Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intracranial Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurointerventional Technique

Part of the book series: Contemporary Medical Imaging ((CMI,volume 1))

Abstract

An aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of an artery. In layman terms, an aneurysm can be thought of as a weak spot in the wall of an artery, similar to a garden hose that has been filed down on one side; water under pressure inside the hose will make the weak spot bulge out. Intracranial aneurysms can be broadly classified as saccular, fusiform, or dissecting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abruzzo T, Shengelaia GG, Dawson 3rd RC, Owens DS, Cawley CM, Gravanis MB. Histologic and morphologic comparison of experimental aneurysms with human intracranial aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:1309–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Walker AE, Allegre GW. The pathology and pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysms. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1954;13:248–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Suzuki J, Ohara H. Clinicopathological study of cerebral aneurysms. Origin, rupture, repair, and growth. J Neurosurg. 1978;48:505–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Krings T, Piske RL, Lasjaunias PL. Intracranial arterial aneurysm vasculopathies: targeting the outer vessel wall. Neuroradiology. 2005;47:931–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hashimoto T, Meng H, Young WL. Intracranial aneurysms: links among inflammation, hemodynamics and vascular remodeling. Neurol Res. 2006;28:372–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Shimamura M, et al. NF-kappaB is a key mediator of cerebral aneurysm formation. Circulation. 2007;116:2830–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pera J, Korostynski M, Krzyszkowski T, et al. Gene expression profiles in human ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms: what is the role of inflammation? Stroke. 2010;41:224–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kurki MI, Hakkinen SK, Frosen J, et al. Upregulated signaling pathways in ruptured human saccular intracranial aneurysm wall: an emerging regulative role of toll-like receptor signaling and nuclear factor-kappaB, hypoxia-inducible factor-1A, and ETS transcription factors. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:1667–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hademenos GJ, Massoud TF, Turjman F, Sayre JW. Anatomical and morphological factors correlating with rupture of intracranial aneurysms in patients referred for endovascular treatment. Neuroradiology. 1998;40:755–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Crompton MR. Mechanism of growth and rupture in cerebral berry aneurysms. Br Med J. 1966;5496:1138–42.

    Google Scholar 

  11. International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms – risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1725–33.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bjorkesten G, Halonen V. Incidence of intracranial vascular lesions in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage investigated by four-vessel angiography. J Neurosurg. 1965;23:29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Parekh PD. Risk factors for multiple intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1998;43:22–6; discussion 6–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ellamushi HE, Grieve JP, Jager HR, Kitchen ND. Risk factors for the formation of multiple intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2001;94:728–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Juvela S. Risk factors for multiple intracranial aneurysms. Stroke. 2000;31:392–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kaminogo M, Yonekura M, Shibata S. Incidence and outcome of multiple intracranial aneurysms in a defined population. Stroke. 2003;34:16–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Nehls DG, Flom RA, Carter LP, Spetzler RF. Multiple intracranial aneurysms: determining the site of rupture. J Neurosurg. 1985;63:342–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Stehbens W. Pathology of the cerebral blood vessels. St. Louis: Mosby; 1972. p. 351–470.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Marshman LA, Ward PJ, Walter PH, Dossetor RS. The ­progression of an infundibulum to aneurysm formation and rupture: case report and literature review. Neurosurgery. 1998;43:1445–8; discussion 8–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Vlak MH, Algra A, Brandenburg R, Rinkel GJ. Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:626–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Rinkel GJE, Djibuti M, Algra A, van Gijn J. Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review. Stroke. 1998;29:251–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gabriel RABS, Kim HP, Sidney S, et al. Ten-year detection rate of brain arteriovenous malformations in a large, multiethnic, defined population. Stroke. 2010;41:21–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Kim SH, et al. Effect of endovascular treatment on headaches in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Headache. 2003;43:1090–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kong DS, Hong SC, Jung YJ, Kim JS. Improvement of chronic headache after treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Headache. 2007;47:693–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Raps EC, Rogers JD, Galetta SL, et al. The clinical spectrum of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:265–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Choxi AA, Durrani AK, Mericle RA. Both surgical clipping and endovascular embolization of unruptured intracranial aneurysms are associated with long-term improvement in self-reported quantitative headache scores. Neurosurgery. 2011;69:128–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lozano AM, Leblanc R. Familial intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1987;66:522–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ronkainen A, Hernesniemi J, Puranen M, et al. Familial intracranial aneurysms. Lancet. 1997;349:380–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. De Braekeleer M, Perusse L, Cantin L, Bouchard JM, Mathieu J. A study of inbreeding and kinship in intracranial aneurysms in the Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean region (Quebec, Canada). Ann Hum Genet. 1996;60(Pt 2):99–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Norrgard O, Angquist KA, Fodstad H, Forsell A, Lindberg M. Intracranial aneurysms and heredity. Neurosurgery. 1987;20:236–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Schievink WI, Schaid DJ, Michels VV, Piepgras DG. Familial aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a community-based study. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:426–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Schievink WI, Schaid DJ, Rogers HM, Piepgras DG, Michels VV. On the inheritance of intracranial aneurysms. Stroke. 1994;25:2028–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bromberg JE, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Familial subarachnoid hemorrhage: distinctive features and patterns of inheritance. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:929–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ruigrok YM, Rinkel GJE, Algra A, Raaymakers TWM, van Gijn J. Characteristics of intracranial aneurysms in patients with familial subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2004;62:891–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bromberg JE, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Limburg M, van Gijn J. Outcome in familial subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1995;26:961–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Yamada S, Utsunomiya M, Inoue K, et al. Genome-wide scan for Japanese familial intracranial aneurysms: linkage to several chromosomal regions. Circulation. 2004;110:3727–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ruigrok YM, Seitz U, Wolterink S, Rinkel GJE, Wijmenga C, Urban Z. Association of polymorphisms and haplotypes in the elastin gene in Dutch patients with sporadic aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35:2064–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Schievink WI. Genetics of intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1997;40:651–62; discussion 62–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Korja M, Silventoinen KP, McCarron P, et al. Genetic epidemiology of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: Nordic twin study. Stroke. 2010;41:2458–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bederson JB, Awad IA, Wiebers DO, et al. Recommendations for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2000;31:2742–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Brown BM, Soldevilla F. MR angiography and surgery for unruptured familial intracranial aneurysms in persons with a family history of cerebral aneurysms. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173:133–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ronkainen A, Puranen MI, Hernesniemi JA, et al. Intracranial aneurysms: MR angiographic screening in 400 asymptomatic individuals with increased familial risk. Radiology. 1995;195:35–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Raaymakers TW, Rinkel GJ, Ramos LM. Initial and follow-up screening for aneurysms in families with familial subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 1998;51:1125–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Broderick JP, Sauerbeck LR, Foroud T, et al. The Familial Intracranial Aneurysm (FIA) study protocol. BMC Med Genet. 2005;6:17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Iglesias CG, Torres VE, Offord KP, Holley KE, Beard CM, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of adult polycystic kidney disease, Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1935–1980. Am J Kidney Dis. 1983;2:630–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hughes J, Ward CJ, Peral B, et al. The polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) gene encodes a novel protein with multiple cell recognition domains. Nat Genet. 1995;10:151–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Mochizuki T, Wu G, Hayashi T, et al. PKD2, a gene for polycystic kidney disease that encodes an integral membrane protein. Science. 1996;272:1339–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Arnaout MA. The vasculopathy of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: insights from animal models. Kidney Int. 2000;58:2599–610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Badani KK, Hemal AK, Menon M. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and pain – a review of the disease from aetiology, evaluation, past surgical treatment options to current practice. J Postgrad Med. 2004;50:222–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Chapman AB, Johnson AM, Gabow PA. Intracranial aneurysms in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: how to diagnose and who to screen. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22:526–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bobrie G, Brunet-Bourgin F, Alamowitch S, et al. Spontaneous artery dissection: is it part of the spectrum of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13:2138–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Schievink WI, Torres VE, Wiebers DO, Huston 3rd J. Intracranial arterial dolichoectasia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8:1298–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Schievink WI, Huston 3rd J, Torres VE, Marsh WR. Intracranial cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:1004–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Schievink WI, Torres VE. Spinal meningeal diverticula in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Lancet. 1997;349:1223–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Widjicks EFM. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: The clinical practice of critical care neurology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003. p. 185–220.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Chapman AB, Rubinstein D, Hughes R, et al. Intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:916–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Huston 3rd J, Torres VE, Sulivan PP, Offord KP, Wiebers DO. Value of magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1993;3:1871–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Fehlings MG, Gentili F. The association between polycystic kidney disease and cerebral aneurysms. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991;18:505–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Xu HW, Yu SQ, Mei CL, Li MH. Screening for intracranial aneurysm in 355 patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Stroke. 2011;42:204–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Schievink WI, Torres VE, Piepgras DG, Wiebers DO. Saccular intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;3:88–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Schievink WI. Intracranial aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:28–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ruggieri PM, Poulos N, Masaryk TJ, et al. Occult intracranial aneurysms in polycystic kidney disease: screening with MR angiography. Radiology. 1994;191:33–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Pirson Y, Chauveau D, Torres V. Management of cerebral aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:269–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chauveau D, Pirson Y, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Macnicol A, Gonzalo A, Grunfeld JP. Intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1994;45:1140–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Belz MM, Fick-Brosnahan GM, Hughes RL, et al. Recurrence of intracranial aneurysms in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2003;63:1824–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Schrier RW, Belz MM, Johnson AM, et al. Repeat imaging for intracranial aneurysms in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with initially negative studies: a prospective ten-year follow-up. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:1023–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Byers PH. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: a genetic disorder in many guises. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105:311–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Germain DP. Clinical and genetic features of vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2002;16:391–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. North KN, Whiteman DA, Pepin MG, Byers PH. Cerebrovascular complications in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:960–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Mitsuhashi T, Miyajima M, Saitoh R, Nakao Y, Hishii M, Arai H. Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44:548–53.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Freeman RK, Swegle J, Sise MJ. The surgical complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Am Surg. 1996;62:869–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Schievink WI, Piepgras DG, Earnest Ft, Gordon H. Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulae in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type IV. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1991;74:991–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. DeMeo DL, Silverman EK. {alpha}1-Antitrypsin deficiency {middle dot 2}: genetic aspects of {alpha}1-antitrypsin deficiency: phenotypes and genetic modifiers of emphysema risk. Thorax. 2004;59:259–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Schievink WI, Katzmann JA, Piepgras DG, Schaid DJ. Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes among patients with intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:781–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. St Jean P, Hart B, Webster M. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in aneurysmal disease. Hum Hered. 1996;46:92–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kissela BM, Sauerbeck L, Woo D, et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preventable disease with a heritable component. Stroke. 2002;33:1321–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Yoneyama T, Kasuya H, Akagawa H, et al. Absence of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Alleles (S and Z) in Japanese and Korean patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35:e376–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Schievink WI. Genetics of intracranial aneurysms. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 1769–79.

