockey DC (2006) Interferon gamma-1b for the treatment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Viral Hepat 13(5):322–328
Pockros PJ, Jeffers L, Afdhal N, Goodman ZD, Nelson D et al (2007) Final results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the antifibrotic efficacy of interferon-gamma1b in chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Hepatology 45(3):569–578
Borkham-Kamphorst E, Kovalenko E, van Roeyen CR, Gassler N, Bomble M et al (2008) Platelet-derived growth factor isoform expression in carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury. Lab Invest 88(10):1090–1100
Thieringer F, Maass T, Czochra P, Klopcic B, Conrad I et al (2008) Spontaneous hepatic fibrosis in transgenic mice overexpressing PDGF-A. Gene 423(1):23–28
Siller–Lopez F, Sandoval A, Salgado S, Salazar A, Bueno M (2004) Treatment with human metalloproteinase-8 gene delivery ameliorates experimental rat liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 126:1122–1133
Nakamura T, Nawa K, Ichihara A (1984) Partial purification and characterization of hepatocyte growth factor from serum of hepatectomized rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 122:1450–1459
Russell WE, Mcgowan JA, Bucher NL (1984) Partial characterization of a hepatocyte growth factor from platelets. J Cell Physiol 119:183–192
Nakamura T, Nishizawa T, Hagiya M, Seki T, Shimonishi M, Sugimura A, Tashiro K, Shimizu S (1989) Molecular cloning and expression of human hepatocyte growth factor. Nature 342:440–443
Miyazawa K, Tsubouchi H, Naka D, Takahashi K, Okigaki M, Arakaki N, Nakayama H, Hirono S, Sakiyama O, Takahashi K et al (1989) Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for human hepatocyte growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 163:967–973
Boros P, Miller CM (1995) Hepatocyte growth factor: a multifunctional cytokine. Lancet 345:293–295
Michalopoulos GK, DeFrances MC (1997) Liver regeneration. Science 276:60–66
Schmidt C, Bladt F, Goedecke S, Brinkmann V, Zschiesche W, Sharpe M, Gherardi E, Birchmeier C (1995) Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor is essential for liver development. Nature 373:699–702
Bardelli A, Longati P, Albero D, Goruppi S, Schneider C, Ponzetto C, Comoglio PM (1996) HGF receptor associates with anti-apoptotic protein BAG-1 and prevents cell death. EMBO J 15:6205–6212
Ueki T, Kaneda Y, Tsutsui H, Nakanishi K, Sawa Y et al (1999) Hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy of liver cirrhosis in rats. Nature Med 5(2):226–230
Taniguchi E, Kin M, Torimura T et al (2006) Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation improves the survival following liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology 130:521–531
Nakamura T, Torimura T, Sakamoto M et al (2007) Significance and therapeutic potential of endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in a cirrhotic liver rat model. Gastroenterology 133:91–107
Ueno T, Nakamura T, Torimura T et al (2006) Angiogenic cell therapy for hepatic fibrosis. Med Mol Morphol 39:16–21
Sakaida I, Terai S, Yamamoto N et al (2004) Transplantation of bone marrow cells reduces CCL4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Hepatology 40:1304–1311
Russo FP, Alison MR, Bigger BW et al (2006) The bone marrow functionally contributes to liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 130:1807–1821
Takezawa R, Watanabe Y, Akaike T (1995) Direct evidence of macrophage differentiation from bone marrow cells in the liver: a possible origin of Kupffer cells. J Biochem (Tokyo) 118:1175–1183
Kisseleva T, Uchinami H, Feirt N et al (2006) Bone marrow-derived fibrocytes participate in pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 45:429–438
Fang B, Shi M, Liao L et al (2004) Systemic infusion of FLK1(_) mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Transplantation 78:83–88
