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Environment, the Immune System, and Depression: An Integrative Review and Discussion of the Infection-Defense Hypothesis

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Immunotoxicity, Immune Dysfunction, and Chronic Disease

Part of the book series: Molecular and Integrative Toxicology ((MOLECUL))

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of medicine’s most prevalent and costly disorders, and it has high rates of comorbidity with a wide range of infectious diseases and serious medical disorders. MDD has been linked to immunologic alterations that include suppressed cellular immune function, excessive inflammatory response, and greater susceptibility to infection. In this chapter, we review research on environmental factors and immune factors associated with depression including: a clinical overview of MDD, current evidence on environmental risk factors and alterations in immune function, and the role of immune factors in the etiology of depression. In a concluding section, we discuss an integrative hypothesis—The Infection-Defense Hypothesis—that may help to resolve an important psychiatric puzzle, offering an explanation for why immune function is related to depression, and why depression remains common, despite its high evolutionary costs and evidence for its significant heritability.

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Acknowledgments

Partial support for this research was provided by the Michael Braman Pomeroy and James Leach Memorial Funds, at McLean Hospital.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. McLean Hospital, 315, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA

    Midori Tanaka, Sherry Anders & Dennis K. Kinney

  2. Obara Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Midori Tanaka

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Sherry Anders & Dennis K. Kinney

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  1. Midori Tanaka
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  2. Sherry Anders
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  3. Dennis K. Kinney
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Correspondence to Dennis K. Kinney .

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  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, New York, USA

    Rodney R. Dietert

  2. National Health and Environmental Effects, Research Laboratories, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 27711, USA

    Robert W. Luebke

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Tanaka, M., Anders, S., Kinney, D.K. (2012). Environment, the Immune System, and Depression: An Integrative Review and Discussion of the Infection-Defense Hypothesis. In: Dietert, R., Luebke, R. (eds) Immunotoxicity, Immune Dysfunction, and Chronic Disease. Molecular and Integrative Toxicology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-812-2_14

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