    Google Scholar 

  79. van den Berg JSP, Limburg M, Hennekam RCM. Is Marfan syndrome associated with symptomatic intracranial aneurysms? Stroke. 1996;27:10–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Conway JE, Hutchins GM, Tamargo RJ. Marfan syndrome is not associated with intracranial aneurysms. Stroke. 1999;30:1632–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Iqbal A, Alter M, Lee SH. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a review of neurological complications. Ann Neurol. 1978;4:18–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Munyer TP, Margulis AR. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum with internal carotid artery aneurysm. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136:1023–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. van den Berg JS, Hennekam RC, Cruysberg JR, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic intracranial aneurysm and ischaemic stroke in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2000;10:315–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Loeys BL, Chen J, Neptune ER, et al. A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. Nat Genet. 2005;37:275–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Loeys BL, Schwarze U, Holm T, et al. Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:788–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Rodrigues VJ, Elsayed S, Loeys BL, Dietz HC, Yousem DM. Neuroradiologic manifestations of Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 1. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30:1614–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Van Den Berg DJ, Francke U. Roberts syndrome: a review of 100 cases and a new rating system for severity. Am J Med Genet. 1993;47:1104–23.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Vega H, Waisfisz Q, Gordillo M, et al. Roberts syndrome is caused by mutations in ESCO2, a human homolog of yeast ECO1 that is essential for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. Nat Genet. 2005;37:468–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Robers JB. A child with double cleft of lip and palate, protrusion of the intermaxillary portion of the upper jaw and imperfect development of the bones of the four extremities. Ann Surg. 1919;70:252–3.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Herrman J, Feingold M, Tuffli GA, Opitz JM. A familial dysmorphogenetic syndrome of limb deformities, characteristic facial appearance and associated anomalies: the “Pseudothalidomide” or SC-syndrome. In: Paul NW, editor. Cumulative index birth defects: original article series. New York: Alan R. Liss; 1982. p. 81–9.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Wang AC, Gemmete JJ, Keegan CE, et al. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage and multiple intracranial aneurysms in a patient with Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;8:460–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Stapf C, Mohr JP, Pile-Spellman J, et al. Concurrent arterial aneurysms in brain arteriovenous malformations with haemorrhagic presentation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:294–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Brown Jr RD, Wiebers DO, Forbes GS. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations: frequency of intracranial hemorrhage and relationship of lesions. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:859–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Redekop G, TerBrugge K, Montanera W, Willinsky R. Arterial aneurysms associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformations: classification, incidence, and risk of hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:539–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Meisel HJ, Mansmann U, Alvarez H, Rodesch G, Brock M, Lasjaunias P. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations and associated aneurysms: analysis of 305 cases from a series of 662 patients. Neurosurgery. 2000;46:793–800; discussion 800−2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Mansmann U, Meisel J, Brock M, Rodesch G, Alvarez H, Lasjaunias P. Factors associated with intracranial hemorrhage in cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Neurosurgery. 2000;46:272–9; discussion 9–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF, Kallmes MH, Goldstein JH, Jensen ME, Dion JE. Prevalence of cerebral aneurysms in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia: a reassessment. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:436–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Norrgard O, Angqvist KA, Fodstad H, Forssell A, Lindberg M. Co-existence of abdominal aortic aneurysms and intracranial aneurysms. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1987;87:34–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kanai H, Umezu M, Koide K, Hato M. Ruptured intracranial aneurysm associated with unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm – case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001;41:260–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Preul MC, Cendes F, Just N, Mohr G. Intracranial aneurysms and sickle cell anemia: multiplicity and propensity for the vertebrobasilar territory. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:971–7; discussion 7–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Schievink WI, Maya MM. Frequency of intracranial aneurysms in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. J Neurosurg. 2011;115:113–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Schievink WI, Raissi SS, Maya MM, Velebir A. Screening for intracranial aneurysms in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Neurology. 2010;74:1430–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJE, Lawes CMM, et al. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies. Stroke. 2005;36:2773–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Baker CJ, Fiore A, Connolly Jr ES, Baker KZ, Solomon RA. Serum elastase and alpha-1-antitrypsin levels in patients with ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1995;37:56–61; discussion 61−2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Juvela S, Poussa K, Porras M. Factors affecting formation and growth of intracranial aneurysms: a long-term follow-up study. Stroke. 2001;32:485–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Morris KM, Shaw MD, Foy PM. Smoking and subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case control study. Br J Neurosurg. 1992;6:429–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Canhao P, Pinto AN, Ferro H, Ferro JM. Smoking and aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case–control study. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1994;1:155–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Juvela S, Porras M, Poussa K. Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: probability of and risk factors for aneurysm rupture. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:379–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Wermer MJH, Greebe P, Algra A, Rinkel GJE. Incidence of recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage after clipping for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke. 2005;36:2394–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Lasner TM, Weil RJ, Riina HA, et al. Cigarette smoking-induced increase in the risk of symptomatic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:381–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Weir BK, Kongable GL, Kassell NF, Schultz JR, Truskowski LL, Sigrest A. Cigarette smoking as a cause of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and risk for vasospasm: a report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:405–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Ortiz R, Stefanski M, Rosenwasser R, Veznedaroglu E. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for recurrence of aneurysms treated by endosaccular occlusion. J Neurosurg. 2008;108:672–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Veznedaroglu E, Koebbe CJ, Siddiqui A, Rosenwasser RH. Initial experience with bioactive cerecyte detachable coils: impact on reducing recurrence rates. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:799–805; discussion 805−6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Isaksen J, Egge A, Waterloo K, Romner B, Ingebrigtsen T. Risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: the Tromso study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:185–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Rinkel GJ. Intracranial aneurysm screening: indications and advice for practice. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:122–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Juvela S, Hillbom M, Numminen H, Koskinen P. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1993;24:639–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Longstreth Jr WT, Nelson LM, Koepsell TD, van Belle G. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1992;23:1242–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to alcohol consumption: a prospective study among male British doctors. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:199–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Johnston SC, Colford Jr JM, Gress DR. Oral contraceptives and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 1998;51:411–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Teunissen LL, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Stroke. 1996;27:544–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Adamson J, Humphries SE, Ostergaard JR, Voldby B, Richards P, Powell JT. Are cerebral aneurysms atherosclerotic? Stroke. 1994;25:963–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Ferro JM, Pinto AN. Sexual activity is a common precipitant of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1994;4:375.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Reynolds MR, Willie JT, Zipfel GJ, Dacey RG. Sexual intercourse and cerebral aneurysmal rupture: potential mechanisms and precipitants. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:969–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Chyatte D, Chen TL, Bronstein K, Brass LM. Seasonal fluctuation in the incidence of intracranial aneurysm rupture and its relationship to changing climatic conditions. J Neurosurg. 1994;81:525–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Inagawa T, Takechi A, Yahara K, et al. Primary intracerebral and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in Izumo City, Japan. Part I: incidence and seasonal and diurnal variations. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:958–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Abe T, Ohde S, Ishimatsu S, et al. Effects of meteorological factors on the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a time-series analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15:1005–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Buxton N, Liu C, Dasic D, Moody P, Hope DT. Relationship of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage to changes in atmospheric pressure: results of a prospective study. J Neurosurg. 2001;95:391–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Beseoglu K, Hanggi D, Stummer W, Steiger HJ. Dependence of subarachnoid hemorrhage on climate conditions: a systematic meteorological analysis from the Dusseldorf metropolitan area. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:1033–8; discussion 8–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Cowperthwaite MC, Burnett MG. The association between weather and spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: an analysis of 155 US hospitals. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:132–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Morita A, Fujiwara S, Hashi K, Ohtsu H, Kirino T. Risk of rupture associated with intact cerebral aneurysms in the Japanese population: a systematic review of the literature from Japan. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:601–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston 3rd J, et al. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet. 2003;362:103–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Morita A. On-line outcome study of unruptured cerebral aneurysm in Japan (UCAS Japan). Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2002;42:1188–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Yonekura M. Small unruptured aneurysm verification (SUAVe Study, Japan) – interim report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44:213–4.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Kiyohara Y, Ueda K, Hasuo Y, et al. Incidence and prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage in a Japanese rural community. Stroke. 1989;20:1150–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Ingall TJ, Whisnant JP, Wiebers DO, O’Fallon WM. Has there been a decline in subarachnoid hemorrhage mortality? Stroke. 1989;20:718–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Patterson JM, Eberly LE, Ding Y, Hargreaves M. Associations of smoking prevalence with individual and area level social cohesion. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:692–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Ministry of Health LaW. Current status of nutrition in Japanese population (survey in 1998). Tokyo: Daiichi Shuppan; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Association AH. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2005 update. Dallas: American Heart Association; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Sundt Jr TM, O’Fallon WM. The significance of unruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1987;66:23–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Forget Jr TR, Benitez R, Veznedaroglu E. A review of size and location of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:1322–5; discussion 5–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Beck J, Rohde S, Berkefeld J, Seifert V, Raabe A. Size and location of ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms measured by 3-dimensional rotational angiography. Surg Neurol. 2006;65:18–25; discussion 25−7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Rahman M, Ogilvy CS, Zipfel GJ, et al. Unruptured cerebral aneurysms do not shrink when they rupture: multicenter collaborative aneurysm study group. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:155–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Yoshimoto Y. Publication bias in neurosurgery: lessons from series of unruptured aneurysms. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145:45–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Feuerberg I, Lindquist C, Lindqvist M, Steiner L. Natural history of postoperative aneurysm rests. J Neurosurg. 1987;66:30–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Macdonald RL, Wallace MC, Kestle JR. Role of angiography following aneurysm surgery. J Neurosurg. 1993;79:826–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Thornton J, Bashir Q, Aletich VA, Debrun GM, Ausman JI, Charbel FT. What percentage of surgically clipped intracranial aneurysms have residual necks? Neurosurgery. 2000;46:1294–8; discussion 8–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Sindou M, Acevedo JC, Turjman F. Aneurysmal remnants after microsurgical clipping: classification and results from a prospective angiographic study (in a consecutive series of 305 operated intracranial aneurysms). Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1998;140:1153–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Le Roux PD, Elliott JP, Eskridge JM, Cohen W, Winn HR. Risks and benefits of diagnostic angiography after aneurysm surgery: a retrospective analysis of 597 studies. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:1248–54; discussion 54–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. David CA, Vishteh AG, Spetzler RF, Lemole M, Lawton MT, Partovi S. Late angiographic follow-up review of surgically treated aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:396–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Tsutsumi K, Ueki K, Usui M, Kwak S, Kirino T. Risk of recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage after complete obliteration of cerebral aneurysms. Stroke. 1998;29:2511–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. The CI. Rates of delayed rebleeding from intracranial aneurysms are low after surgical and endovascular treatment. Stroke. 2006;37:1437–42.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Raaymakers TW, Rinkel GJ, Limburg M, Algra A. Mortality and morbidity of surgery for unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 1998;29:1531–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Johnston SC, Zhao S, Dudley RA, Berman MF, Gress DR. Treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in California. Stroke. 2001;32:597–605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Khanna RK, Malik GM, Qureshi N. Predicting outcome following surgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a proposed grading system. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:49–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Ogilvy CS, Carter BS. Stratification of outcome for surgically treated unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:82–7; discussion 7–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Rabinowicz AL, Ginsburg DL, DeGiorgio CM, Gott PS, Giannotta SL. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: seizures and antiepileptic drug treatment following surgery. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:371–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Ronkainen A, Niskanen M, Rinne J, Koivisto T, Hernesniemi J, Vapalahti M. Evidence for excess long-term mortality after treated subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32:2850–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Britz GW, Salem L, Newell DW, Eskridge J, Flum DR. Impact of surgical clipping on survival in unruptured and ruptured cerebral aneurysms: a population-based study. Stroke. 2004;35:1399–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Brilstra EH, Rinkel GJ, van der Graaf Y, van Rooij WJ, Algra A. Treatment of intracranial aneurysms by embolization with coils: a systematic review. Stroke. 1999;30:470–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Byrne JV, Sohn MJ, Molyneux AJ, Chir B. Five-year experience in using coil embolization for ruptured intracranial aneurysms: outcomes and incidence of late rebleeding. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:656–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Cognard C, Weill A, Spelle L, et al. Long-term angiographic follow-up of 169 intracranial berry aneurysms occluded with detachable coils. Radiology. 1999;212:348–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Raftopoulos C, Mathurin P, Boscherini D, Billa RF, Van Boven M, Hantson P. Prospective analysis of aneurysm treatment in a series of 103 consecutive patients when endovascular embolization is considered the first option. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:175–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Ng P, Khangure MS, Phatouros CC, Bynevelt M, ApSimon H, McAuliffe W. Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils: analysis of midterm angiographic and clinical outcomes. Stroke. 2002;33:210–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Murayama Y, Nien YL, Duckwiler G, et al. Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of cerebral aneurysms: 11 years’ experience. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:959–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Gonzalez N, Murayama Y, Nien YL, et al. Treatment of unruptured aneurysms with GDCs: clinical experience with 247 aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:577–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Pouratian N, Oskouian Jr RJ, Jensen ME, Kassell NF, Dumont AS. Endovascular management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:572–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Goddard AJ, Annesley-Williams D, Gholkar A. Endovascular management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: does outcome justify treatment? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72:485–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Raymond J, Guilbert F, Weill A, et al. Long-term angiographic recurrences after selective endovascular treatment of aneurysms with detachable coils. Stroke. 2003;34:1398–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Gallas S, Pasco A, Cottier J-P, et al. A multicenter study of 705 ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:1723–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Li MH, Gao BL, Fang C, et al. Angiographic follow-up of cerebral aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils: an analysis of 162 cases with 173 aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:1107–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Iijima A, Piotin M, Mounayer C, Spelle L, Weill A, Moret J. Endovascular treatment with coils of 149 middle cerebral artery berry aneurysms. Radiology. 2005;237:611–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Ferns SP, Sprengers MES, van Rooij WJ, et al. Late reopening of adequately coiled intracranial aneurysms: frequency and risk factors in 400 patients with 440 aneurysms. Stroke. 2011;42:1331–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Tamatani S, Ito Y, Abe H, Koike T, Takeuchi S, Tanaka R. Evaluation of the stability of aneurysms after embolization using detachable coils: correlation between stability of aneurysms and embolized volume of aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:762–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Szikora I, Wakhloo AK, Guterman LR, et al. Initial experience with collagen-filled Guglielmi detachable coils for endovascular treatment of experimental aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:667–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Newell JB, Ogilvy CS, Levinson JR. Cardiac outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and electrocardiographic abnormalities. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:34–9; discussion 9–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Soeda A, Sakai N, Sakai H, Iihara K, Nagata I. Endovascular treatment of asymptomatic cerebral aneurysms: anatomic and technical factors related to ischemic events and coil stabilization. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44:456–65; discussion 66.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Piotin M, Blanc R, Spelle L, et al. Stent-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysms: clinical and angiographic results in 216 consecutive aneurysms. Stroke. 2010;41:110–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Brinjikji W, Lanzino G, Cloft HJ, Rabinstein A, Kallmes DF. Endovascular treatment of very small (3 mm or smaller) intracranial aneurysms: report of a consecutive series and a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2010;41:116–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Graves VB, Strother CM, Duff TA, Perl 2nd J. Early treatment of ruptured aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils: effect on subsequent bleeding. Neurosurgery. 1995;37:640–7; discussion 7–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Friedman JA, Nichols DA, Meyer FB, et al. Guglielmi detachable coil treatment of ruptured saccular cerebral aneurysms: retrospective review of a 10-year single-center experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:526–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Lempert TE, Malek AM, Halbach VV, et al. Endovascular treatment of ruptured posterior circulation cerebral aneurysms. Clinical and angiographic outcomes. Stroke. 2000;31:100–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Kuether TA, Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL. Clinical and angiographic outcomes, with treatment data, for patients with cerebral aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils: a single-center experience. Neurosurgery. 1998;43:1016–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Nichols DA, Brown Jr RD, Thielen KR, Meyer FB, Atkinson JL, Piepgras DG. Endovascular treatment of ruptured posterior circulation aneurysms using electrolytically detachable coils. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:374–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Uda K, Goto K, Ogata N, Izumi N, Nagata S, Matsuno H. Embolization of cerebral aneurysms using Guglielmi detachable coils – problems and treatment plans in the acute stage after subarachnoid hemorrhage and long-term efficiency. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998;38:143–52; discussion 52–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Raymond J, Roy D. Safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment of acutely ruptured aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1997;41:1235–45; discussion 45–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Eskridge JM, Song JK. Endovascular embolization of 150 basilar tip aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils: results of the food and drug administration multicenter clinical trial. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:81–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Elias T, Ogungbo B, Connolly D, Gregson B, Mendelow AD, Gholkar A. Endovascular treatment of anterior communicating artery aneurysms: results of clinical and radiological outcome in Newcastle. Br J Neurosurg. 2003;17:278–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Plowman RS, Clarke A, Clarke M, Byrne JV. Sixteen-year single-surgeon experience with coil embolization for ruptured intracranial aneurysms: recurrence rates and incidence of late rebleeding. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:863–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Vanninen R, Koivisto T, Saari T, Hernesniemi J, Vapalahti M. Ruptured intracranial aneurysms: acute endovascular treatment with electrolytically detachable coils – a prospective randomized study. Radiology. 1999;211:325–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Cognard C, Weill A, Castaings L, Rey A, Moret J. Intracranial berry aneurysms: angiographic and clinical results after endovascular treatment. Radiology. 1998;206:499–510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Sluzewski M, van Rooij WJ, Rinkel GJ, Wijnalda D. Endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms with detachable coils: long-term clinical and serial angiographic results. Radiology. 2003;227:720–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Fleming JB, Hoh BL, Simon SD, et al. Rebleeding risk after treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:1778–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, et al. International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet. 2005;366:809–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, et al. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1267–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Johnston SC, Dudley RA, Gress DR, Ono L. Surgical and endovascular treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms at university hospitals. Neurology. 1999;52:1799–805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Lee T, Baytion M, Sciacca R, Mohr JP, Pile-Spellman J. Aggregate analysis of the literature for unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:1902–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Brinjikji W, Rabinstein AA, Lanzino G, Kallmes DF, Cloft HJ. Effect of age on outcomes of treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms: a study of the national inpatient sample 2001–2008. Stroke. 2011;42:1320–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Alshekhlee A, Mehta S, Edgell RC, et al. Hospital mortality and complications of electively clipped or coiled unruptured intracranial aneurysm. Stroke. 2010;41:1471–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Vajkoczy P, Meyer B, Weidauer S, et al. Clazosentan (AXV-034343), a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist, in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm following severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase IIa study. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:9–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Dumont AS, Crowley RW, Monteith SJ, et al. Endovascular treatment or neurosurgical clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: effect on angiographic vasospasm, delayed ischemic neurological deficit, cerebral infarction, and clinical outcome. Stroke. 2010;41:2519–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Kallmes DF, Ding YH, Dai D, Kadirvel R, Lewis DA, Cloft HJ. A new endoluminal, flow-disrupting device for treatment of saccular aneurysms. Stroke. 2007;38:2346–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Fiorella D, Woo HH, Albuquerque FC, Nelson PK. Definitive reconstruction of circumferential, fusiform intracranial aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:1115–20; discussion 20–1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Sadasivan C, Cesar L, Seong J, Wakhloo AK, Lieber BB. Treatment of rabbit elastase-induced aneurysm models by flow diverters: development of quantifiable indexes of device performance using digital subtraction angiography. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2009;28:1117–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Fiorella D, Lylyk P, Szikora I, et al. Curative cerebrovascular reconstruction with the pipeline embolization device: the emergence of definitive endovascular therapy for intracranial aneurysms. J Neurointerv Surg. 2009;1:56–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Aenis M, Stancampiano AP, Wakhloo AK, Lieber BB. Modeling of flow in a straight stented and nonstented side wall aneurysm model. J Biomech Eng. 1997;119:206–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Kim YH, Xu X, Lee JS. The effect of stent porosity and strut shape on saccular aneurysm and its numerical analysis with lattice Boltzmann method. Ann Biomed Eng. 2010;38:2274–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Kim M, Taulbee DB, Tremmel M, Meng H. Comparison of two stents in modifying cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics. Ann Biomed Eng. 2008;36:726–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Meng H, Wang Z, Kim M, Ecker RD, Hopkins LN. Saccular aneurysms on straight and curved vessels are subject to different hemodynamics: implications of intravascular stenting. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:1861–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Wakhloo AK, Tio FO, Lieber BB, Schellhammer F, Graf M, Hopkins LN. Self-expanding nitinol stents in canine vertebral arteries: hemodynamics and tissue response. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:1043–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Lopes DK, Ringer AJ, Boulos AS. Fate of branch arteries after intracranial stenting. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:1275–8; discussion 8–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Sadasivan C, Cesar L, Seong J, et al. An original flow diversion device for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: evaluation in the rabbit elastase-induced model. Stroke. 2009;40:952–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Nelson PK, Lylyk P, Szikora I, Wetzel SG, Wanke I, Fiorella D. The pipeline embolization device for the intracranial treatment of aneurysms trial. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32:34–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Lylyk P, Miranda C, Ceratto R. Curative endovascular reconstruction of cerebral aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device: the Buenos Aires experience. Neurosurgery. 2009;64:632–42; discussion 42–3; quiz N6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Szikora I, Berentei Z, Kulcsar Z, et al. Treatment of intracranial aneurysms by functional reconstruction of the parent artery: the Budapest experience with the pipeline embolization device. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:1139–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Fischer S, Vajda Z, Aguilar Perez M, et al. Pipeline embolization device (PED) for neurovascular reconstruction: initial experience in the treatment of 101 intracranial aneurysms and dissections. Neuroradiology. 2012;54(4):369–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Pipeline for Uncoilable or Failed Aneurysms (PUFS). U.S. National Institutes of Health. 2011. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00777088. Accessed 8 Sept 2011.