Zhao DC, Lei JX, Chen R et al (2005) Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against experimental liver fibrosis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 11:3431–3440
Oyagi S, Hirose M, Kojima M et al (2006) Therapeutic effect of transplanting HGF-treated bone marrow mesenchymal cells into CCl4- injured rats. J Hepatol 44:742–748
Houlihan DD, Newsome PN (2008) Critical review of clinical trials of bone marrow stem cells in liver disease. Gastroenterology 135:438–450
Gaia S, Smedile A, Omede P et al (2006) Feasibility and safety of G-CSF administration to induce bone marrow-derived cells mobilization in patients with end stage liver disease. J Hepatol 45:13–19
Terai S, Ishikawa T, Omori K et al (2006) Improved liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis after autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy. Stem Cells 24:2292–2298
Mohamadnejad M, Namiri M, Bagheri M et al (2007) Phase 1 human trial of autologous bone marrow-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 28:3359–3363
Mohamadnejad M, Alimoghaddam K, Mohyeddin-Bonab M et al (2007) Phase 1 trial of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Arch Iran Med 10:459–466
Lyra AC, Soares MB, da Silva LF et al (2007) Feasibility and safety of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 13:1067–1073
Lyra AC, Soares MB, da Silva LF et al (2007) A pilot randomised controlled study used to evaluate efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells transplantation in patients with advanced chronic liver disease (abstr). Hepatology 46(Suppl 1):271A
Gordon MY, Levicar N, Pai M et al (2006) Characterisation and clinical application of human CD34_ stem/progenitor cell populations mobilized into the blood by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Stem Cells 24:1822–1830
Levicar N, Pai M, Habib NA et al (2008) Long-term clinical results of autologous infusion of mobilized adult bone marrow derived CD34_ cells in patients with chronic liver disease. Cell Prolif 41:115–125
Yannaki E, Anagnostopoulos A, Kapetanos D et al (2006) Lasting amelioration in the clinical course of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis with boost infusions of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells. Exp Hematol 34:1583–1587
am Esch JS 2nd, Knoefel WT, Klein M et al. (2005) Portal application of autologous CD133+ bone marrow cells to the liver: a novel concept to support hepatic regeneration. Stem Cells 23:463–470
Pai M, Zacharoulis D, Milicevic MN, Helmy S, Jiao LR et al (2008) Autologous infusion of expanded mobilized adult bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells into patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 103:1952–1958
Di Campli MA, Zocco N, Saulnier A, Grieco G, Rapaccini G, Addolorato C, Rumi A, Santoliquido G, Leone G, Gasbarrini A, Gasbarrini C (2007) Safety and efficacy profile of G-CSF therapy in patients with acute on chronic liver failure. Dig Liver Dis 39:1071–1076
Garg V, Garg H, Khan A, Trehanpati N, Kumar A, Sharma BC, Sakhuja P, Sarin SK (2011) Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor mobilizes CD34+ cells and improves survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 142(3):505–551
Nussler A, Konig S, Ott M et al (2006) Present status and perspectives of cell-based therapies for liver diseases. J Hepatol 45:144–159
Fisher RA, Strom SC (2006) Human hepatocyte transplantation: worldwide results. Transplantation 82:441–449
Fitzpatrick E, Mitry RR, Dhawan A (2009) Human hepatocyte transplantation: state of the art. J Intern Med 266(4):339–357
Fox IJ, Chowdhury JR, Kaufman SS et al (1998) Treatment of the Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I with hepatocyte transplantation. N Engl J Med 338:1422–1426
Ambrosino G, Varotto S, Strom SC, Guariso G, Franchin E, Miotto D et al (2005) Isolated hepatocyte transplantation for Crigler–Najjar syndrome type 1. Cell Transplant 14:151–157
Hughes RD, Mitry RR, Dhawan A (2005) Hepatocyte transplantation for metabolic liver disease: UK experience. J R Soc Med 98:341–345
Stephenne X, Najimi M, Sibille C, Nassogne MC, Smets F, Sokal EM (2006) Sustained engraftment and tissue enzyme activity after liver cell transplantation for argininosuccinate lyase deficiency. Gastroenterology 130:1317–1323
Muraca M, Gerunda G, Neri D, Vilei MT, Granato A, Feltracco P et al (2008) Hepatocyte transplantation as a treatment for glycogen storage disease type 1a. Lancet 359:317–318
Sokal EM, Smets F, Bourgois A, Van Maldergem L, Buts JP, Reding R et al (2003) Hepatocyte transplantation in a 4-year-old girl with peroxisomal biogenesis disease: technique, safety, and metabolic follow-up. Transplantation 76:735–738
Dhawan A, Mitry RR, Lehec S, Hughes RD, Terry C, Bansal S et al (2004) Hepatocyte transplantation for inherited factor VII deficiency. Transplantation 78:1812–1814
Horslen SP, McCowan TC, Goertzen TC et al (2003) Isolated hepatocyte transplantation in an infant with a severe urea cycle disorder. Pediatrics 111:1262–1267
Mitry RR, Dhawan A, Hughes RD, Bansal S, Lehec S, Terry C et al (2004) One liver, three recipients: segment IV from split-liver procedures as a source of hepatocytes for cell transplantation. Transplantation 77:1614–1616
Stephenne X, Najimi M, Smets F, Reding R, de Ville de Goyet J, Sokal EM (2005) Cryopreserved liver cell transplantation controls ornithine transcarbamylase deficient patient while awaiting liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 5:2058–2061
Dhawan A, Mitry RR, Hughes RD (2005) Hepatocyte transplantation for liver-based metabolic disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 29:431–435
Meyburg J, Das AM, Hoerster F, Lindner M, Kriegbaum H, Engelmann G, Schmidt J, Ott M, Pettenazzo A, Luecke T, Bertram H, Hoffmann GF, Burlina A (2009) One liver for four children: first clinical series of liver cell transplantation for severe neonatal urea cycle defects. Transplantation 87(5):636–641
Alison MR, Poulsom R, Jeffery R, Dhillon AP, Quaglia A, Jacob J, Novelli M, Prentice G, Williamson J, Wright NA (2000) Hepatocytes from non-hepatic adult stem cells. Nature 406:257
Herzog EL, Chai L, Krause DS (2003) Plasticity of marrow-derived stem cells. Blood 102:3483–3493
Lagasse E, Connors H, Al-Dhalimy M, Reitsma M, Dohse M, Osborne L, Wang X, Finegold M, Weissman IL, Grompe M (2000) Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. Nat Med 6:1229–1234
Petersen BE, Bowen WC, Patrene KD, Mars WM, Sullivan AK, Murase N, Boggs SS, Greenberger JS, Goff JP (1999) Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science 284:1168–1170
Theise ND, Badve S, Saxena R, Henegariu O, Sell S, Crawford JM, Krause DS (2000) Derivation of hepatocytes from bone marrow cells in mice after radiation-induced myeloablation. Hepatology 31:235–240
Cantz T, Sharma AD, Jochheim-Richter A, Arseniev L, Klein C, Manns MP, Ott M (2004) Reevaluation of bone marrow-derived cells as a source for hepatocyte regeneration. Cell Transplant 13:659–666
Kanazawa Y, Verma IM (2003) Little evidence of bone marrow-derived hepatocytes in the replacement of injured liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(Suppl 1):11850–11853
Wagers AJ, Sherwood RI, Christensen JL, Weissman IL (2002) Little evidence for developmental plasticity of adult hematopoietic stem cells. Science 297:2256–2259
Alvarez-Dolado M, Pardal R, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Fike JR, Lee HO, Pfeffer K, Lois C, Morrison SJ, Alvarez-Buylla A (2003) Fusion of bone-marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Nature 425:968–973
Quintana-Bustamante O, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Kofman AV, Fabregat I, Bueren JA, Theise ND, Segovia JC (2006) Hematopoietic mobilization in mice increases the presence of bone marrow-derived hepatocytes via in vivo cell fusion. Hepatology 43:108–116