  218. Lubicz B, Collignon L, Raphaeli G, et al. Flow-diverter stent for the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: a prospective study in 29 patients with 34 aneurysms. Stroke. 2010;41:2247–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Byrne JV, Beltechi R, Yarnold JA, Birks J, Kamran M. Early experience in the treatment of intra-cranial aneurysms by endovascular flow diversion: a multicentre prospective study. PLoS One. 2010;5(9):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Kulcsár Z, Ernemann U, Wetzel SG, et al. High-profile flow diverter (silk) implantation in the basilar artery: efficacy in the treatment of aneurysms and the role of the perforators. Stroke. 2010;41:1690–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Lubicz B, Lefranc F, Levivier M, et al. Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with a branch arising from the sac. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:142–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Kulcsár Z, Houdart E, Bonafe A, et al. Intra-aneurysmal thrombosis as a possible cause of delayed aneurysm rupture after flow-diversion treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32:20–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Turowski B, Macht S, Kulcsar Z, Hanggi D, Stummer W. Early fatal hemorrhage after endovascular cerebral aneurysm treatment with a flow diverter (SILK-Stent): do we need to rethink our concepts? Neuroradiology. 2011;53:37–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Cebral JR, Mut F, Raschi M, et al. Aneurysm rupture following treatment with flow-diverting stents: computational hemodynamics analysis of treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32:27–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. van Rooij WJ, Sluzewski M. Perforator infarction after placement of a pipeline flow-diverting stent for an unruptured A1 aneurysm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:E43–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. D’Urso PI, Lanzino G, Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF. Flow diversion for intracranial aneurysms: a review. Stroke. 2011;42:2363–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Li MH, Li YD, Gao BL, et al. A new covered stent designed for intracranial vasculature: application in the management of pseudoaneurysms of the cranial internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:1579–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Li MH, Li YD, Tan HQ, Luo QY, Cheng YS. Treatment of distal internal carotid artery aneurysm with the Willis ­covered stent: a prospective pilot study. Radiology. 2009;253:470–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Li MH, Zhu YQ, Fang C, et al. The feasibility and efficacy of treatment with a Willis covered stent in recurrent intracranial aneurysms after coiling. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1395–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Tan H-Q, Li M-H, Zhang P-L, et al. Reconstructive endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the Willis covered stent: medium-term clinical and angiographic follow-up. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:1014–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Pumar JM, Blanco M, Vazquez F, Castineira JA, Guimaraens L, Garcia-Allut A. Preliminary experience with Leo self-expanding stent for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:2573–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Pumar JM, Lete I, Pardo MI, Vazquez-Herrero F, Blanco M. LEO stent monotherapy for the endovascular reconstruction of fusiform aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1775–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Solomon RA, Fink ME, Pile-Spellman J. Surgical management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:440–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Malisch TW, Guglielmi G, Vinuela F. Unruptured aneurysms presenting with mass effect symptoms: response to endosaccular treatment with Guglielmi detachable coils. Part I. Symptoms of cranial nerve dysfunction. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:956–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Friedman JA, Piepgras DG, Pichelmann MA, Hansen KK, Brown Jr RD, Wiebers DO. Small cerebral aneurysms presenting with symptoms other than rupture. Neurology. 2001;57:1212–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Yanaka K, Matsumaru Y, Mashiko R, Hyodo A, Sugimoto K, Nose T. Small unruptured cerebral aneurysms presenting with oculomotor nerve palsy. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:553–7; discussion 6–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Rodriguez-Catarino M, Frisen L, Wikholm G, Elfverson J, Quiding L, Svendsen P. Internal carotid artery aneurysms, cranial nerve dysfunction and headache: the role of deformation and pulsation. Neuroradiology. 2003;45:236–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Dowd CF, et al. The efficacy of endosaccular aneurysm occlusion in alleviating neurological deficits produced by mass effect. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:659–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Kazekawa K, Tsutsumi M, Aikawa H, et al. Internal carotid aneurysms presenting with mass effect symptoms of cranial nerve dysfunction: efficacy and imitations of endosaccular embolization with GDC. Radiat Med. 2003;21:80–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Chen PR, Amin-Hanjani S, Albuquerque FC, McDougall C, Zabramski JM, Spetzler RF. Outcome of oculomotor nerve palsy from posterior communicating artery aneurysms: comparison of clipping and coiling. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:1040–6; discussion1040−6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Feely M, Kapoor S. Third nerve palsy due to posterior communicating artery aneurysm: the importance of early surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987;50:1051–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Giombini S, Ferraresi S, Pluchino F. Reversal of oculomotor disorders after intracranial aneurysm surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1991;112:19–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Ahn JY, Han IB, Yoon PH, et al. Clipping vs. coiling of posterior communicating artery aneurysms with third nerve palsy. Neurology. 2006;66:121–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. van der Schaaf IC, Brilstra EH, Buskens E, Rinkel GJE. Endovascular treatment of aneurysms in the cavernous sinus: a systematic review on balloon occlusion of the parent vessel and embolization with coils. Stroke. 2002;33:313–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Stiebel-Kalish H, Kalish Y, Bar-On RH. Presentation, natural history, and management of carotid cavernous aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:850–7; discussion 850−7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Field M, Jungreis CA, Chengelis N, Kromer H, Kirby L, Yonas H. Symptomatic cavernous sinus aneurysms: management and outcome after carotid occlusion and selective cerebral revascularization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:1200–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Bavinzski G, Killer M, Ferraz-Leite H, Gruber A, Gross CE, Richling B. Endovascular therapy of idiopathic cavernous aneurysms over 11 years. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:559–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Gonzalez LF, Walker MT, Zabramski JM, Partovi S, Wallace RC, Spetzler RF. Distinction between paraclinoid and cavernous sinus aneurysms with computed tomographic angiography. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:1131–7; ­discussion 8–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. White JA, Horowitz MB, Samson D. Dural waisting as a sign of subarachnoid extension of cavernous carotid aneurysms: a follow-up case report. Surg Neurol. 1999;52:607–9; discussion 9–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. van Rooij WJ, Sluzewski M, Beute GN. Ruptured cavernous sinus aneurysms causing carotid cavernous fistula: incidence, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:185–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Kupersmith MJ, Hurst R, Berenstein A, Choi IS, Jafar J, Ransohoff J. The benign course of cavernous carotid artery aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:690–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Lee AG, Mawad ME, Baskin DS. Fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage from the rupture of a totally intracavernous carotid artery aneurysm: case report. Neurosurgery. 1996;38:­596–8; discussion 8–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Hamada H, Endo S, Fukuda O, Ohi M, Takaku A. Giant aneurysm in the cavernous sinus causing subarachnoid hemorrhage 13 years after detection: a case report. Surg Neurol. 1996;45:143–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Linskey ME, Sekhar LN, Hirsch Jr WL, Yonas H, Horton JA. Aneurysms of the intracavernous carotid artery: natural history and indications for treatment. Neurosurgery. 1990;26:933–7; discussion 7–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. van der Schaaf I, Algra A, Wermer M, et al. Endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005:CD003085.

    Google Scholar 

  256. De Jesus O, Sekhar LN, Riedel CJ. Clinoid and paraclinoid aneurysms: surgical anatomy, operative techniques, and outcome. Surg Neurol. 1999;51:477–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Tanaka Y, Hongo K, Tada T, et al. Radiometric analysis of paraclinoid carotid artery aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2002;96:649–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Day AL. Aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment. A clinical and anatomical analysis. J Neurosurg. 1990;72:677–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Berson EL, Freeman MI, Gay AJ. Visual field defects in giant suprasellar aneurysms of internal carotid. Report of three cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;76:52–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Lee JH, Tobias S, Kwon J-T, Sade B, Kosmorsky G. Wilbrand’s knee: does it exist? Surg Neurol. 2006;66:11–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Yadla S, Campbell PG, Grobelny BBA, et al. Open and endovascular treatment of unruptured carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms: clinical and radiographic outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:1434–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Iihara K, Murao K, Sakai N, et al. Unruptured paraclinoid aneurysms: a management strategy. J Neurosurg. 2003;99:241–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Park HK, Horowitz M, Jungreis C. Endovascular treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms: experience with 73 patients. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:14–23; discussion 4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Hoh BL, Carter BS, Budzik RF, Putman CM, Ogilvy CS. Results after surgical and endovascular treatment of ­paraclinoid aneurysms by a combined neurovascular team. Neurosurgery. 2001;48:78–89; discussion 89−90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Boet R, Wong GK, Poon WS, Lam JM, Yu SC. Aneurysm recurrence after treatment of paraclinoid/ophthalmic segment aneurysms – a treatment-modality assessment. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2005;147:611–6; discussion 6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Kobayashi S, Kyoshima K, Gibo H, Hegde SA, Takemae T, Sugita K. Carotid cave aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg. 1989;70:216–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Kim JM, Romano A, Sanan A, van Loveren HR, Keller JT. Microsurgical anatomic features and nomenclature of the paraclinoid region. Neurosurgery. 2000;46:670–80; discussion 80–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Sundt Jr TM, Whisnant JP. Subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms. Surgical management and natural history of disease. N Engl J Med. 1978;299:116–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Leipzig TJ, Morgan J, Horner TG, Payner T, Redelman K, Johnson CS. Analysis of intraoperative rupture in the surgical treatment of 1694 saccular aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:455–68; discussion 455−68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Lawton MT, Du R. Effect of the neurosurgeon’s surgical experience on outcomes from intraoperative aneurysmal rupture. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:9–15; discussion 9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Piotin M, Mounayer C, Spelle L, Williams MT, Moret J. Endovascular treatment of anterior choroidal artery aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:314–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Friedman JA, Pichelmann MA, Piepgras DG, et al. Ischemic complications of surgery for anterior choroidal artery aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2001;94:565–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Miyazawa N, Nukui H, Horikoshi T, Yagishita T, Sugita M, Kanemaru K. Surgical management of aneurysms of the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2002;104:103–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Sakamoto S, Ohba S, Shibukawa M. Characteristics of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery bifurcation. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2006;148:139–43; discussion 43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Locksley HB. Natural history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. Based on 6368 cases in the cooperative study. J Neurosurg. 1966;25:219–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Yock Jr DH, Larson DA. Computed tomography of hemorrhage from anterior communicating artery aneurysms, with angiographic correlation. Radiology. 1980;134:399–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Sayama T, Inamura T, Matsushima T, Inoha S, Inoue T, Fukui M. High incidence of hyponatremia in patients with ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms. Neurol Res. 2000;22:151–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. DeLuca J. Cognitive dysfunction after aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1992;14:924–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Fontanella M, Perozzo P, Ursone R, Garbossa D, Bergui M. Neuropsychological assessment after microsurgical clipping or endovascular treatment for anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145:867–72; discussion 72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Moret J, Pierot L, Boulin A, Castaings L, Rey A. Endovascular treatment of anterior communicating artery aneurysms using Guglielmi detachable coils. Neuroradiology. 1996;38:800–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Birknes JK, Hwang SK, Pandey AS. Feasibility and limitations of endovascular coil embolization of anterior communicating artery aneurysms: morphological considerations. Neurosurgery. 2006;59:43–52; discussion 43–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Steven DA, Ferguson GG. Distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 1945–57.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Baptista AG. Studies on the arteries of the brain. Ii. The anterior cerebral artery: some anatomic features and their clinical implications. Neurology. 1963;13:825–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Huber P, Braun J, Hirschmann D, Agyeman JF. Incidence of berry aneurysms of the unpaired pericallosal artery: angiographic study. Neuroradiology. 1980;19:143–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Asari S, Nakamura S, Yamada O, Beck H, Sugatani H. Traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral arteries. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 1977;46:795–803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Fleischer AS, Patton JM, Tindall GT. Cerebral aneurysms of traumatic origin. Surg Neurol. 1975;4:233–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Inci S, Erbengi A, Ozgen T. Aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral artery: report of 14 cases and a review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1998;50:130–9; discussion 9–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Snyckers FD, Drake CG. Aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral artery. A report on 24 verified cases. S Afr Med J. 1973;47:1787–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Hernesniemi J, Tapaninaho A, Vapalahti M, Niskanen M, Kari A, Luukkonen M. Saccular aneurysms of the distal anterior cerebral artery and its branches. Neurosurgery. 1992;31:994–8; discussion 8–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Pierot L, Boulin A, Castaings L, Rey A, Moret J. Endovascular treatment of pericallosal artery aneurysms. Neurol Res. 1996;18:49–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Sundt Jr TM, Kobayashi S, Fode NC, Whisnant JP. Results and complications of surgical management of 809 intracranial aneurysms in 722 cases. Related and unrelated to grade of patient, type of aneurysm, and timing of surgery. J Neurosurg. 1982;56:753–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley Jr EC, Jane JA, Adams HP, Kongable GL. The International Cooperative Study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. Part 1: overall management results. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:18–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Rinne J, Hernesniemi J, Niskanen M, Vapalahti M. Analysis of 561 patients with 690 middle cerebral artery aneurysms: anatomic and clinical features as correlated to management outcome. Neurosurgery. 1996;38:2–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Stoodley MA, Macdonald RL, Weir BK. Surgical treatment of middle cerebral artery aneurysms. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1998;9:823–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Friedman J, Piepgras D. Middle cerebral artery aneurysms. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 1959–70.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Tanaka K, Hirayama K, Hattori H, et al. A case of cerebral aneurysm associated with complex partial seizures. Brain Dev. 1994;16:233–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Miele VJ, Bendok BR, Batjer HH. Unruptured aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery presenting with psychomotor seizures: case study and review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5:420–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Hänggi D, Winkler PA, Steiger H-J. Primary epileptogenic unruptured intracranial aneurysms: incidence and effect of treatment on epilepsy. Neurosurgery. 2010;66:1161–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Tokuda Y, Inagawa T, Katoh Y, Kumano K, Ohbayashi N, Yoshioka H. Intracerebral hematoma in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Surg Neurol. 1995;43:272–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Pritz MB, Chandler WF. The transsylvian approach to middle cerebral artery bifurcation/trifurcation aneurysms. Surg Neurol. 1994;41:217–9; discussion 9–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Ogilvy CS, Crowell RM, Heros RC. Surgical management of middle cerebral artery aneurysms: experience with transsylvian and superior temporal gyrus approaches. Surg Neurol. 1995;43:15–22; discussion 22−4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Regli L, Uske A, de Tribolet N. Endovascular coil placement compared with surgical clipping for the treatment of unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms: a consecutive series. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:1025–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Doerfler A, Wanke I, Goericke SL, et al. Endovascular treatment of middle cerebral artery aneurysms with electrolytically detachable coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:513–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Brinjikji W, Lanzino G, Cloft HJ, Rabinstein A, Kallmes DF. Endovascular treatment of middle cerebral artery aneurysms: a systematic review and single-center series. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:397–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Patankar T, Hughes D. Resolution of temporal lobe epilepsy and MRI abnormalities after coiling of a cerebral aneurysm. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:1664–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Kuba R, Krupa P, Okacova L, Rektor I. Unruptured intracranial aneurysm as a cause of focal epilepsy: an excellent postoperative outcome after intra-arterial treatment. Epileptic Disord. 2004;6:41–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Lozier AP, Connolly Jr ES, Lavine SD, Solomon RA. Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of posterior circulation aneurysms: a systematic review of the literature. Stroke. 2002;33:2509–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Drake CG. The treatment of aneurysms of the posterior circulation. Clin Neurosurg. 1979;26:96–144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Horikoshi T, Nukui H, Yagishita T, Nishigaya K, Fukasawa I, Sasaki H. Oculomotor nerve palsy after surgery for upper basilar artery aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:705–10; discussion 10–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Al-Khayat H, Al-Khayat H, White J, Manner D, Samson D. Upper basilar artery aneurysms: oculomotor outcomes in 163 cases. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:482–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Henkes H, Fischer S, Mariushi W, et al. Angiographic and clinical results in 316 coil-treated basilar artery bifurcation aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:990–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Kwon OK, Kim SH, Kwon BJ, et al. Endovascular treatment of wide-necked aneurysms by using two microcatheters: techniques and outcomes in 25 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:894–900.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Benndorf G, Claus B, Strother CM, Chang L, Klucznik RP. Increased cell opening and prolapse of struts of a neuroform stent in curved vasculature: value of angiographic computed tomography: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:ONS-E380; discussion ONS-E.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Josephson SA, Dillon WP, Dowd CF, Malek R, Lawton MT, Smith WS. Continuous bleeding from a basilar terminus aneurysm imaged with CT angiography and conventional angiography. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1:103–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Ferrante L, Acqui M, Trillo G, Lunardi P, Fortuna A. Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery: do they present specific characteristics? Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1996;138:840–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Gerber CJ, Neil-Dwyer G. A review of the management of 15 cases of aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery. Br J Neurosurg. 1992;6:521–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Sakata S, Fujii K, Matsushima T. Aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery: report of eleven cases – surgical approaches and procedures. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:163–7; discussion 7–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Ciceri EF, Klucznik RP, Grossman RG, Rose JE, Mawad ME. Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery: classification and endovascular treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:27–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Hamada J, Morioka M, Yano S, Todaka T, Kai Y, Kuratsu J. Clinical features of aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery: a 15-year experience with 21 cases. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:662–70; discussion 662−70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  320. Pia HW, Fontana H. Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery. Locations and clinical pictures. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1977;38:13–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Honda M, Tsutsumi K, Yokoyama H, Yonekura M, Nagata I. Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery: retrospective review of surgical treatment. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44:164–8; discussion 9.

    Google Scholar 

  322. Seoane ER, Tedeschi H, de Oliveira E, Siqueira MG, Calderon GA, Rhoton Jr AL. Management strategies for posterior cerebral artery aneurysms: a proposed new surgical classification. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1997;139:325–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Chang SW, Abla AA, Kakarla UK, et al. Treatment of distal posterior cerebral artery aneurysms: a critical appraisal of the occipital artery-to-posterior cerebral artery bypass. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:16–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. Hallacq P, Piotin M, Moret J. Endovascular occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery for the treatment of P2 segment aneurysms: retrospective review of a 10-year series. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:1128–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  325. Haw C, Willinsky R, Agid R, TerBrugge K. The endovascular management of superior cerebellar artery aneurysms. Can J Neurol Sci. 2004;31:53–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Gacs G, Vinuela F, Fox AJ, Drake CG. Peripheral aneurysms of the cerebellar arteries. Review of 16 cases. J Neurosurg. 1983;58:63–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Papo I, Caruselli G, Salvolini U. Aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery. Surg Neurol. 1977;7:15–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Collins TE, Mehalic TF, White TK, Pezzuti RT. Trochlear nerve palsy as the sole initial sign of an aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery. Neurosurgery. 1992;30:258–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Proust F, Callonec F, Bellow F, Laquerriere A, Hannequin D, Freger P. Tentorial edge traumatic aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:950–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Danet M, Raymond J, Roy D. Distal superior cerebellar artery aneurysm presenting with cerebellar infarction: report of two cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:717–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Chaloupka JC, Putman CM, Awad IA. Endovascular therapeutic approach to peripheral aneurysms of the superior cerebellar artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:1338–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Eckard DA, O’Boynick PL, McPherson CM, et al. Coil occlusion of the parent artery for treatment of symptomatic peripheral intracranial aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:137–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Drake CG, Peerless SJ, Hernesniemi JA. Surgery of vertebrobasilar aneurysms: London, Ontario, experience on 1767 patients. Vienna: Springer; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  334. Peerless SJ, Drake CG. Posterior circulation aneurysms. In: Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS, editors. Neurosurgery. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996. p. 2341–56.

    Google Scholar 

  335. Mizoi K, Yoshimoto T, Takahashi A, Ogawa A. Direct clipping of basilar trunk aneurysms using temporary balloon occlusion. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:230–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. Peerless SJ, Hernesniemi JA, Gutman FB, Drake CG. Early surgery for ruptured vertebrobasilar aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:643–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Seifert V. Direct surgery of basilar trunk and vertebrobasilar junction aneurysms via the combined transpetrosal approach. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998;38(Suppl):86–92.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Van Rooij WJ, Sluzewski M, Menovsky T, Wijnalda D. Coiling of saccular basilar trunk aneurysms. Neuroradiology. 2003;45:19–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  339. Uda K, Murayama Y, Gobin YP, Duckwiler GR, Vinuela F. Endovascular treatment of basilar artery trunk aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils: clinical experience with 41 aneurysms in 39 patients. J Neurosurg. 2001;95:624–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Steinberg GK, Drake CG, Peerless SJ. Deliberate basilar or vertebral artery occlusion in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Immediate results and long-term outcome in 201 patients. J Neurosurg. 1993;79:161–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Wenderoth JD, Khangure MS, Phatouros CC, ApSimon HT. Basilar trunk occlusion during endovascular treatment of giant and fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:1226–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  342. Gonzalez LF, Alexander MJ, McDougall CG, Spetzler RF. Anteroinferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: surgical approaches and outcomes – a review of 34 cases. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:1025–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Akyuz M, Tuncer R. Multiple anterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms associated with an arteriovenous malformation: case report. Surg Neurol. 2005;64 Suppl 2:S106–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Spallone A, De Santis S, Giuffre R. Peripheral aneurysms of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. Case report and review of literature. Br J Neurosurg. 1995;9:537–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Suzuki K, Meguro K, Wada M, Fujita K, Nose T. Embolization of a ruptured aneurysm of the distal anterior inferior cerebellar artery: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1999;51:509–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Yoon SM, Chun YI, Kwon Y, Kwun BD. Vertebrobasilar junction aneurysms associated with fenestration: experience of five cases treated with Guglielmi detachable coils. Surg Neurol. 2004;61:248–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Rabinov JD, Hellinger FR, Morris PP, Ogilvy CS, Putman CM. Endovascular management of vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:1421–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Hudgins RJ, Day AL, Quisling RG, Rhoton Jr AL, Sypert GW, Garcia-Bengochea F. Aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. A clinical and anatomical analysis. J Neurosurg. 1983;58:381–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Yamaura A, Watanabe Y, Saeki N. Dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery. J Neurosurg. 1990;72:183–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Kallmes DF, Lanzino G, Dix JE, et al. Patterns of hemorrhage with ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: CT findings in 44 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169:1169–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Yamaura A. Diagnosis and treatment of vertebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1988;69:345–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. Lemole Jr GM, Henn J, Javedan S, Deshmukh V, Spetzler RF. Cerebral revascularization performed using posterior inferior cerebellar artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass. Report of four cases and literature review. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:219–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Mericle RA, Reig AS, Burry MV, Eskioglu E, Firment CS, Santra S. Endovascular surgery for proximal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: an analysis of Glasgow Outcome Score by Hunt-Hess Grades. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:619–25; discussion 619−25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  354. Lewis SB, Chang DJ, Peace DA, Lafrentz PJ, Day AL. Distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: clinical features and management. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:756–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  355. Horiuchi T, Tanaka Y, Hongo K, Nitta J, Kusano Y, Kobayashi S. Characteristics of distal posteroinferior cerebellar artery aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:589–95; discussion 95–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Orakcioglu B, Schuknecht B, Otani N, Khan N, Imhof HG, Yonekawa Y. Distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: clinical characteristics and surgical management. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2005;147:1131–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Dernbach PD, Sila CA, Little JR. Giant and multiple aneurysms of the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Neurosurgery. 1988;22:309–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Heros RC. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:747–8; discussion 8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Werner S, Blakemore A, King B. Aneurysm of the internal carotid artery within the skull: wiring and electrothermic coagulation. JAMA. 1941;116:578–82.

    Google Scholar 

  360. Mullan S, Raimondi AJ, Dobben G, Vailati G, Hekmatpanah J. Electrically induced thrombosis in intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1965;22:539–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Gallagher JP. Obliteration of intracranial aneurysms by pilojection. JAMA. 1963;183:231–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. Alksne JF, Fingerhut AG. Magnetically controlled metallic thrombosis of intracranial aneurysms. A preliminary report. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc. 1965;30:153–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Luessenhop AJ, Velasquez AC. Observations on the ­tolerance of the intracranial arteries to catheterization. J Neurosurg. 1964;21:85–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Teitelbaum GP, Larsen DW, Zelman V, Lysachev AG, Likhterman LB. A tribute to Dr. Fedor A. Serbinenko, founder of endovascular neurosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2000;46:462–9; discussion 9–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. Serbinenko FA. Balloon catheterization and occlusion of major cerebral vessels. J Neurosurg. 1974;41:125–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  366. Debrun G, Lacour P, Caron JP, Hurth M, Comoy J, Keravel Y. Detachable balloon and calibrated-leak balloon ­techniques in the treatment of cerebral vascular lesions. J Neurosurg. 1978;49:635–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Hieshima GB, Grinnell VS, Mehringer CM. A detachable balloon for therapeutic transcatheter occlusions. Radiology. 1981;138:227–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Kwan ES, Heilman CB, Shucart WA, Klucznik RP. Enlargement of basilar artery aneurysms following balloon occlusion – “water-hammer effect”. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:963–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Gianturco C, Anderson JH, Wallace S. Mechanical devices for arterial occlusion. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975;124:428–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Barnwell SL, Hieshima GB. Interventional neurovascular treatment of a giant intracranial aneurysm using platinum microcoils. Surg Neurol. 1991;35:64–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. Hilal SK, Solomon RA. Endovascular treatment of aneurysms with coils. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:337–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. Moret J, Cognard C, Weill A, Castaings L, Rey A. Reconstruction technic in the treatment of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms. Long-term angiographic and clinical results. Apropos of 56 cases. J Neuroradiol. 1997;24:30–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Qureshi AI, Vazquez G, Tariq N, Suri MFK, Lakshminarayan K, Lanzino G. Impact of international subarachnoid aneurysm trial results on treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:834–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  374. Adams Jr HP, Gordon DL. Nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 1991;29:461–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Stranjalis G, Korfias S, Vemmos KN, Sakas DE. Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage in the era of transition from surgery to embolization. A study of the overall outcome. Br J Neurosurg. 2005;19:389–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  376. Flaherty ML, Haverbusch M, Kissela B, et al. Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;14:267–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  377. Schwartz TH, Mayer SA. Quadrigeminal variant of perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2000;46:584–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. van der Schaaf IC, Velthuis BK, Gouw A, Rinkel GJ. Venous drainage in perimesencephalic hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35:1614–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  379. Call GK, Fleming MC, Sealfon S, Levine H, Kistler JP, Fisher CM. Reversible cerebral segmental vasoconstriction. Stroke. 1988;19:1159–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  380. Edlow BL, Kasner SE, Hurst RW, Weigele JB, Levine JM. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2007;7:203–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  381. Ducros A, Fiedler U, Porcher R, Boukobza M, Stapf C, Bousser MG. Hemorrhagic manifestations of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: frequency, features, and risk factors. Stroke. 2010;41:2505–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  382. Ducros A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Presse Med. 2010;39:312–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  383. Chen SP, Fuh JL, Lirng JF, Chang FC, Wang SJ. Recurrent primary thunderclap headache and benign CNS angiopathy: spectra of the same disorder? Neurology. 2006;67:2164–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  384. Hajj-Ali RA, Furlan A, Abou-Chebel A, Calabrese LH. Benign angiopathy of the central nervous system: cohort of 16 patients with clinical course and long-term followup. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;47:662–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  385. Rinkel GJ, van Gijn J, Wijdicks EF. Subarachnoid hemorrhage without detectable aneurysm. A review of the causes. Stroke. 1993;24:1403–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. Linn FHH, Rinkel GJE, Algra A, van Gijn J. Incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of region, year, and rate of computed tomography: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 1996;27:625–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  387. Menghini VV, Brown Jr RD, Sicks JD, O’Fallon WM, Wiebers DO. Incidence and prevalence of intracranial aneurysms and hemorrhage in Olmsted county, Minnesota, 1965 to 1995. Neurology. 1998;51:405–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  388. Labovitz DL, Halim AX, Brent B, Boden-Albala B, Hauser WA, Sacco RL. Subarachnoid hemorrhage incidence among whites, blacks and Caribbean Hispanics: the northern Manhattan study. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;26:147–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. Mayberg MR, Batjer HH, Dacey R. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1994;25:2315–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. Dupont SA, Lanzino G, Wijdicks EFM, Rabinstein AA. The use of clinical and routine imaging data to differentiate between aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage prior to angiography. J Neurosurg. 2010;113:790–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  391. van Gijn J, Rinkel GJE. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain. 2001;124:249–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. Polmear A. Sentinel headaches in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: what is the true incidence? A systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2003;23:935–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Frizzell RT, Kuhn F, Morris R, Quinn C, Fisher 3rd WS. Screening for ocular hemorrhages in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms: a prospective study of 99 patients. Neurosurgery. 1997;41:529–33; discussion 33–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Pfausler B, Belcl R, Metzler R, Mohsenipour I, Schmutzhard E. Terson’s syndrome in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective study in 60 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg. 1996;85:392–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. McCarron MO, Alberts MJ, McCarron P. A systematic review of Terson’s syndrome: frequency and prognosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:491–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  396. Tsementzis SA, Williams A. Ophthalmological signs and prognosis in patients with a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1984;27:133–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Pinto AN, Canhao P, Ferro JM. Seizures at the onset of subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol. 1996;243:161–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  398. Edlow JA, Wyer PC. Evidence-based emergency medicine/clinical question. How good is a negative cranial computed tomographic scan result in excluding subarachnoid hemorrhage? Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36:507–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  399. Bambakidis N, Selman W. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: Suarez JI, editor. Critical care neurology and neurosurgery. Totowa: Humana Press; 2004. p. 365–77.