Vassilopoulos G, Wang PR, Russell DW (2003) Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion. Nature 422:901–904
Willenbring H, Bailey AS, Foster M, Akkari Y, Dorrell C, Olson S, Finegold M, Fleming WH, Grompe M (2004) Myelomonocytic cells are sufficient for therapeutic cell fusion in liver. Nat Med 10:744–748
Sinn PL, Sauter SL, McCray PB Jr (2005) Gene therapy progress and prospects: development of improved lentiviral and retroviral vectors—design, biosafety, and production. Gene Ther 12:1089–1098
Bey H, Abina S, von Kalle C et al (2003) A serious adverse event after successful gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 348:255–256
Rettinger SD, Ponder KP, Saylors RL, Kennedy SC, Hafenrichter DG, Flye MW (1993) In vivo hepatocyte transduction with retrovirus during in-flow occlusion. J Surg Res 54:418–425
Branchereau S, Calise D, Ferry N (1994) Factors influencing retroviral-mediated gene transfer into hepatocytes in vivo. Hum Gene Ther 5:803–808
Amado RG, Chen IS (1999) Lentiviral vectors—the promise of gene therapy within reach. Science 285:674–676
Kafri T, Blomer U, Peterson DA, Gage FH, Verma IM (1997) Sustained expression of genes delivered directly into liver and muscle by lentiviral vectors. Nat Genet 17:314–317
Ghosh SS, Gopinath P, Ramesh A (2006) Adenoviral vectors: a promising tool for gene therapy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 133:9–29
The Journal of Gene Medicine. The Journal of Gene Medicine Clinical Trial site. Available from URL: http://www.wiley.co.uk/wileychi/genmed/clinical/. 22 Dec 2008
Jager L, Ehrhardt A (2007) Emerging adenoviral vectors for stable correction of genetic disorders. Curr Gene Ther 7:272–283
Peng Z (2005) Current status of gendicine in China: recombinant human Ad-p53 agent for treatment of cancers. Hum Gene Ther 16:1016–1027
Marshall E (1999) Gene therapy death prompts review of adenovirus vector. Science 286:2244–2245
Grieger JC, Samulski RJ (2005) Adeno-associated virus as a gene therapy vector: vector development, production and clinical applications. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 99:119–145
Wu Z, Asokan A, Samulski RJ (2006) Adeno-associated virus serotypes: vector toolkit for human gene therapy. Mol Ther 14:316–327
Samulski RJ, Zhu X, Xiao X et al (1991) Targeted integration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) into human chromosome 19. EMBO J 10:3941–3950
Young SM Jr, McCarty DM, Degtyareva N, Samulski RJ (2000) Roles of adeno-associated virus Rep protein and human chromosome 19 in site-specific recombination. J Virol 74:3953–3966
Howden SE, Voullaire L, Vadolas J (2007) The transient expression of mRNA coding for Rep protein from AAV facilitates targeted plasmid integration. J Gene Med 10:42–50
Coura Rdos S, Nardi NB (2007) The state of the art of adeno-associated virus-based vectors in gene therapy. Virol J 4:99
Merle U, Encke J, Tuma S, Volkmann M, Naldini L, Stremmel W (2006) Lentiviral gene transfer ameliorates disease progression in Long-Evans cinnamon rats: an animal model for Wilson disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 41:974–982
Ghosh A, Allamarvdasht M, Pan CJ et al (2006) Long-term correction of murine glycogen storage disease type Ia by recombinant adeno-associated virus-1-mediated gene transfer. Gene Ther 13:321–329
Yiu WH, Pan CJ, Allamarvdasht M, Kim SY, Chou JY (2007) Glucose-6-phosphate transporter gene therapy corrects metabolic and myeloid abnormalities in glycogen storage disease type Ib mice. Gene Ther 14:219–226
Kobayashi H, Carbonaro D, Pepper K et al (2005) Neonatal gene therapy of MPS I mice by intravenous injection of a lentiviral vector. Mol Ther 11:776–789
Di Natale P, Di Domenico C, Gargiulo N et al (2005) Treatment of the mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB with lentiviral-NAGLU vector. Biochem J 388:639–646
Ponder KP, Melniczek JR, Xu L et al (2002) Therapeutic neonatal hepatic gene therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis VII dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13102–13107