    Google Scholar 

  400. Vermeulen M, van Gijn J. The diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:365–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  401. Heasley DC, Mohamed MA, Yousem DM. Clearing of red blood cells in lumbar puncture does not rule out ruptured aneurysm in patients with suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage but negative head CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:820–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  402. Villablanca JP, Jahan R, Hooshi P, et al. Detection and characterization of very small cerebral aneurysms by using 2D and 3D helical CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:1187–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  403. Jayaraman MV, Mayo-Smith WW, Tung GA, et al. Detection of intracranial aneurysms: multi-detector row CT angiography compared with DSA. Radiology. 2004;230:510–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  404. Rogg JM, Smeaton S, Doberstein C, Goldstein JH, Tung GA, Haas RA. Assessment of the value of MR imaging for examining patients with angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172:201–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  405. Maslehaty H, Petridis AK, Barth H, Mehdorn HM. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in perimesencephalic and nonperimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown origin. J Neurosurg. 2011;114:1003–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  406. Suarez JI, Tarr RW, Selman WR. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:387–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  407. Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR. The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 1998;50:1413–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  408. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Nasar A. Trends in hospitalization and mortality for subarachnoid hemorrhage and unruptured aneurysms in the United States. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:1–8; discussion 1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  409. Fischer T, Johnsen SP, Pedersen L, Gaist D, Sorensen HT, Rothman KJ. Seasonal variation in hospitalization and case fatality of subarachnoid hemorrhage – a nationwide Danish study on 9,367 patients. Neuroepidemiology. 2005;24:32–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Stegmayr B, Eriksson M, Asplund K. Declining mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage: changes in incidence and case fatality from 1985 through 2000. Stroke. 2004;35:2059–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  411. Biotti D, Jacquin A, Boutarbouch M, et al. Trends in case-fatality rates in hospitalized nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a population-based study in Dijon, France, from 1985 to 2006. Neurosurgery. 2010;66:1039–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  412. Juvela S, Porras M, Heiskanen O. Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a long-term follow-up study. J Neurosurg. 1993;79:174–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  413. Tsutsumi K, Ueki K, Morita A, Kirino T. Risk of rupture from incidental cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:550–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  414. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Leach A. Initial and recurrent bleeding are the major causes of death following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1994;25:1342–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  415. Schievink WI, Wijdicks EF, Piepgras DG, Chu CP, O’Fallon WM, Whisnant JP. The poor prognosis of ruptured intracranial aneurysms of the posterior circulation. J Neurosurg. 1995;82:791–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  416. Hop JW, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J. Case-fatality rates and functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Stroke. 1997;28:660–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  417. Kassell NF, Torner JC. Aneurysmal rebleeding: a preliminary report from the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurosurgery. 1983;13:479–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  418. Inagawa T, Kamiya K, Ogasawara H, Yano T. Rebleeding of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in the acute stage. Surg Neurol. 1987;28:93–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  419. Fujii Y, Takeuchi S, Sasaki O, Minakawa T, Koike T, Tanaka R. Ultra-early rebleeding in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:35–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  420. Brilstra EH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J. Rebleeding, secondary ischemia, and timing of operation in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000;55:1656–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  421. Steiger HJ, Fritschi J, Seiler RW. Current pattern of in-hospital aneurysmal rebleeds. Analysis of a series treated with individually timed surgery and intravenous nimodipine. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;127:21–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  422. Khurana VG, Piepgras DG, Whisnant JP. Ruptured giant intracranial aneurysms. Part I. A study of rebleeding. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:425–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  423. Jane JA, Kassell NF, Torner JC, Winn HR. The natural history of aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 1985;62:321–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  424. Naidech AM, Janjua N, Kreiter KT, et al. Predictors and impact of aneurysm rebleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:410–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  425. Hijdra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, van Crevel H. Rerupture of intracranial aneurysms: a clinicoanatomic study. J Neurosurg. 1987;67:29–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  426. Juvela S. Rebleeding from ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol. 1989;32:323–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  427. Dunn CJ, Goa KL. Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in surgery and other indications. Drugs. 1999;57:1005–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  428. Fodstad H, Liliequist B, Schannong M, Thulin CA. Tranexamic acid in the preoperative management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol. 1978;10:9–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  429. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Adams Jr HP. Antifibrinolytic therapy in the acute period following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Preliminary observations from the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg. 1984;61:225–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  430. Mullan S, Dawley J. Antifibrinolytic therapy for intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1968;28:21–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  431. Vermeulen M, Lindsay KW, Murray GD, et al. Antifibrinolytic treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:432–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  432. Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, Hijdra A, van Crevel H. Causes of acute deterioration in patients with a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. A prospective study with serial CT scanning. J Neurosurg. 1984;60:935.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  433. Burchiel KJ, Hoffman JM, Bakay RA. Quantitative determination of plasma fibrinolytic activity in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms who are receiving epsilon-aminocaproic acid: relationship of possible complications of therapy to the degree of fibrinolytic inhibition. Neurosurgery. 1984;14:57–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  434. Fodstad H, Pilbrant A, Schannong M, Stromberg S. Determination of tranexamic acid (AMCA) and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in cerebrospinal fluid after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1981;58:1–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  435. Starke RM, Kim GH, Fernandez A, et al. Impact of a protocol for acute antifibrinolytic therapy on aneurysm rebleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39:2617–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  436. Harrigan MR, Rajneesh KF, Ardelt AA, Fisher 3rd WS. Short-term antifibrinolytic therapy before early aneurysm treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage: effects on rehemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, and hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:935–9; discussion 9–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  437. Hui FK, Schuette AJ, Lieber M, et al. Epsilon aminocaproic acid in angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage patients is safe: a retrospective review of 83 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery. 2012;70(3):702–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  438. Leipzig TJ, Redelman K, Horner TG. Reducing the risk of rebleeding before early aneurysm surgery: a possible role for antifibrinolytic therapy. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:220–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  439. Hillman J, Fridriksson S, Nilsson O, Yu Z, Saveland H, Jakobsson KE. Immediate administration of tranexamic acid and reduced incidence of early rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective randomized study. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:771–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  440. Vale FL, Bradley EL, Fisher 3rd WS. The relationship of subarachnoid hemorrhage and the need for postoperative shunting. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:462–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  441. Haley Jr EC, Kassell NF, Torner JC. The International Cooperative Study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. The North American experience. Stroke. 1992;23:205–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  442. Ohman J, Heiskanen O. Timing of operation for ruptured supratentorial aneurysms: a prospective randomized study. J Neurosurg. 1989;70:55–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  443. Chyatte D, Fode NC, Sundt Jr TM. Early versus late intracranial aneurysm surgery in subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1988;69:326–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  444. Phillips TJ, Dowling RJ, Yan B, Laidlaw JD, Mitchell PJ. Does treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms within 24 hours improve clinical outcome? Stroke. 2011;42:1936–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  445. van Gijn J, Hijdra A, Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M, van Crevel H. Acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1985;63:355–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  446. Hasan D, Tanghe HL. Distribution of cisternal blood in patients with acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 1992;31:374–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  447. Suarez-Rivera O. Acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol. 1998;49:563–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  448. Dehdashti AR, Rilliet B, Rufenacht DA, de Tribolet N. Shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a prospective study of the influence of treatment modality. J Neurosurg. 2004;101:402–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  449. Hasan D, Vermeulen M, Wijdicks EF, Hijdra A, van Gijn J. Management problems in acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1989;20:747–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  450. Graff-Radford NR, Torner J, Adams Jr HP, Kassell NF. Factors associated with hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:744–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  451. Pare L, Delfino R, Leblanc R. The relationship of ventricular drainage to aneurysmal rebleeding. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:422–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  452. Voldby B, Enevoldsen EM. Intracranial pressure changes following aneurysm rupture. Part 3: recurrent hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1982;56:784–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  453. Klopfenstein JD, Kim LJ, Feiz-Erfan I, et al. Comparison of rapid and gradual weaning from external ventricular drainage in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective randomized trial. J Neurosurg. 2004;100:225–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  454. O’Kelly CJ, Kulkarni AV, Austin PC, Urbach D, Wallace MC. Shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: incidence, predictors, and revision rates. Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2009;111:1029–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  455. Komotar RJ, Hahn DK, Kim GH, et al. Efficacy of lamina terminalis fenestration in reducing shunt-dependent hydrocephalus following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2009;111:147–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  456. Hasan D, Schonck RS, Avezaat CJ, Tanghe HL, van Gijn J, van der Lugt PJ. Epileptic seizures after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:286–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  457. Baker CJ, Prestigiacomo CJ, Solomon RA. Short-term perioperative anticonvulsant prophylaxis for the surgical treatment of low-risk patients with intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1995;37:863–70; discussion 70–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  458. Rhoney DH, Tipps LB, Murry KR, Basham MC, Michael DB, Coplin WM. Anticonvulsant prophylaxis and timing of seizures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000;55:258–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  459. Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N, et al. Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005;36:583–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  460. Sbeih I, Tamas LB, O’Laoire SA. Epilepsy after operation for aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1986;19:784–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  461. Claassen J, Peery S, Kreiter KT, et al. Predictors and clinical impact of epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2003;60:208–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  462. Lin CL, Dumont AS, Lieu AS, et al. Characterization of perioperative seizures and epilepsy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003;99:978–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  463. Solenski NJ, Haley Jr EC, Kassell NF. Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Participants of the multicenter cooperative aneurysm study. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:1007–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  464. Wartenberg KE, Mayer SA. Medical complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage: new strategies for prevention and management. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006;12:78–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  465. Sarrafzadeh A, Schlenk F, Meisel A, Dreier J, Vajkoczy P, Meisel C. Immunodepression after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2011;42:53–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  466. Dorhout Mees SM, van Dijk GW, Algra A, Kempink DRJ, Rinkel GJE. Glucose levels and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2003;61:1132–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  467. Wartenberg KE, Schmidt JM, Claassen J. Impact of medical complications on outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:617–23; quiz 24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  468. Frontera JA, Fernandez A, Claassen J, et al. Hyperglycemia after SAH: predictors, associated complications, and impact on outcome. Stroke. 2006;37:199–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  469. Woo E, Ma JT, Robinson JD, Yu YL. Hyperglycemia is a stress response in acute stroke. Stroke. 1988;19:1359–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  470. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke. 2001;32:2426–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  471. Allport LE, Butcher KS, Baird TA, et al. Insular cortical ischemia is independently associated with acute stress hyperglycemia. Stroke. 2004;35:1886–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  472. Parsons MW, Barber PA, Desmond PM, et al. Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Ann Neurol. 2002;52:20–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  473. Baird TA, Parsons MW, Phanh T, et al. Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke. 2003;34:2208–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  474. Ste-Marie L, Hazell AS, Bemeur C, Butterworth R, Montgomery J. Immunohistochemical detection of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine and manganese superoxide dismutase following hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 2001;918:10–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  475. Kawai N, Keep RF, Betz AL, Dietrich WD. Hyperglycemia and the vascular effects of cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1997;28:149–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  476. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1359–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  477. Hasan D, Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M. Hyponatremia is associated with cerebral ischemia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 1990;27:106–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  478. Kurokawa Y, Uede T, Ishiguro M. Pathogenesis of hyponatremia following subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Surg Neurol. 1996;46:500–7; discussion 7–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  479. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Sung GY. Prognostic significance of hypernatremia and hyponatremia among patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2002;50:749–55; discussion 55–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  480. Sherlock M, O’Sullivan E, Agha A, et al. The incidence and pathophysiology of hyponatraemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;64:250–4.

    Google Scholar 

  481. Morinaga K, Hayashi S, Matsumoto Y, et al. Hyponatremia and cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. No To Shinkei. 1992;44:629–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  482. Moro N, Katayama Y, Kojima J, Mori T, Kawamata T. Prophylactic management of excessive natriuresis with hydrocortisone for efficient hypervolemic therapy after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2003;34:2807–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  483. Nelson RJ, Roberts J, Rubin C, Walker V, Ackery DM, Pickard JD. Association of hypovolemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage with computed tomographic scan evidence of raised intracranial pressure. Neurosurgery. 1991;29:178–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  484. Wijdicks EF, Vandongen KJ, Vangijn J, Hijdra A, Vermeulen M. Enlargement of the third ventricle and hyponatraemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:516–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  485. Harrigan MR. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17:125–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  486. Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M, ten Haaf JA, Hijdra A, Bakker WH, van Gijn J. Volume depletion and natriuresis in patients with a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Ann Neurol. 1985;18:211–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  487. McGirt MJ, Blessing R, Nimjee SM. Correlation of serum brain natriuretic peptide with hyponatremia and delayed ischemic neurological deficits after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2004;54:1369–73; discussion 73–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  488. Berendes E, Walter M, Cullen P, et al. Secretion of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 1997;349:245–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  489. Tomida M, Muraki M, Uemura K, Yamasaki K. Plasma concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1998;29:1584–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  490. Tung PP, Olmsted E, Kopelnik A, et al. Plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels are associated with early cardiac dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005;36:1567–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  491. Sviri GE, Feinsod M, Soustiel JF. Brain natriuretic peptide and cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical and TCD correlations. Stroke. 2000;31:118–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  492. Takahashi K, Totsune K, Sone M, et al. Human brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity in human brain. Peptides. 1992;13:121–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  493. Takaku A, Shindo K, Tanaka S, Mori T, Suzuki J. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances in patients with intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol. 1979;11:349–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  494. van den Bergh WM, Algra A, Rinkel GJE. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and serum magnesium in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35:644–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  495. Andreoli A, di Pasquale G, Pinelli G, Grazi P, Tognetti F, Testa C. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and severity of cardiac arrhythmias. A survey of 70 cases studied in the acute phase. Stroke. 1987;18:558–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  496. Fukui S, Otani N, Katoh H, et al. Female gender as a risk factor for hypokalemia and QT prolongation after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2002;59:134–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  497. Fukui S, Katoh H, Tsuzuki N, et al. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for QT prolongation following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care. 2003;7:R7–R12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  498. Machado C, Baga JJ, Kawasaki R, Reinoehl J, Steinman RT, Lehmann MH. Torsade de pointes as a complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a critical reappraisal. J Electrocardiol. 1997;30:31–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  499. van den Bergh WM, Algra A, van der Sprenkel JW, Tulleken CA, Rinkel GJ. Hypomagnesemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:276–81; discussion 81–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  500. Collignon FP, Friedman JA, Piepgras DG, et al. Serum magnesium levels as related to symptomatic vasospasm and outcome following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2004;1:441–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  501. Brouwers PJ, Wijdicks EF, Hasan D, et al. Serial electrocardiographic recording in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1989;20:1162–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  502. Marion DW, Segal R, Thompson ME. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and the heart. Neurosurgery. 1986;18:101–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  503. Manninen PH, Ayra B, Gelb AW, Pelz D. Association between electrocardiographic abnormalities and intracranial blood in patients following acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1995;7:12–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  504. Kuroiwa T, Morita H, Tanabe H, Ohta T. Significance of ST segment elevation in electrocardiograms in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1995;133:141–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  505. Mayer SA, Lin J, Homma S, et al. Myocardial injury and left ventricular performance after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1999;30:780–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  506. Svigelj V, Grad A, Tekavcic I, Kiauta T. Cardiac arrhythmia associated with reversible damage to insula in a patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1994;25:1053–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  507. Fink JN, Selim MH, Kumar S, Voetsch B, Fong WC, Caplan LR. Insular cortex infarction in acute middle cerebral artery territory stroke: predictor of stroke severity and vascular lesion. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1081–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  508. Lanzino G, Kongable GL, Kassell NF. Electrocardiographic abnormalities after nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1994;6:156–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  509. Kono T, Morita H, Kuroiwa T, Onaka H, Takatsuka H, Fujiwara A. Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: neurogenic stunned myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:636–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  510. Tung P, Kopelnik A, Banki N, et al. Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35:548–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  511. Sato K, Masuda T, Izumi T. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and myocardial damage clinical and experimental studies. Jpn Heart J. 1999;40:683–701.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  512. Naredi S, Lambert G, Eden E, et al. Increased sympathetic nervous activity in patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2000;31:901–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  513. Banki NM, Kopelnik A, Dae MW, et al. Acute neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Circulation. 2005;112:3314–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  514. Yuki K, Kodama Y, Onda J, Emoto K, Morimoto T, Uozumi T. Coronary vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage as a cause of stunned myocardium. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:308–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  515. Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N, et al. Cardiac troponin elevation, cardiovascular morbidity, and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Circulation. 2005;112:2851–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  516. Schuiling WJ, Dennesen PJW, Tans JTJ, Kingma LM, Algra A, Rinkel GJE. Troponin I in predicting cardiac or pulmonary complications and outcome in subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1565–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  517. Parr MJA, Finfer SR, Morgan MK. Lesson of the week: reversible cardiogenic shock complicating subarachnoid haemorrhage. BMJ. 1996;313:681–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  518. Jain R, Deveikis J, Thompson BG. Management of patients with stunned myocardium associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:126–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  519. Naval NS, Stevens RD, Mirski MA, Bhardwaj A. Controversies in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:511–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  520. Levy ML, Rabb CH, Zelman V, Giannotta SL. Cardiac performance enhancement from dobutamine in patients refractory to hypervolemic therapy for cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg. 1993;79:494–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  521. Apostolides PJ, Greene KA, Zabramski JM, Fitzgerald JW, Spetzler RF. Intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation in the management of concomitant cerebral vasospasm and cardiac failure after subarachnoid hemorrhage: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 1996;38:1056–9; discussion 9–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  522. Friedman JA, Pichelmann MA, Piepgras DG. Pulmonary complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:1025–31; discussion 31–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  523. Kahn JM, Caldwell EC, Deem S, Newell DW, Heckbert SR, Rubenfeld GD. Acute lung injury in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:196–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  524. Smith WS, Matthay MA. Evidence for a hydrostatic mechanism in human neurogenic pulmonary edema. Chest. 1997;111:1326–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  525. Kopelnik A, Fisher L, Miss JC, et al. Prevalence and implications of diastolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2005;3:132–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  526. Macmillan CS, Grant IS, Andrews PJ. Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for active management? Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1012–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  527. Knudsen F, Jensen HP, Petersen PL. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: treatment with dobutamine. Neurosurgery. 1991;29:269–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  528. Vorkapic P, Bevan JA, Bevan RD. Longitudinal in vivo and in vitro time-course study of chronic cerebrovasospasm in the rabbit basilar artery. Neurosurg Rev. 1991;14:215–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  529. Findley JM. Cerebral vasospasm. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 1839–67.

    Google Scholar 

  530. Kassell NF, Sasaki T, Colohan AR, Nazar G. Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1985;16:562–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  531. Dorsch NW, King MT. A review of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarchnoid hemorrhage: incidence and effects. J Clin Neurosci. 1994;1:19–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  532. Murayama Y, Malisch T, Guglielmi G, et al. Incidence of cerebral vasospasm after endovascular treatment of acutely ruptured aneurysms: report on 69 cases. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:830–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  533. Charpentier C, Audibert G, Guillemin F, et al. Multivariate analysis of predictors of cerebral vasospasm occurrence after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1999;30:1402–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  534. Macdonald RL. Management of cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Rev. 2006;29(3):179–93.

    Google Scholar 

  535. Findlay JM, Kassell NF, Weir BK. A randomized trial of intraoperative, intracisternal tissue plasminogen activator for the prevention of vasospasm. Neurosurgery. 1995;37:168–76; discussion 77–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  536. Haley Jr EC, Kassell NF, Apperson-Hansen C, Maile MH, Alves WM. A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cooperative study in North America. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:467–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  537. Kassell NF, Haley Jr EC, Apperson-Hansen C, Alves WM. Randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cooperative study in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:221–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  538. Fisher CM, Roberson GH, Ojemann RG. Cerebral vasospasm with ruptured saccular aneurysm – the clinical manifestations. Neurosurgery. 1977;1:245–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  539. Weir B, Grace M, Hansen J, Rothberg C. Time course of vasospasm in man. J Neurosurg. 1978;48:173–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  540. Yamaguchi M, Bun T, Kuwahara T, Kitamura S. Very late-onset symptomatic cerebral vasospasm caused by a large residual aneurysmal subarachnoid hematoma – case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1999;39:677–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  541. Kistler JP, Crowell RM, Davis KR, et al. The relation of cerebral vasospasm to the extent and location of subarachnoid blood visualized by CT scan: a prospective study. Neurology. 1983;33:424–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  542. Hijdra A, van Gijn J, Nagelkerke NJ, Vermeulen M, van Crevel H. Prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia, rebleeding, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1988;19:1250–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  543. Claassen J, Bernardini GL, Kreiter K, et al. Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the fisher scale revisited. Stroke. 2001;32:2012–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  544. Conway JE, Tamargo RJ. Cocaine use is an independent risk factor for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32:2338–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  545. Ryttlefors M, Enblad P, Ronne-Engstrom E, Persson L, Ilodigwe D, Macdonald RL. Patient age and vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:911–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  546. Hoh BL, Topcuoglu MA, Singhal AB. Effect of clipping, craniotomy, or intravascular coiling on cerebral vasospasm and patient outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:779–86; discussion 86–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  547. Rabinstein AA, Pichelmann MA, Friedman JA, et al. Symptomatic vasospasm and outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparison between surgical repair and endovascular coil occlusion. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:319–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  548. Schweickert WD, Gehlbach BK, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP. Daily interruption of sedative infusions and complications of critical illness in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1272–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  549. Handa Y, Hayashi M, Takeuchi H, Kubota T, Kobayashi H, Kawano H. Time course of the impairment of cerebral autoregulation during chronic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in primates. J Neurosurg. 1992;76:493–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  550. Yoon DY, Choi CS, Kim KH, Cho BM. Multidetector-row CT angiography of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison of volume-rendered images and digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:370–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  551. Harrigan MR, Leonardo J, Gibbons KJ, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. CT perfusion cerebral blood flow imaging in neurological critical care. Neurocrit Care. 2005;2:352–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  552. Wintermark M, Ko NU, Smith WS, Liu S, Higashida RT, Dillon WP. Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: utility of perfusion CT and CT angiography on diagnosis and management. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:26–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  553. Clyde BL, Resnick DK, Yonas H, Smith HA, Kaufmann AM. The relationship of blood velocity as measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to cerebral blood flow as determined by stable xenon computed tomographic ­studies after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1996;38:896–904; discussion 904−5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  554. Lysakowski C, Walder B, Costanza MC, Tramer MR. Transcranial Doppler versus angiography in patients with vasospasm due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: a systematic review. Stroke. 2001;32:2292–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  555. Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg. 1984;60:37–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  556. Burch CM, Wozniak MA, Sloan MA, et al. Detection of intracranial internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neuroimaging. 1996;6:8–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  557. Kyoi K, Hashimoto H, Tokunaga H, et al. Time course of blood velocity changes and clinical symptoms related to cerebral vasospasm and prognosis after aneurysmal surgery. No Shinkei Geka. 1989;17:21–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  558. Wozniak MA, Sloan MA, Rothman MI. Detection of vasospasm by transcranial Doppler sonography. The challenges of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries. J Neuroimaging. 1996;6:87–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  559. Sloan MA, Burch CM, Wozniak MA, et al. Transcranial Doppler detection of vertebrobasilar vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1994;25:2187–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  560. Lindegaard KF, Nornes H, Bakke SJ, Sorteberg W, Nakstad P. Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage investigated by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1988;42:81–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  561. Soustiel JF, Shik V, Shreiber R, Tavor Y, Goldsher D, Muizelaar JP. Basilar vasospasm diagnosis: investigation of a modified “Lindegaard Index” based on imaging studies and blood velocity measurements of the basilar artery * editorial comment: investigation of a modified “Lindegaard Index” based on imaging studies and blood velocity measurements of the basilar artery. Stroke. 2002;33:72–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  562. Allen GS, Ahn HS, Preziosi TJ, et al. Cerebral arterial spasm – a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:619–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  563. Barker 2nd FG, Ogilvy CS. Efficacy of prophylactic nimodipine for delayed ischemic deficit after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a metaanalysis. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:405–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  564. Mee E, Dorrance D, Lowe D, Neil-Dwyer G. Controlled study of nimodipine in aneurysm patients treated early after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1988;22:484–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  565. Ohman J, Heiskanen O. Effect of nimodipine on the outcome of patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgery. J Neurosurg. 1988;69:683–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  566. Petruk KC, West M, Mohr G. Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients. Results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 1988;68:505–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  567. Philippon J, Grob R, Dagreou F, Guggiari M, Rivierez M, Viars P. Prevention of vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage. A controlled study with nimodipine. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1986;82:110–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  568. Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, et al. Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial. BMJ. 1989;298:636–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  569. Rinkel GJ, Feigin VL, Algra A, van den Bergh WM, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J. Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005:CD000277.

    Google Scholar 

  570. Wong MC, Haley Jr EC. Calcium antagonists: stroke therapy coming of age. Stroke. 1990;21:494–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  571. Toyota BD. The efficacy of an abbreviated course of nimodipine in patients with good-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:203–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  572. Parra A, Kreiter KT, Williams S. Effect of prior statin use on functional outcome and delayed vasospasm after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a matched controlled cohort study. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:476–84; discussion 476−84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  573. Lynch JR, Wang H, McGirt MJ, et al. Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 2005;36:2024–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  574. Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, Pickard JD, Kirkpatrick PJ. Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke. 2005;36:1627–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  575. Tseng MY, Hutchinson PJ, Czosnyka M, Richards H, Pickard JD, Kirkpatrick PJ. Effects of acute pravastatin treatment on intensity of rescue therapy, length of inpatient stay, and 6-month outcome in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2007;38:1545–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  576. Tseng MY, Hutchinson PJ, Turner CL, et al. Biological effects of acute pravastatin treatment in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2007;107:1092–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  577. Pfeffer MA, Keech A, Sacks FM, et al. Safety and tolerability of pravastatin in long-term clinical trials: prospective pravastatin pooling (PPP) project. Circulation. 2002;105:2341–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  578. Hunninghake DB, Knopp RH, Schonfeld G, et al. Efficacy and safety of pravastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 1990;85:81–9.

    Google Scholar 

  579. McGirt MJ, Pradilla G, Legnani FG. Systemic administration of simvastatin after the onset of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage attenuates cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:945–51; discussion 945−51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  580. Sterzer P, Meintzschel F, Rosler A, Lanfermann H, Steinmetz H, Sitzer M. Pravastatin improves cerebral vasomotor reactivity in patients with subcortical small-vessel disease. Stroke. 2001;32:2817–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  581. Macdonald RL, Kassell NF, Mayer S, et al. Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial. Stroke. 2008;39:3015–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  582. Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, et al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:618–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  583. Roux S. CONSCIOUS-3 Clazosentan in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. 2011. http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/TrialDetail.aspx?tid=1013. Accessed 12 Aug 2011.

  584. Klimo Jr P, Kestle JR, MacDonald JD, Schmidt RH. Marked reduction of cerebral vasospasm with lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2004;100:215–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  585. Kwon OY, Kim YJ, Cho CS, Lee SK, Cho MK. The utility and benefits of external lumbar CSF drainage after endovascular coiling on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2008;43:281–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  586. Staykov D, Speck V, Volbers B, et al. Early recognition of lumbar overdrainage by lumboventricular pressure gradient. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:1187–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  587. Marinov MB, Harbaugh KS, Hoopes PJ, Pikus HJ, Harbaugh RE. Neuroprotective effects of preischemia intraarterial magnesium sulfate in reversible focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg. 1996;85:117–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  588. van den Bergh WM, Zuur JK, Kamerling NA, et al. Role of magnesium in the reduction of ischemic depolarization and lesion volume after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:416–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  589. Ram Z, Sadeh M, Shacked I, Sahar A, Hadani M. Magnesium sulfate reverses experimental delayed cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Stroke. 1991;22:922–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  590. Fawcett WJ, Haxby EJ, Male DA. Magnesium: physiology and pharmacology. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83:302–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  591. Johnson JW, Ascher P. Voltage-dependent block by intracellular Mg2+ of N-methyl-D-aspartate-activated channels. Biophys J. 1990;57:1085–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  592. Rothman S. Synaptic release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter mediates anoxic neuronal death. J Neurosci. 1984;4:1884–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  593. Euser AG, Cipolla MJ. Resistance artery vasodilation to magnesium sulfate during pregnancy and the postpartum state. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288:H1521–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  594. van den Bergh WM, on behalf of the MSG. Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2005;36:1011–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  595. Wong GK, Poon WS, Chan MT, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH): a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke. 2010;41:921–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  596. Wong GKCF, Poon WSFF, Chan MTVF, et al. Plasma magnesium concentrations and clinical outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: post hoc analysis of intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage trial. Stroke. 2010;41:1841–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  597. Dorhout Mees SM, van den Bergh WM, Algra A, Rinkel GJ. Achieved serum magnesium concentrations and occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia and poor outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:729–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  598. Origitano TC, Wascher TM, Reichman OH, Anderson DE. Sustained increased cerebral blood flow with prophylactic hypertensive hypervolemic hemodilution (“triple-H” therapy) after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1990;27:729–39; discussion 39–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  599. Treggiari MM, Walder B, Suter PM, Romand JA. Systematic review of the prevention of delayed ischemic neurological deficits with hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution therapy following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:978–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  600. Lennihan L, Mayer SA, Fink ME, et al. Effect of hypervolemic therapy on cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2000;31:383–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  601. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J. Circulatory volume expansion for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000:CD000483.

    Google Scholar 

  602. Rinkel GJ, Feigin VL, Algra A, van Gijn J. Circulatory volume expansion therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004:CD000483.

    Google Scholar 

  603. Egge A, Waterloo K, Sjoholm H, Solberg T, Ingebrigtsen T, Romner B. Prophylactic hyperdynamic postoperative fluid therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a clinical, prospective, randomized, controlled study. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:593–605; discussion 605−6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  604. Raabe A, Beck J, Berkefeld J, et al. Recommendations for the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Zentralbl Neurochir. 2005;66:79–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  605. Ramakrishna R, Sekhar LN, Ramanathan D, et al. Intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator for the prevention of vasospasm and hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:110–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  606. Muehlschlegel SM, Rordorf G, Sims J. Effects of a single dose of dantrolene in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective pilot study. Stroke. 2011;42:1301–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  607. Al-Rawi PGB, Tseng M-YP, Richards HKP, et al. Hypertonic saline in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage improves cerebral blood flow, brain tissue oxygen, and pH. Stroke. 2010;41:122–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  608. Kassell NF, Peerless SJ, Durward QJ, Beck DW, Drake CG, Adams HP. Treatment of ischemic deficits from vasospasm with intravascular volume expansion and induced arterial hypertension. Neurosurgery. 1982;11:337–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  609. Hoh BL, Carter BS, Ogilvy CS. Risk of hemorrhage from unsecured, unruptured aneurysms during and after hypertensive hypervolemic therapy. Neurosurgery. 2002;50:1207–11; discussion 11–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  610. Shimoda M, Oda S, Tsugane R, Sato O. Intracranial complications of hypervolemic therapy in patients with a delayed ischemic deficit attributed to vasospasm. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:423–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  611. Raabe A, Beck J, Keller M, Vatter H, Zimmermann M, Seifert V. Relative importance of hypertension compared with hypervolemia for increasing cerebral oxygenation in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:974–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  612. Harrigan MR. Hypertension may be the most important component of hyperdynamic therapy in cerebral vasospasm. Crit Care. 2010;14:151.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  613. Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, Schaaf IC. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14:R23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  614. Giannotta SL, McGillicuddy JE, Kindt GW. Diagnosis and treatment of postoperative cerebral vasospasm. Surg Neurol. 1977;8:286–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  615. Awad IA, Carter LP, Spetzler RF, Medina M, Williams Jr FC. Clinical vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: response to hypervolemic hemodilution and arterial hypertension. Stroke. 1987;18:365–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  616. Kosnik EJ, Hunt WE. Postoperative hypertension in the management of patients with intracranial arterial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1976;45:148–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  617. Rosenwasser RH, Delgado TE, Buchheit WA, Freed MH. Control of hypertension and prophylaxis against vasospasm in cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary report. Neurosurgery. 1983;12:658–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  618. Corsten L, Raja A, Guppy K. Contemporary management of subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm: the UIC experience. Surg Neurol. 2001;56:140–8; discussion 8–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  619. Joseph M, Ziadi S, Nates J, Dannenbaum M, Malkoff M. Increases in cardiac output can reverse flow deficits from vasospasm independent of blood pressure: a study using xenon computed tomographic measurement of cerebral blood flow. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:1044–51; discussion 51–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  620. Mayer SA, Solomon RA, Fink ME. Effect of 5% albumin solution on sodium balance and blood volume after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:759–67; discussion 67–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  621. Ekelund A, Reinstrup P, Ryding E. Effects of iso- and hypervolemic hemodilution on regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery for patients with vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2002;144:703–12; discussion 12–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  622. Asplund K, Israelsson K, Schampi I. Haemodilution for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000:CD000103.

    Google Scholar 

  623. Allport LE, Parsons MW, Butcher KS, et al. Elevated hematocrit is associated with reduced reperfusion and tissue survival in acute stroke. Neurology. 2005;65:1382–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  624. Macdonald RL. Cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Q. 1995;5:73–97.

    Google Scholar 

  625. Amin-Hanjani S, Schwartz RB, Sathi S, Stieg PE. Hypertensive encephalopathy as a complication of hyperdynamic therapy for vasospasm: report of two cases. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:1113–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  626. Rosenwasser RH, Jallo JI, Getch CC, Liebman KE. Complications of Swan-Ganz catheterization for hemodynamic monitoring in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1995;37:872–5; discussion 5–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  627. American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology. Mechanical and pharmocologic treatment of vasospasm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:26S–7.