Overturf K, Al Dhalimy M, Tanguay R et al (1996) Hepatocytes corrected by gene therapy are selected in vivo in a murine model of hereditary tyrosinaemia type I. Nat Genet 12:266–273
Seppen J, van der Rijt R, Looije N, van Til NP, Lamers WH, Oude Elferink RP (2003) Long-term correction of bilirubin UDP glucuronyltransferase deficiency in rats by in utero lentiviral gene transfer. Mol Ther 8:593–599
Miao CH, Thompson AR, Loeb K, Ye X (2001) Long-term and therapeutic-level hepatic gene expression of human factor IX after naked plasmid transfer in vivo. Mol Ther 3:947–957
Herzog RW, Yang EY, Couto LB et al (1999) Long-term correction of canine hemophilia B by gene transfer of blood coagulation factor IX mediated by adeno-associated viral vector. Nat Med 5:56–63
Waddington SN, Nivsarkar MS, Mistry AR et al (2004) Permanent phenotypic correction of hemophilia B in immunocompetent mice by prenatal gene therapy. Blood 104:2714–2721
Chen L, Woo SL (2005) Complete and persistent phenotypic correction of phenylketonuria in mice by site-specific genome integration of murine phenylalanine hydroxylase cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15581–15586
Raper SE, Wilson JM, Yudkoff M, Robinson MB, Ye X, Batshaw ML (1998) Developing adenoviral-mediated in vivo gene therapy for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 21(Suppl 1):119–137
Crooke RM, Graham MJ, Lemonidis KM, Whipple CP, Koo S, Perera RJ (2005) An apolipoprotein B antisense oligonucleotide lowers LDL cholesterol in hyperlipidemic mice without causing hepatic steatosis. J Lipid Res 46:872–884
Kim IH, Jozkowicz A, Piedra PA, Oka K, Chan L (2001) Lifetime correction of genetic deficiency in mice with a single injection of helper-dependent adenoviral vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13282–13287
Oka K, Belalcazar LM, Dieker C et al (2007) Sustained phenotypic correction in a mouse model of hypoalphalipoproteinemia with a helper-dependent adenovirus vector. Gene Ther 14:191–202
Manno CS, Pierce GF, Arruda VR et al (2006) Successful transduction of liver in hemophilia by AAV-Factor IX and limitations imposed by the host immune response. Nat Med 12:342–347
Mingozzi F, High KA (2007) Immune responses to AAV in clinical trials. Curr Gene Ther 7:316–324
Sabatino DE, Mackenzie TC, Peranteau W et al (2007) Persistent expression of hF.IX After tolerance induction by in utero or neonatal administration of AAV-1-F.IX in hemophilia B mice. Mol Ther 15:1677–1685
Tominaga K, Kuriyama S, Yoshiji H et al (2004) Repeated adenoviral administration into the biliary tract can induce repeated expression of the original gene construct in rat livers without immunosuppressive strategies. Gut 53:1167–1173
Ye P, Thompson AR, Sarkar R et al (2004) Naked DNA transfer of Factor VIII induced transgene-specific, species-independent immune response in hemophilia A mice. Mol Ther 10:117–126
Gao G, Lu Y, Calcedo R et al (2006) Biology of AAV serotype vectors in liver-directed gene transfer to nonhuman primates. Mol Ther 13:77–87
Overturf K, Al Dhalimy M, Ou CN et al (1997) Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy in a mouse model of hereditary tyrosinemia type I. Hum Gene Ther 8:513–521
Grompe M, Overturf K, al Dhalimy M, Finegold M (1998) Therapeutic trials in the murine model of hereditary tyrosinaemia type I: a progress report. J Inherit Metab Dis 21:518–531
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sharma, A.D., Rittelmeyer, I., Cantz, T., Ott, M. (2013). Regenerative Therapies for Liver Diseases . In: Baharvand, H., Aghdami, N. (eds) Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-098-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-098-4_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-097-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-098-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)