    Google Scholar 

  628. Zubkov AY, Lewis AI, Scalzo D, Bernanke DH, Harkey HL. Morphological changes after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Surg Neurol. 1999;51:399–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  629. Eskridge JM, Newell DW, Winn HR. Endovascular treatment of vasospasm. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1994;5:437–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  630. Coyne TJ, Montanera WJ, Macdonald RL, Wallace MC. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Can J Surg. 1994;37:391–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  631. Bejjani GK, Bank WO, Olan WJ, Sekhar LN. The efficacy and safety of angioplasty for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:979–86; ­discussion 86–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  632. Fujii Y, Takahashi A, Yoshimoto T. Effect of balloon angioplasty on high grade symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev. 1995;18:7–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  633. Rosenwasser RH, Armonda RA, Thomas JE, Benitez RP, Gannon PM, Harrop J. Therapeutic modalities for the management of cerebral vasospasm: timing of endovascular options. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:975–9; discussion 9–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  634. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Cahan LD, et al. Transluminal angioplasty for treatment of intracranial arterial vasospasm. J Neurosurg. 1989;71:648–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  635. Murayama Y, Song JK, Uda K, et al. Combined endovascular treatment for both intracranial aneurysm and symptomatic vasospasm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:133–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  636. Le Roux PD, Newell DW, Eskridge J, Mayberg MR, Winn HR. Severe symptomatic vasospasm: the role of immediate postoperative angioplasty. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:224–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  637. Jabbour P, Veznedaroglu E, Liebman K, Rosenwasser RH. Is radiographic ischemia a contraindication for angioplasty in subarachnoid hemorrhage? In: AANS annual meeting. San Francisco: American Association of Neurological Surgeons; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  638. Muizelaar JP, Zwienenberg M, Rudisill NA, Hecht ST. The prophylactic use of transluminal balloon angioplasty in patients with fisher grade 3 subarachnoid hemorrhage: a pilot study. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:51–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  639. Badjatia N, Topcuoglu MA, Pryor JC, et al. Preliminary experience with intra-arterial nicardipine as a treatment for cerebral vasospasm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:819–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  640. Biondi A, Ricciardi GK, Puybasset L, et al. Intra-arterial nimodipine for the treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: preliminary results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:1067–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  641. Feng L, Fitzsimmons B-F, Young WL, et al. Intraarterially administered verapamil as adjunct therapy for cerebral vasospasm: safety and 2-year experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:1284–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  642. Stuart RM, Helbok R, Kurtz P, et al. High-dose intra-arterial verapamil for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: prolonged effects on hemodynamic parameters and brain metabolism. Neurosurgery. 2011;68:337–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  643. Kassell NF, Helm G, Simmons N, Phillips CD, Cail WS. Treatment of cerebral vasospasm with intra-arterial papaverine. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:848–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  644. Kaku Y, Yonekawa Y, Tsukahara T, Kazekawa K. Superselective intra-arterial infusion of papaverine for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:842–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  645. Vajkoczy P, Horn P, Bauhuf C, et al. Effect of intra-arterial papaverine on regional cerebral blood flow in hemodynamically relevant cerebral vasospasm. Stroke. 2001;32:498–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  646. McAuliffe W, Townsend M, Eskridge JM, Newell DW, Grady MS, Winn HR. Intracranial pressure changes induced during papaverine infusion for treatment of vasospasm. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:430–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  647. Carhuapoma JR, Qureshi AI, Tamargo RJ, Mathis JM, Hanley DF. Intra-arterial papaverine-induced seizures: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 2001;56:159–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  648. Barr JD, Mathis JM, Horton JA. Transient severe brain stem depression during intraarterial papaverine infusion for cerebral vasospasm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:719–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  649. Stiefel MF, Spiotta AM, Udoetuk JD, et al. Intra-arterial papaverine used to treat cerebral vasospasm reduces brain oxygen. Neurocrit Care. 2006;4:113–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  650. Smith WS, Dowd CF, Johnston SC, et al. Neurotoxicity of intra-arterial papaverine preserved with chlorobutanol used for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35:2518–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  651. Elliott JP, Newell DW, Lam DJ, et al. Comparison of balloon angioplasty and papaverine infusion for the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:277–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  652. Kistler JP, Lees RS, Candia G, Zervas NT, Crowell RM, Ojemann RG. Intravenous nitroglycerin in experimental cerebral vasospasm. A preliminary report. Stroke. 1979;10:26–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  653. Fathi AR, Pluta RM, Bakhtian KD, Qi M, Lonser RR. Reversal of cerebral vasospasm via intravenous sodium nitrite after subarachnoid hemorrhage in primates. J Neurosurg. 2011;115(6):1213–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  654. Fathi AR, Marbacher S, Graupner T. Continuous intrathecal glyceryl trinitrate prevents delayed cerebral vasospasm in the single-SAH rabbit model in vivo. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011;153:1669–75; discussion 75.

    Google Scholar 

  655. Qahwash OM, Alaraj A, Aletich V, Charbel FT, Amin-Hanjani S. Safety of early endovascular catheterization and intervention through extracranial-intracranial bypass grafts. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(1):201–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  656. Natarajan SK, Hauck EF, Hopkins LN, Levy EI, Siddiqui AH. Endovascular management of symptomatic spasm of radial artery bypass graft: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:794–8; discussion 8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  657. Ghani GA, Sung YF, Weinstein MS, Tindall GT, Fleischer AS. Effects of intravenous nitroglycerin on the intracranial pressure and volume pressure response. J Neurosurg. 1983;58:562–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  658. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Birks J, et al. Risk of recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage, death, or dependence and standardised mortality ratios after clipping or coiling of an intracranial aneurysm in the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT): long-term follow-up. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:427–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  659. Scott RBP, Eccles FD, Molyneux AJM, Kerr RSCMS, Rothwell PMF, Carpenter KDP. Improved cognitive outcomes with endovascular coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: neuropsychological outcomes from the international subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT). Stroke. 2010;41:1743–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  660. Harbaugh RE, Heros RC, Hadley MN. More on ISAT. Lancet. 2003;361:783–4; author reply 4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  661. Khoo LT, Levy ML. Intracerebral aneurysms. In: Albright AL, Pollack IF, Adelson PD, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric neurosurgery. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  662. Huang J, McGirt MJ, Gailloud P, Tamargo RJ. Intracranial aneurysms in the pediatric population: case series and literature review. Surg Neurol. 2005;63:424–32; discussion 32–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  663. Fulkerson DH, Voorhies JM, Payner TD, et al. Middle cerebral artery aneurysms in children: case series and review. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;8:79–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  664. Sanai N, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Gupta NM, et al. Pediatric intracranial aneurysms: durability of treatment following microsurgical and endovascular management. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:82–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  665. Laughlin S, terBrugge KG, Willinsky RA, Armstrong DC, Montanera WJ, Humphreys RP. Endovascular management of paediatric intracranial aneurysms. Intervent Neuroradiol. 1997;3:205–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  666. Kanaan I, Lasjaunias P, Coates R. The spectrum of intracranial aneurysms in pediatrics. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 1995;38:1–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  667. Buis DR, van Ouwerkerk WJ, Takahata H, Vandertop WP. Intracranial aneurysms in children under 1 year of age: a systematic review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22(11):1395–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  668. Batnitzky S, Muller J. Infantile and juvenile cerebral aneurysms. Neuroradiology. 1978;16:61–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  669. Aryan HE, Giannotta SL, Fukushima T, Park MS, Ozgur BM, Levy ML. Aneurysms in children: review of 15 years experience. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13:188–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  670. Ventureyra EC, Higgins MJ. Traumatic intracranial aneurysms in childhood and adolescence. Case reports and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 1994;10:361–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  671. Ostergaard JR, Voldby B. Intracranial arterial aneurysms in children and adolescents. J Neurosurg. 1983;58:832–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  672. Lasjaunias P, Wuppalapati S, Alvarez H, Rodesch G, Ozanne A. Intracranial aneurysms in children aged under 15 years: review of 59 consecutive children with 75 aneurysms. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:437–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  673. Kakarla UK, Beres EJ, Ponce FA. Microsurgical treatment of pediatric intracranial aneurysms: long-term angiographic and clinical outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:237–49; ­discussion 50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  674. Sawin P. Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage in pregnancy and the puerperium. In: Loftus C, editor. Neurosurgical aspects of pregnancy. Park Ridge: American Association of Neurological Surgeons; 1996. p. 85–99.

    Google Scholar 

  675. Wiebers DO. Subarachnoid hemorrhage in pregnancy. Semin Neurol. 1988;8:226–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  676. Robinson JL, Hall CJ, Sedzimir CB. Subarachnoid hemorrhage in pregnancy. J Neurosurg. 1972;36:27–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  677. Measurements NCoRPa, editors. Recommendations on limits for exposure to ionizing radiation. NCRP Report No. 91. Bethesda: National Council on Radiation Protection; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  678. Piper J. Fetal toxicity of common neurosurgical drugs. In: Loftus C, editor. Neurosurgical aspects of pregnancy. Park Ridge: American Association of Neurological Surgeons; 1996. p. 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  679. Dias MS, Sekhar LN. Intracranial hemorrhage from aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations during pregnancy and the puerperium. Neurosurgery. 1990;27:855–65; discussion 65–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  680. Maymon R, Fejgin M. Intracranial hemorrhage during pregnancy and puerperium. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1990;45:157–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  681. Barrett JM, Van Hooydonk JE, Boehm FH. Pregnancy-related rupture of arterial aneurysms. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1982;37:557–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  682. Verweij RD, Wijdicks EF, van Gijn J. Warning headache in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A case–control study. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:1019–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  683. Donnelly JF, Lock FR. Causes of death in five hundred thirty-three fatal cases of toxemia of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1954;68:184–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  684. Schwartz J. Pregnancy complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1951;62:539–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  685. Barno A, Freeman DW. Maternal deaths due to spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;125:384–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  686. Hirsh J, Cade JF, Gallus AS. Anticoagulants in pregnancy: a review of indications and complications. Am Heart J. 1972;83:301–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  687. Henderson CE, Torbey M. Rupture of intracranial aneurysm associated with cocaine use during pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. 1988;5:142–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  688. Salcman M. Choriocarcinoma in pregnancy. In: Loftus C, editor. Neurosurgical aspects of pregnancy. Park Ridge: American Association of Neurological Surgeons; 1996. p. 147–55.

    Google Scholar 

  689. Enomoto H, Goto H. Moyamoya disease presenting as intracerebral hemorrhage during pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1987;20:33–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  690. Botterell EH, Cannell DE. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1956;72:844–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  691. Daane TA, Tandy RW. Rupture of congenital intracranial aneurysm in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1960;15:305–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  692. Pool JL. Treatment of intracranial aneurysms during pregnancy. JAMA. 1965;192:209–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  693. Lennon RL, Sundt Jr TM, Gronert GA. Combined cesarean section and clipping of intracerebral aneurysm. Anesthesiology. 1984;60:240–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  694. Meyers PM, Halbach VV, Malek AM, et al. Endovascular treatment of cerebral artery aneurysms during pregnancy: report of three cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:1306–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  695. Piotin M, de Souza Filho CB, Kothimbakam R, Moret J. Endovascular treatment of acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysms in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:1261–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  696. Kizilkilic O, Albayram S, Adaletli I, et al. Endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms during pregnancy: report of three cases. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2003;268:325–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  697. Srinivasan K. Cerebral venous and arterial thrombosis in pregnancy and puerperium. A study of 135 patients. Angiology. 1983;34:731–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  698. Pedowitz P, Perell A. Aneurysms complicated by pregnancy. II. Aneurysms of the cerebral vessels. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1957;73:736–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  699. Heikkinen JE, Rinne RI, Alahuhta SM, et al. Life support for 10 weeks with successful fetal outcome after fatal maternal brain damage. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985;290:1237–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  700. Stolz-Born G, Widder B, Born J. Vascular effects of oxytocin on human middle cerebral artery determined by transcranial Doppler sonography. Regul Pept. 1996;62:37–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  701. Suzuki Y, Satoh S, Kimura M, et al. Effects of vasopressin and oxytocin on canine cerebral circulation in vivo. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:424–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  702. Barker FG, Amin-Hanjani S, Butler WE. Age-dependent differences in short-term outcome after surgical or endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States, 1996–2000. Neurosurgery. 2004;54:18–28; discussion 28−30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  703. Chung RY, Carter BS, Norbash A, Budzik R, Putnam C, Ogilvy CS. Management outcomes for ruptured and unruptured aneurysms in the elderly. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:827–32; discussion 32–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  704. Bradac GB, Bergui M, Fontanella M. Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms in elderly patients. Neuroradiology. 2005;47:938–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  705. Cai Y, Spelle L, Wang H. Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms in the elderly: single-center experience in 63 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:1096–102; discussion 1096−102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  706. Inagawa T. Trends in incidence and case fatality rates of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in Izumo City, Japan, between 1980–1989 and 1990–1998. Stroke. 2001;32:1499–507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  707. Shimamura N, Munakata A, Ohkuma H. Current management of subarachnoid hemorrhage in advanced age. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2011;110:151–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  708. Lanzino G, Kassell NF, Germanson TP, et al. Age and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: why do older patients fare worse? J Neurosurg. 1996;85:410–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  709. Sedat J, Dib M, Lonjon M, et al. Endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in patients aged 65 years and older: follow-up of 52 patients after 1 year. Stroke. 2002;33:2620–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  710. Nieuwkamp DJ, Rinkel GJE, Silva R, Greebe P, Schokking DA, Ferro JM. Subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients older than 75 years: clinical course, treatment and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:933–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  711. Takeuchi J. Aneurysm surgery in patients over the age of 80 years. Br J Neurosurg. 1993;7:307–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  712. Lan Q, Ikeda H, Jimbo H, Izumiyama H, Matsumoto K. Considerations on surgical treatment for elderly patients with intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol. 2000;53:231–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  713. Ferch R, Pasqualin A, Barone G, Pinna G, Bricolo A. Surgical management of ruptured aneurysms in the eighth and ninth decades. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145:439–45; discussion 45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  714. Jain R, Deveikis J, Thompson BG. Endovascular management of poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the geriatric population. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:596–600.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  715. Church W. Aneurysm of the right cerebral artery in a boy of thirteen. Trans Pathol Soc Lond. 1869;20:109.

    Google Scholar 

  716. Osler W. Gulstonian lectures on malignant endocarditis. Lancet. 1885;1:415–8, 508–8.

    Google Scholar 

  717. Clare CE, Barrow DL. Infectious intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1992;3:551–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  718. Chun JY, Smith W, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Wilson CB, Lawton MT. Current multimodality management of infectious intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2001;48:1203–13; discussion 13–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  719. Herman JM, Rekate HL, Spetzler RF. Pediatric intracranial aneurysms: simple and complex cases. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1991;17:66–72; discussion 3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  720. Bohmfalk GL, Story JL, Wissinger JP, Brown Jr WE. Bacterial intracranial aneurysm. J Neurosurg. 1978;48:369–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  721. Lerner PI. Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. Med Clin North Am. 1985;69:385–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  722. Phuong LK, Link M, Wijdicks E. Management of intracranial infectious aneurysms: a series of 16 cases. Neurosurgery. 2002;51:1145–51; discussion 51–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  723. Yao KC, Bederson JB. Infectious intracranial aneurysms. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 2101–6.

    Google Scholar 

  724. Ojemann RG. Surgical management of bacterial intracranial aneurysms. In: Schmidek HH, Sweet WH, editors. Operative neurosurgical techniques. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1988. p. 997–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  725. Kojima Y, Saito A, Kim I. The role of serial angiography in the management of bacterial and fungal intracranial aneurysms – report of two cases and review of the literature. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1989;29:202–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  726. Molinari GF, Smith L, Goldstein MN, Satran R. Pathogenesis of cerebral mycotic aneurysms. Neurology. 1973;23:325–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  727. Hurst RW, Judkins A, Bolger W, Chu A, Loevner LA. Mycotic aneurysm and cerebral infarction resulting from fungal sinusitis: imaging and pathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:858–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  728. Pruitt AA, Rubin RH, Karchmer AW, Duncan GW. Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1978;57:329–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  729. Morawetz RB, Karp RB. Evolution and resolution of intracranial bacterial (mycotic) aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1984;15:43–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  730. Barrow DL, Prats AR. Infectious intracranial aneurysms: comparison of groups with and without endocarditis. Neurosurgery. 1990;27:562–72; discussion 72–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  731. Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF, Jensen ME, Lanzino G, Dion JE. Endovascular treatment of ruptured, peripheral cerebral aneurysms: parent artery occlusion with short Guglielmi detachable coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:308–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  732. Frizzell RT, Vitek JJ, Hill DL, Fisher 3rd WS. Treatment of a bacterial (mycotic) intracranial aneurysm using an endovascular approach. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:852–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  733. Rout D, Sharma A, Mohan PK, Rao VR. Bacterial aneurysms of the intracavernous carotid artery. J Neurosurg. 1984;60:1236–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  734. Hutchinson J. Aneurysms of the internal carotid within the skull diagnosed 11 years before the patient’s death: spontaneous cure. Trans Clin Soc (Lond). 1987;8:127.

    Google Scholar 

  735. Choi IS, David C. Giant intracranial aneurysms: development, clinical presentation and treatment. Eur J Radiol. 2003;46:178–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  736. Schubiger O, Valavanis A, Wichmann W. Growth-mechanism of giant intracranial aneurysms; demonstration by CT and MR imaging. Neuroradiology. 1987;29:266–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  737. Koyama S, Kotani A, Sasaki J. Giant basilar artery aneurysm with intramural hemorrhage and then disastrous hemorrhage: case report. Neurosurgery. 1996;39:174–7; discussion 7–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  738. Nagahiro S, Takada A, Goto S, Kai Y, Ushio Y. Thrombosed growing giant aneurysms of the vertebral artery: growth mechanism and management. J Neurosurg. 1995;82:796–801.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  739. Lawton MT, Spetzler RF. Surgical strategies for giant intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1998;9:725–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  740. Lemole JGM, Henn JS, Spetzler RF, Riina HA. Giant aneurysms. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 2079–99.

    Google Scholar 

  741. Pia HW, Zierski J. Giant cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurg Rev. 1982;5:117–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  742. Ausman JI, Diaz FG, Sadasivan B, Gonzeles-Portillo Jr M, Malik GM, Deopujari CE. Giant intracranial aneurysm surgery: the role of microvascular reconstruction. Surg Neurol. 1990;34:8–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  743. Gruber A, Killer M, Bavinzski G, Richling B. Clinical and angiographic results of endosaccular coiling treatment of giant and very large intracranial aneurysms: a 7-year, single-center experience. Neurosurgery. 1999;45:793–803; discussion 803−4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  744. Drake CG, Peerless SJ. Giant fusiform intracranial aneurysms: review of 120 patients treated surgically from 1965 to 1992. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:141–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  745. Raymond LA, Tew J. Large suprasellar aneurysms imitating pituitary tumour. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1978;41:83–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  746. Bokemeyer C, Frank B, Brandis A, Weinrich W. Giant aneurysm causing frontal lobe syndrome. J Neurol. 1990;237:47–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  747. Lownie SP, Drake CG, Peerless SJ, Ferguson GG, Pelz DM. Clinical presentation and management of giant anterior communicating artery region aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2000;92:267–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  748. Michael WF. Posterior fossa aneurysms simulating tumours. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1974;37:218–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  749. Kodama N, Suzuki J. Surgical treatment of giant aneurysms. Neurosurg Rev. 1982;5:155–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  750. Barrow DL, Alleyne C. Natural history of giant intracranial aneurysms and indications for intervention. Clin Neurosurg. 1995;42:214–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  751. Elhammady MS, Wolfe SQ, Farhat H, Ali Aziz-Sultan M, Heros RC. Carotid artery sacrifice for unclippable and uncoilable aneurysms: endovascular occlusion vs. common carotid artery ligation. Neurosurgery. 2010;67:1431–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  752. Gobin YP, Vinuela F, Gurian JH, et al. Treatment of large and giant fusiform intracranial aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:55–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  753. Otsuka G, Miyachi S, Handa T, et al. Endovascular trapping of giant serpentine aneurysms by using Guglielmi detachable coils: successful reduction of mass effect. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 2001;94:836–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  754. Briganti F, Cirillo S, Caranci F, Esposito F, Maiuri F. Development of “de novo” aneurysms following endovascular procedures. Neuroradiology. 2002;44:604–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  755. Ross IB, Weill A, Piotin M, Moret J. Endovascular treatment of distally located giant aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:1147–52; discussion 52–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  756. Malisch TW, Guglielmi G, Vinuela F, et al. Intracranial aneurysms treated with the Guglielmi detachable coil: midterm clinical results in a consecutive series of 100 patients. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:176–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  757. Higashida RT, Smith W, Gress D. Intravascular stent and endovascular coil placement for a ruptured fusiform aneurysm of the basilar artery. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:944–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  758. Islak C, Kocer N, Albayram S, Kizilkilic O, Uzma O, Cokyuksel O. Bare stent-graft technique: a new method of endoluminal vascular reconstruction for the treatment of giant and fusiform aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:1589–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  759. Yamaura A, Ono J, Hirai S. Clinical picture of intracranial non-traumatic dissecting aneurysm. Neuropathology. 2000;20:85–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  760. Kurino M, Yoshioka S, Ushio Y. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of anterior and middle cerebral artery associated with brain infarction: a case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 2002;57:428–36; discussion 36–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  761. Mizutani T, Kojima H. Clinicopathological features of non-atherosclerotic cerebral arterial trunk aneurysms. Neuropathology. 2000;20:91–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  762. Okuchi K, Watabe Y, Hiramatsu K, et al. Dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery as a cause of Wallenberg’s syndrome (in Japanese with English abstract). No Shinkei Geka. 1990;18:721–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  763. Ojemann RG, Fisher CM, Rich JC. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. Stroke. 1972;3:434–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  764. Bhattacharya RN, Menon G, Nair S. Dissecting intracranial vertebral artery aneurysms. Neurol India. 2001;49:391–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  765. Nagahiro S, Hamada J, Sakamoto Y, Ushio Y. Follow-up evaluation of dissecting aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar circulation by using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:385–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  766. Mizutani T, Kojima H, Asamoto S, Miki Y. Pathological mechanism and three-dimensional structure of cerebral dissecting aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2001;94:712–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  767. Sasaki O, Ogawa H, Koike T, Koizumi T, Tanaka R. A clinicopathological study of dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:874–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  768. Clower BR, Sullivan DM, Smith RR. Intracranial vessels lack vasa vasorum. J Neurosurg. 1984;61:44–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  769. Tuna M, Gocer AI, Ozel S, Bagdatoglu H, Zorludemir S, Haciyakupoglu S. A giant dissecting aneurysm mimicking serpentine aneurysm angiographically. Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev. 1998;21:284–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  770. Mizutani T, Aruga T, Kirino T, Miki Y, Saito I, Tsuchida T. Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage from untreated ruptured vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1995;36:905–11; discussion 12–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  771. Yuki I, Murayama Y, Vinuela F. Endovascular management of dissecting vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms in patients presenting with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:649–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  772. Benndorf G, Herbon U, Sollmann WP, Campi A. Treatment of a ruptured dissecting vertebral artery aneurysm with double stent placement: case report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:1844–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  773. Chiaradio JC, Guzman L, Padilla L, Chiaradio MP. Intravascular graft stent treatment of a ruptured fusiform dissecting aneurysm of the intracranial vertebral artery: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2002;50:213–6; ­discussion 6–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  774. Hayes WT, Bernhardt H, Young JM. Fusiform arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the basilar artery. Five cases including two ruptures. Vasc Surg. 1967;1:171–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  775. Housepian EM, Pool JL. A systematic analysis of intracranial aneurysms from the autopsy file of the Presbyterian Hospital, 1914 to 1956. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1958;17:409–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  776. Yu YL, Moseley IF, Pullicino P, McDonald WI. The clinical picture of ectasia of the intracerebral arteries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45:29–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  777. Segal HD, McLaurin RL. Giant serpentine aneurysm. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 1977;46:115–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  778. Anson JA, Lawton MT, Spetzler RF. Characteristics and surgical treatment of dolichoectatic and fusiform aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:185–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  779. Nishizaki T, Tamaki N, Takeda N, Shirakuni T, Kondoh T, Matsumoto S. Dolichoectatic basilar artery: a review of 23 cases. Stroke. 1986;17:1277–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  780. Flemming KD, Wiebers DO, Brown Jr RD, et al. Prospective risk of hemorrhage in patients with vertebrobasilar nonsaccular intracranial aneurysm. J Neurosurg. 2004;101:82–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  781. Little JR, St Louis P, Weinstein M, Dohn DF. Giant fusiform aneurysm of the cerebral arteries. Stroke. 1981;12:183–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  782. Suzuki S, Takahashi T, Ohkuma H, Shimizu T, Fujita S. Management of giant serpentine aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery–review of literature and report of a case successfully treated by STA-MCA anastomosis only. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1992;117:23–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  783. Flemming KD, Wiebers DO, Brown Jr RD, et al. The natural history of radiographically defined vertebrobasilar nonsaccular intracranial aneurysms. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;20:270–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  784. Resta M, Gentile MA, Di Cuonzo F, Vinjau E, Brindicci D, Carella A. Clinical-angiographic correlations in 132 patients with megadolichovertebrobasilar anomaly. Neuroradiology. 1984;26:213–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  785. Rozario RA, Levine HL, Scott RM. Obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to an ectatic basilar artery. Surg Neurol. 1978;9:31–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  786. Nakatomi H, Segawa H, Kurata A, et al. Clinicopathological study of intracranial fusiform and dolichoectatic aneurysms: insight on the mechanism of growth. Stroke. 2000;31:896–900.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  787. Shimoji T, Bando K, Nakajima K, Ito K. Dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Report of seven cases and angiographic findings. J Neurosurg. 1984;61:1038–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  788. Caplan LR, Baquis GD, Pessin MS, et al. Dissection of the intracranial vertebral artery. Neurology. 1988;38:868–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  789. Mizutani T, Aruga T. “Dolichoectatic” intracranial vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysm. Neurosurgery. 1992;31:765–73; discussion 73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  790. Sacks JG, Lindenburg R. Dolicho-ectatic intracranial arteries: symptomatology and pathogenesis of arterial elongation and distention. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1969;125:95–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  791. Nijensohn DE, Saez RJ, Reagan TJ. Clinical significance of basilar artery aneurysms. Neurology. 1974;24:301–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  792. Hegedus K. Ectasia of the basilar artery with special reference to possible pathogenesis. Surg Neurol. 1985;24:463–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  793. Ubogu EE, Zaidat OO. Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography and risk of stroke and death: a cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:22–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  794. Mawad ME, Klucznik RP. Giant serpentine aneurysms: radiographic features and endovascular treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:1053–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  795. Benoit BG, Wortzman G. Traumatic cerebral aneurysms. Clinical features and natural history. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1973;36:127–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  796. Parkinson D, West M. Traumatic intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1980;52:11–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  797. Giannotta SL, Gruen P. Vascular complications of head trauma. In: Barrow DL, editor. Complications and sequelae of head injury. Park Ridge: American Association of Neurological Surgeons; 1992. p. 31–49.

    Google Scholar 

  798. Uzan M, Cantasdemir M, Seckin MS. Traumatic intracranial carotid tree aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1998;43:1314–20; discussion 20–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  799. Aarabi B. Management of traumatic aneurysms caused by high-velocity missile head wounds. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1995;6:775–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  800. Steinmetz H, Heiss E, Mironov A. Traumatic giant aneurysms of the intracranial carotid artery presenting long after head injury. Surg Neurol. 1988;30:305–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  801. Nishioka T, Maeda Y, Tomogane Y, Nakano A, Arita N. Unexpected delayed rupture of the vertebral-posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms following closed head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2002;144:839–45; discussion 45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  802. Buckingham MJ, Crone KR, Ball WS, Tomsick TA, Berger TS, Tew Jr JM. Traumatic intracranial aneurysms in childhood: two cases and a review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1988;22:398–408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  803. Sadar ES, Jane JA, Lewis LW, Adelman LS. Traumatic aneurysms of the intracranial circulation. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1973;137:59–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  804. Teal JS, Bergeron RT, Rumbaugh CL, Segall HD. Aneurysms of the petrous or cavernous portions of the internal carotid artery associated with nonpenetrating head trauma. J Neurosurg. 1973;38:568–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  805. Resnick DK, Subach BR, Marion DW. The significance of carotid canal involvement in basilar cranial fracture. Neurosurgery. 1997;40:1177–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  806. Haddad FS, Haddad GF, Taha J. Traumatic intracranial aneurysms caused by missiles: their presentation and management. Neurosurgery. 1991;28:1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  807. Holmes B, Harbaugh RE. Traumatic intracranial aneurysms: a contemporary review. J Trauma. 1993;35:855–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  808. Luo C-B, Teng MM-H, Chang F-C, Lirng J-F, Chang C-Y. Endovascular management of the traumatic cerebral aneurysms associated with traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:501–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  809. Horowitz MB, Kopitnik TA, Landreneau F, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to traumatic intracranial aneurysms secondary to shotgun and handgun wounds. Surg Neurol. 1999;51:31–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  810. Eisenberg HM, Gary Jr HE, Aldrich EF. Initial CT findings in 753 patients with severe head injury. A report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:688–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  811. Kakarieka A, Braakman R, Schakel EH. Clinical significance of the finding of subarachnoid blood on CT scan after head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;129:1–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  812. Mattioli C, Beretta L, Gerevini S, et al. Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage on the computerized tomography scan obtained at admission: a multicenter assessment of the accuracy of diagnosis and the potential impact on patient outcome. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:37–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  813. Servadei F, Murray GD, Teasdale GM. Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: demographic and clinical study of 750 patients from the European brain injury consortium survey of head injuries. Neurosurgery. 2002;50:261–7; discussion 7–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  814. Gomez PA, Lobato RD, Ortega JM, De La Cruz J. Mild head injury: differences in prognosis among patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15 and analysis of factors associated with abnormal CT findings. Br J Neurosurg. 1996;10:453–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  815. Shackford SR, Wald SL, Ross SE, et al. The clinical utility of computed tomographic scanning and neurologic examination in the management of patients with minor head injuries. J Trauma. 1992;33:385–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  816. Macpherson P, Graham DI. Correlation between angiographic findings and the ischaemia of head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1978;41:122–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  817. Oertel M, Boscardin WJ, Obrist WD, et al. Posttraumatic vasospasm: the epidemiology, severity, and time course of an underestimated phenomenon: a prospective study performed in 299 patients. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:812–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  818. Fukuda T, Hasue M, Ito H. Does traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by diffuse brain injury cause delayed ischemic brain damage? Comparison with subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1998;43:1040–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  819. Macmillan CS, Wild JM, Wardlaw JM, Andrews PJ, Marshall I, Easton VJ. Traumatic brain injury and ­subarachnoid hemorrhage: in vivo occult pathology demonstrated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy may not be “ischaemic”. A primary study and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2002;144:853–62; discussion 62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  820. Langham J, Goldfrad C, Teasdale G, Shaw D, Rowan K. Calcium channel blockers for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD000565.

    Google Scholar 

  821. Cairns CJ, Finfer SR, Harrington TJ, Cook R. Papaverine angioplasty to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2003;31:87–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  822. Roy D, Raymond J, Bouthillier A, Bojanowski MW, Moumdjian R, L’Esperance G. Endovascular treatment of ophthalmic segment aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1207–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  823. Meyers PM, Schumacher HC, Higashida RT, et al. Reporting standards for endovascular repair of saccular intracranial cerebral aneurysms. J Neurointerv Surg. 2010;2:312–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  824. O’Kelly CJ, Krings T, Fiorella D, Marotta TR. A novel grading scale for the angiographic assessment of intracranial aneurysms treated using flow diverting stents. Interv Neuroradiol. 2010;16:133–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  825. Arias E. United States life tables, 2002. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2004;53:1–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  826. Kondziolka D, McLaughlin MR, Kestle JR. Simple risk predictions for arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1995;37:851–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  827. Suarez JI, Zaidat OO, Suri MF, et al. Length of stay and mortality in neurocritically ill patients: impact of a specialized neurocritical care team. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:2311–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  828. Finn SS, Stephensen SA, Miller CA, Drobnich L, Hunt WE. Observations on the perioperative management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:48–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  829. Kasuya H, Kawashima A, Namiki K, Shimizu T, Takakura K. Metabolic profiles of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated by early surgery. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:1268–74; discussion 74–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  830. Suarez JI, Shannon L, Zaidat OO, et al. Effect of human albumin administration on clinical outcome and hospital cost in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2004;100:585–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  831. Flemming KD, Brown Jr RD, Wiebers DO. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 1999;1:97–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  832. Black PM, Crowell RM, Abbott WM. External pneumatic calf compression reduces deep venous thrombosis in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1986;18:25–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, and Departments of Radiology and Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Mark R. Harrigan M.D.

  2. Bayfront Medical Center, St. Petersburg, FL, USA

    John P. Deveikis M.D.

Authors
  1. Mark R. Harrigan M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John P. Deveikis M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harrigan, M.R., Deveikis, J.P. (2013). Intracranial Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. In: Handbook of Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurointerventional Technique. Contemporary Medical Imaging, vol 1. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-946-4_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-946-4_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-945-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-946-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation