Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) represent the most abundant cytoskeletal constituent in mature neurons. Their mutations and/or accumulations are associated with many human neurodegenerative disorders and it is now well established that disorganization of the intermediate filament network may be directly involved in neurodegeneration. Diseases caused by intermediate filament abnormalities show a wide range of phenotypes, depending on many factors, including the class of affected intermediate filaments and the type of mutation. Various mouse models were extensively used to provide a better understanding of the role played by the disorganization of intermediate filaments in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanisms leading to the formation of these aggregates often remain elusive. Multiple factors can potentially induce the accumulation of neuronal intermediate filaments, including dysregulation of intermediate filament gene expression, intermediate filament mutations, defective axonal transport, abnormal posttranslational modifications, and/or proteolysis. Here, we review some neurodegenerative diseases involving intermediate filament abnormalities and possible mechanisms susceptible to provoke them.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Julien JP, Mushynski WE (1998) Neurofilaments in health and disease. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 61:1–23
Yuan A, Rao MV, Sasaki T, Chen Y, Kumar A, Veeranna V, Liem RK, Eyer J, Peterson AC, Julien JP, Nixon RA (2006) Alpha-internexin is structurally and functionally associated with the neurofilament triplet proteins in the mature CNS. J Neurosci 26:10006–10019
Yan Y, Jensen K, Brown A (2007) The polypeptide composition of moving and stationary neurofilaments in cultured sympathetic neurons. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 64:299–309
Perrot R, Berges R, Bocquet A, Eyer J (2008) Review of the multiple aspects of neurofilament functions, and their possible contribution to neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 38:27–65
Nixon RA, Shea TB (1992) Dynamics of neuronal intermediate filaments: a developmental perspective. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 22:81–91
Fuchs E, Weber K (1994) Intermediate filaments: structure, dynamics, function, and disease. Annu Rev Biochem 63:345–382
Perrot R, Eyer J (2009) Neuronal intermediate filaments and neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Res Bull 80:282–295
Quinlan RA, Brenner M, Goldman JE, Messing A (2007) GFAP and its role in Alexander disease. Exp Cell Res 313:2077–2087
Figlewicz DA, Krizus A, Martinoli MG, Meininger V, Dib M, Rouleau GA, Julien JP (1994) Variants of the Heavy Neurofilament Subunit Are Associated with the Development of Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 3:1757–1761
Tomkins J, Usher P, Slade JY, Ince PG, Curtis A, Bushby K, Shaw PJ (1998) Novel insertion in the KSP region of the neurofilament heavy gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Neuroreport 9:3967–3970
Al-Chalabi A, Andersen PM, Nilsson P, Chioza B, Andersson JL, Russ C, Shaw CE, Powell JF, Leigh PN (1999) Deletions of the heavy neurofilament subunit tail in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 8:157–164
Rooke K, Figlewicz DA, Han FY, Rouleau GA (1996) Analysis of the KSP repeat of the neurofilament heavy subunit in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 46:789–790
Vechio JD, Bruijn LI, Xu ZS, Brown RH, Cleveland DW (1996) Sequence variants in human neurofilament proteins: Absence of linkage to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 40:603–610
Gros-Louis F, Lariviere R, Gowing G, Laurent S, Camu W, Bouchard JP, Meininger V, Rouleau GA, Julien JP (2004) A frameshift deletion in peripherin gene associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem 279:45951–45956
Leung CL, He CZ, Kaufmann P, Chin SS, Naini A, Liem RKH, Mitsumoto H, Hays AP (2004) A pathogenic peripherin gene mutation in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Pathol 14:290–296
Corrado L, Carlomagno Y, Falasco L, Mellone S, Godi M, Cova E, Cereda C, Testa L, Mazzini L, D’Alfonso S (2011) A novel peripherin gene (PRPH) mutation identified in one sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient. Neurobiol Aging 32(3):552, e1–e6
Xiao S, Tjostheim S, Sanelli T, McLean JR, Horne P, Fan Y, Ravits J, Strong MJ, Robertson J (2008) An aggregate-inducing peripherin isoform generated through intron retention is upregulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and associated with disease pathology. J Neurosci 28:1833–1840
Robertson J, Doroudchi MM, Nguyen MD, Durham HD, Strong MJ, Shaw G, Julien JP, Mushynski WE (2003) A neurotoxic peripherin splice variant in a mouse model of ALS. J Cell Biol 160:939–949
Niebroj-Dobosz I, Dziewulska D, Janik P (2006) Auto-antibodies against proteins of spinal cord cells in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Folia Neuropathol 44:191–196
Zetterberg H, Jacobsson J, Rosengren L, Blennow K, Andersen PM (2007) Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: impact of SOD1 genotype. Eur J Neurol 14:1329–1333
Brettschneider J, Petzold A, Sussmuth SD, Ludolph AC, Tumani H (2006) Axonal damage markers in cerebrospinal fluid are increased in ALS. Neurology 66:852–856
Corbo M, Hays AP (1992) Peripherin and neurofilament protein coexist in spinal spheroids of motor neuron disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 51:531–537
Manetto V, Sternberger NH, Perry G, Sternberger LA, Gambetti P (1988) Phosphorylation of neurofilaments is altered in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 47:642–653
Collard JF, Cote F, Julien JP (1995) Defective axonal transport in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 375:61–64
Williamson TL, Cleveland DW (1999) Slowing of axonal transport is a very early event in the toxicity of ALS-linked SOD1 mutants to motor neurons. Nat Neurosci 2:50–56
Zhang B, Tu P, Abtahian F, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (1997) Neurofilaments and orthograde transport are reduced in ventral root axons of transgenic mice that express human SOD1 with a G93A mutation. J Cell Biol 139:1307–1315
Bilsland LG, Sahai E, Kelly G, Golding M, Greensmith L, Schiavo G (2010) Deficits in axonal transport precede ALS symptoms in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:20523–20528
Ackerley S, Grierson AJ, Brownlees J, Thornhill P, Anderton BH, Leigh PN, Shaw CE, Miller CC (2000) Glutamate slows axonal transport of neurofilaments in transfected neurons. J Cell Biol 150:165–176
Manser C, Stevenson A, Banner S, Davies J, Tudor EL, Ono Y, Leigh PN, McLoughlin DM, Shaw CE, Miller CC (2008) Deregulation of PKN1 activity disrupts neurofilament organisation and axonal transport. FEBS Lett 582:2303–2308
King AE, Dickson TC, Blizzard CA, Foster SS, Chung RS, West AK, Chuah MI, Vickers JC (2007) Excitotoxicity mediated by non-NMDA receptors causes distal axonopathy in long-term cultured spinal motor neurons. Eur J Neurosci 26:2151–2159
Kesavapany S, Patel V, Zheng YL, Pareek TK, Bjelogrlic M, Albers W, Amin N, Jaffe H, Gutkind JS, Strong MJ, Grant P, Pant HC (2007) Inhibition of Pin1 reduces glutamate-induced perikaryal accumulation of phosphorylated neurofilament-H in neurons. Mol Biol Cell 18:3645–3655
Stevenson A, Yates DM, Manser C, De Vos KJ, Vagnoni A, Leigh PN, McLoughlin DM, Miller CC (2009) Riluzole protects against glutamate-induced slowing of neurofilament axonal transport. Neurosci Lett 454:161–164
Hafezparast M, Klocke R, Ruhrberg C, Marquardt A, Ahmad-Annuar A, Bowen S, Lalli G, Witherden AS, Hummerich H, Nicholson S, Morgan PJ, Oozageer R, Priestley JV, Averill S, King VR, Ball S, Peters J, Toda T, Yamamoto A, Hiraoka Y, Augustin M, Korthaus D, Wattler S, Wabnitz P, Dickneite C, Lampel S, Boehme F, Peraus G, Popp A, Rudelius M, Schlegel J, Fuchs H, Hrabe de AM, Schiavo G, Shima DT, Russ AP, Stumm G, Martin JE, Fisher EM (2003) Mutations in dynein link motor neuron degeneration to defects in retrograde transport. Science 300:808–812
LaMonte BH, Wallace KE, Holloway BA, Shelly SS, Ascano J, Tokito M, Van Winkle T, Howland DS, Holzbaur EL (2002) Disruption of dynein/dynactin inhibits axonal transport in motor neurons causing late-onset progressive degeneration. Neuron 34:715–727
Xia CH, Roberts EA, Her LS, Liu X, Williams DS, Cleveland DW, Goldstein LS (2003) Abnormal neurofilament transport caused by targeted disruption of neuronal kinesin heavy chain KIF5A. J Cell Biol 161:55–66
Motil J, Dubey M, Chan WK, Shea TB (2007) Inhibition of dynein but not kinesin induces aberrant focal accumulation of neurofilaments within axonal neurites. Brain Res 1164:125–131
Teuling E, van Dis V, Wulf PS, Haasdijk ED, Akhmanova A, Hoogenraad CC, Jaarsma D (2008) A novel mouse model with impaired dynein/dynactin function develops amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like features in motor neurons and improves lifespan in SOD1-ALS mice. Hum Mol Genet 17:2849–2862
Cote F, Collard JF, Julien JP (1993) Progressive neuronopathy in transgenic mice expressing the human neurofilament heavy gene: a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell 73:35–46
Gama Sosa MA, Friedrich VL Jr, DeGasperi R, Kelley K, Wen PH, Senturk E, Lazzarini RA, Elder GA (2003) Human midsized neurofilament subunit induces motor neuron disease in transgenic mice. Exp Neurol 184:408–419
Xu Z, Cork LC, Griffin JW, Cleveland DW (1993) Increased expression of neurofilament subunit NF-L produces morphological alterations that resemble the pathology of human motor neuron disease. Cell 73:23–33
Meier J, Couillard-Despres S, Jacomy H, Gravel C, Julien JP (1999) Extra neurofilament NF-L subunits rescue motor neuron disease caused by overexpression of the human NF-H gene in mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58:1099–1110
Beaulieu JM, Nguyen MD, Julien JP (1999) Late onset of motor neurons in mice overexpressing wild-type peripherin. J Cell Biol 147:531–544
Beaulieu JM, Jacomy H, Julien JP (2000) Formation of intermediate filament protein aggregates with disparate effects in two transgenic mouse models lacking the neurofilament light subunit. J Neurosci 20:5321–5328
Millecamps S, Robertson J, Lariviere R, Mallet J, Julien JP (2006) Defective axonal transport of neurofilament proteins in neurons overexpressing peripherin. J Neurochem 98:926–938
Perrot R, Julien JP (2009) Real-time imaging reveals defects of fast axonal transport induced by disorganization of intermediate filaments. Faseb J 23:3213–3225
Robertson J, Beaulieu JM, Doroudchi MM, Durham HD, Julien JP, Mushynski WE (2001) Apoptotic death of neurons exhibiting peripherin aggregates is mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Cell Biol 155:217–226
Beaulieu JM, Julien JP (2003) Peripherin-mediated death of motor neurons rescued by overexpression of neurofilament NF-H proteins. J Neurochem 85:248–256
Lariviere RC, Beaulieu JM, Nguyen MD, Julien JP (2003) Peripherin is not a contributing factor to motor neuron disease in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis caused by mutant superoxide dismutase. Neurobiol Dis 13:158–166
Bergeron C, Beric-Maskarel K, Muntasser S, Weyer L, Somerville MJ, Percy ME (1994) Neurofilament light and polyadenylated mRNA levels are decreased in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 53:221–230
Strong MJ, Leystra-Lantz C, Ge WW (2004) Intermediate filament steady-state mRNA levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 316:317–322
Wong NK, He BP, Strong MJ (2000) Characterization of neuronal intermediate filament protein expression in cervical spinal motor neurons in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:972–982
Ge WW, Volkening K, Leystra-Lantz C, Jaffe H, Strong MJ (2007) 14-3-3 protein binds to the low molecular weight neurofilament (NFL) mRNA 3’ UTR. Mol Cell Neurosci 34:80–87
Strong MJ, Volkening K, Hammond R, Yang W, Strong W, Leystra-Lantz C, Shoesmith C (2007) TDP43 is a human low molecular weight neurofilament (hNFL) mRNA-binding protein. Mol Cell Neurosci 35:320–327
Ge WW, Wen W, Strong W, Leystra-Lantz C, Strong MJ (2005) Mutant copper-zinc superoxide dismutase binds to and destabilizes human low molecular weight neurofilament mRNA. J Biol Chem 280:118–124
Volkening K, Leystra-Lantz C, Strong MJ (2010) Human low molecular weight neurofilament (NFL) mRNA interacts with a predicted p190RhoGEF homologue (RGNEF) in humans. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 11:97–103
Shan X, Chiang PM, Price DL, Wong PC (2010) Altered distributions of Gemini of coiled bodies and mitochondria in motor neurons of TDP-43 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:16325–16330
Swarup V, Julien JP (2011) ALS pathogenesis: Recent insights from genetics and mouse models. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(2):363–369
Chou SM, Wang HS, Taniguchi A, Bucala R (1998) Advanced glycation endproducts in neurofilament conglomeration of motoneurons in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Med 4:324–332
Crow JP, Ye YZ, Strong M, Kirk M, Barnes S, Beckman JS (1997) Superoxide dismutase catalyzes nitration of tyrosines by peroxynitrite in the rod and head domains of neurofilament-L. J Neurochem 69:1945–1953
Strong MJ, Sopper MM, Crow JP, Strong WL, Beckman JS (1998) Nitration of the low molecular weight neurofilament is equivalent in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and control cervical spinal cord. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248:157–164
King AE, Dickson TC, Blizzard CA, Woodhouse A, Foster SS, Chung RS, Vickers JC (2009) Neuron-glia interactions underlie ALS-like axonal cytoskeletal pathology. Neurobiol Aging (Epub)
Eyer J, Cleveland DW, Wong PC, Peterson AC (1998) Pathogenesis of two axonopathies does not require axonal neurofilaments. Nature 391:584–587
Williamson TL, Bruijn LI, Zhu Q, Anderson KL, Anderson SD, Julien JP, Cleveland DW (1998) Absence of neurofilaments reduces the selective vulnerability of motor neurons and slows disease caused by a familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked superoxide dismutase 1 mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:9631–9636
Kong J, Xu Z (2000) Overexpression of neurofilament subunit NF-L and NF-H extends survival of a mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 281:72–74
Couillard-Despres S, Zhu Q, Wong PC, Price DL, Cleveland DW, Julien JP (1998) Protective effect of neurofilament heavy gene overexpression in motor neuron disease induced by mutant superoxide dismutase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:9626–9630
Nguyen MD, Lariviere RC, Julien JP (2000) Reduction of axonal caliber does not alleviate motor neuron disease caused by mutant superoxide dismutase 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:12306–12311
Roy J, Minotti S, Dong L, Figlewicz DA, Durham HD (1998) Glutamate potentiates the toxicity of mutant Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase in motor neurons by postsynaptic calcium-dependent mechanisms. J Neurosci 18:9673–9684
Tu PH, Raju P, Robinson KA, Gurney ME, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (1996) Transgenic mice carrying a human mutant superoxide dismutase transgene develop neuronal cytoskeletal pathology resembling human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:3155–3160
Lobsiger CS, Garcia ML, Ward CM, Cleveland DW (2005) Altered axonal architecture by removal of the heavily phosphorylated neurofilament tail domains strongly slows superoxide dismutase 1 mutant-mediated ALS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:10351–10356
Ehlers MD, Fung ET, O’Brien RJ, Huganir RL (1998) Splice variant-specific interaction of the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 with neuronal intermediate filaments. J Neurosci 18:720–730
Sanelli T, Ge W, Leystra-Lantz C, Strong MJ (2007) Calcium mediated excitotoxicity in neurofilament aggregate-bearing neurons in vitro is NMDA receptor dependant. J Neurol Sci 256:39–51
Vogel P, Gabriel M, Goebel HH, Dyck PJ (1985) Hereditary motor sensory neuropathy type II with neurofilament accumulation: new finding or new disorder? Ann Neurol 17:455–461
Brownlees J, Ackerley S, Grierson AJ, Jacobsen NJ, Shea K, Anderton BH, Leigh PN, Shaw CE, Miller CC (2002) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease neurofilament mutations disrupt neurofilament assembly and axonal transport. Hum Mol Genet 11:2837–2844
Perez-Olle R, Lopez-Toledano MA, Goryunov D, Cabrera-Poch N, Stefanis L, Brown K, Liem RK (2005) Mutations in the neurofilament light gene linked to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease cause defects in transport. J Neurochem 93:861–874
Lee IB, Kim SK, Chung SH, Kim H, Kwon TK, Min do S, Chang JS (2008) The effect of rod domain A148V mutation of neurofilament light chain on filament formation. BMB Rep 41:868–874
Shin JS, Chung KW, Cho SY, Yun J, Hwang SJ, Kang SH, Cho EM, Kim SM, Choi BO (2008) NEFL Pro22Arg mutation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1. J Hum Genet 53:936–940
Georgiou DM, Zidar J, Korosec M, Middleton LT, Kyriakides T, Christodoulou K (2002) A novel NF-L mutation Pro22Ser is associated with CMT2 in a large Slovenian family. Neurogenetics 4:93–96
Fabrizi GM, Cavallaro T, Angiari C, Bertolasi L, Cabrini I, Ferrarini M, Rizzuto N (2004) Giant axon and neurofilament accumulation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E. Neurology 62:1429–1431
Bhagavati S, Maccabee PJ, Xu W (2009) The neurofilament light chain gene (NEFL) mutation Pro22Ser can be associated with mixed axonal and demyelinating neuropathy. J Clin Neurosci 16:830–831
Yoshihara T, Yamamoto M, Hattori N, Misu K, Mori K, Koike H, Sobue G (2002) Identification of novel sequence variants in the neurofilament-light gene in a Japanese population: analysis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease patients and normal individuals. J Peripher Nerv Syst 7:221–224
Sasaki T, Gotow T, Shiozaki M, Sakaue F, Saito T, Julien JP, Uchiyama Y, Hisanaga S (2006) Aggregate formation and phosphorylation of neurofilament-L Pro22 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease mutants. Hum Mol Genet 15:943–952
Jordanova A, De Jonghe P, Boerkoel CF, Takashima H, De Vriendt E, Ceuterick C, Martin JJ, Butler IJ, Mancias P, Papasozomenos S, Terespolsky D, Potocki L, Brown CW, Shy M, Rita DA, Tournev I, Kremensky I, Lupski JR, Timmerman V (2003) Mutations in the neurofilament light chain gene (NEFL) cause early onset severe Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Brain 126:590–597
Choi BO, Lee MS, Shin SH, Hwang JH, Choi KG, Kim WK, Sunwoo IN, Kim NK, Chung KW (2004) Mutational analysis of PMP22, MPZ, GJB1, EGR2 and NEFL in Korean Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy patients. Hum Mutat 24:185–186
Zuchner S, Vorgerd M, Sindern E, Schroder JM (2004) The novel neurofilament light (NEFL) mutation Glu397Lys is associated with a clinically and morphologically heterogeneous type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. Neuromuscul Disord 14:147–157
Fabrizi GM, Cavallaro T, Angiari C, Cabrini I, Taioli F, Malerba G, Bertolasi L, Rizzuto N (2007) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E, a disorder of the cytoskeleton. Brain 130:394–403
Leung CL, Nagan N, Graham TH, Liem RK (2006) A novel duplication/insertion mutation of NEFL in a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Am J Med Genet A 140:1021–1025
Abe A, Numakura C, Saito K, Koide H, Oka N, Honma A, Kishikawa Y, Hayasaka K (2009) Neurofilament light chain polypeptide gene mutations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: nonsense mutation probably causes a recessive phenotype. J Hum Genet 54:94–97
Dequen F, Filali M, Lariviere RC, Perrot R, Hisanaga S, Julien JP (2011) Reversal of neuropathy phenotypes in conditional mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E. Hum Mol Genet 19:2616–2629
Ackerley S, James PA, Kalli A, French S, Davies KE, Talbot K (2006) A mutation in the small heat-shock protein HSPB1 leading to distal hereditary motor neuronopathy disrupts neurofilament assembly and the axonal transport of specific cellular cargoes. Hum Mol Genet 15:347–354
Evgrafov OV, Mersiyanova I, Irobi J, Van Den Bosch L, Dierick I, Leung CL, Schagina O, Verpoorten N, Van Impe K, Fedotov V, Dadali E, Auer-Grumbach M, Windpassinger C, Wagner K, Mitrovic Z, Hilton-Jones D, Talbot K, Martin JJ, Vasserman N, Tverskaya S, Polyakov A, Liem RK, Gettemans J, Robberecht W, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V (2004) Mutant small heat-shock protein 27 causes axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and distal hereditary motor neuropathy. Nat Genet 36:602–606
Goryunov D, Nightingale A, Bornfleth L, Leung C, Liem RK (2008) Multiple disease-linked myotubularin mutations cause NFL assembly defects in cultured cells and disrupt myotubularin dimerization. J Neurochem 104:1536–1552
Irobi J, Van Impe K, Seeman P, Jordanova A, Dierick I, Verpoorten N, Michalik A, De Vriendt E, Jacobs A, Van Gerwen V, Vennekens K, Mazanec R, Tournev I, Hilton-Jones D, Talbot K, Kremensky I, Van Den Bosch L, Robberecht W, Van Vandekerckhove J, Van Broeckhoven C, Gettemans J, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V (2004) Hot-spot residue in small heat-shock protein 22 causes distal motor neuropathy. Nat Genet 36:597–601
Zhai J, Lin H, Julien JP, Schlaepfer WW (2007) Disruption of neurofilament network with aggregation of light neurofilament protein: a common pathway leading to motor neuron degeneration due to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-linked mutations in NFL and HSPB1. Hum Mol Genet 16:3103–3116
Tradewell ML, Durham HD, Mushynski WE, Gentil BJ (2009) Mitochondrial and axonal abnormalities precede disruption of the neurofilament network in a model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E and are prevented by heat shock proteins in a mutant-specific fashion. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 68:642–652
Bomont P, Cavalier L, Blondeau F, Ben HC, Belal S, Tazir M, Demir E, Topaloglu H, Korinthenberg R, Tuysuz B, Landrieu P, Hentati F, Koenig M (2000) The gene encoding gigaxonin, a new member of the cytoskeletal BTB/kelch repeat family, is mutated in giant axonal neuropathy. Nat Genet 26:370–374
Peiffer J, Schlote W, Bischoff A, Boltshauser E, Muller G (1977) Generalized giant axonal neuropathy: a filament-forming disease of neuronal, endothelial, glial, and schwann cells in a patient without kinky hair. Acta Neuropathol 40:213–218
Asbury AK, Gale MK, Cox SC, Baringer JR, Berg BO (1972) Giant axonal neuropathy—a unique case with segmental neurofilamentous masses. Acta Neuropathol 20:237–247
Fois A, Balestri P, Farnetani MA, Berardi R, Mattei R, Laurenzi E, Alessandrini C, Gerli R, Ribuffo A, Calvieri S (1985) Giant axonal neuropathy. Endocrinological and histological studies. Eur J Pediatr 144:274–280
Mohri I, Taniike M, Yoshikawa H, Higashiyama M, Itami S, Okada S (1998) A case of giant axonal neuropathy showing focal aggregation and hypophosphorylation of intermediate filaments. Brain Dev 20:594–597
Treiber-Held S, Budjarjo-Welim H, Reimann D, Richter J, Kretzschmar HA, Hanefeld F (1994) Giant axonal neuropathy: a generalized disorder of intermediate filaments with longitudinal grooves in the hair. Neuropediatrics 25:89–93
Donaghy M, King RH, Thomas PK, Workman JM (1988) Abnormalities of the axonal cytoskeleton in giant axonal neuropathy. J Neurocytol 17:197–208
Monaco S, Autilio-Gambetti L, Zabel D, Gambetti P (1985) Giant axonal neuropathy: acceleration of neurofilament transport in optic axons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:920–924
Ding J, Allen E, Wang W, Valle A, Wu C, Nardine T, Cui B, Yi J, Taylor A, Jeon NL, Chu S, So Y, Vogel H, Tolwani R, Mobley W, Yang Y (2006) Gene targeting of GAN in mouse causes a toxic accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 8 and impaired retrograde axonal transport. Hum Mol Genet 15:1451–1463
Yang Y, Allen E, Ding J, Wang W (2007) Giant axonal neuropathy. Cell Mol Life Sci 64:601–609
Dequen F, Bomont P, Gowing G, Cleveland DW, Julien JP (2008) Modest loss of peripheral axons, muscle atrophy and formation of brain inclusions in mice with targeted deletion of gigaxonin exon 1. J Neurochem 107:253–264
Ding J, Liu JJ, Kowal AS, Nardine T, Bhattacharya P, Lee A, Yang Y (2002) Microtubule-associated protein 1B: a neuronal binding partner for gigaxonin. J Cell Biol 158:427–433
Wang W, Ding J, Allen E, Zhu P, Zhang L, Vogel H, Yang Y (2005) Gigaxonin interacts with tubulin folding cofactor B and controls its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Curr Biol 15:2050–2055
Allen E, Ding J, Wang W, Pramanik S, Chou J, Yau V, Yang Y (2005) Gigaxonin-controlled degradation of MAP1B light chain is critical to neuronal survival. Nature 438:224–228
Cleveland DW, Yamanaka K, Bomont P (2009) Gigaxonin controls vimentin organization through a tubulin chaperone-independent pathway. Hum Mol Genet 18:1384–1394
Cairns NJ, Zhukareva V, Uryu K, Zhang B, Bigio E, Mackenzie IR, Gearing M, Duyckaerts C, Yokoo H, Nakazato Y, Jaros E, Perry RH, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ (2004) alpha-internexin is present in the pathological inclusions of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease. Am J Pathol 164:2153–2161
Uchikado H, Shaw G, Wang DS, Dickson DW (2005) Screening for neurofilament inclusion disease using alpha-internexin immunohistochemistry. Neurology 64:1658–1659
Momeni P, Cairns NJ, Perry RH, Bigio EH, Gearing M, Singleton AB, Hardy J (2006) Mutation analysis of patients with neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID). Neurobiol Aging 27:778 e1–778 e6
Dequen F, Cairns NJ, Bigio EH, Julien JP (2009) Gigaxonin mutation analysis in patients with NIFID. Neurobiol Aging (Epub)
Neumann M, Roeber S, Kretzschmar HA, Rademakers R, Baker M, Mackenzie IR (2009) Abundant FUS-immunoreactive pathology in neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease. Acta Neuropathol 118:605–616
Medori R, Autilio-Gambetti L, Monaco S, Gambetti P (1985) Experimental diabetic neuropathy: impairment of slow transport with changes in axon cross-sectional area. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:7716–7720
Medori R, Jenich H, Autilio-Gambetti L, Gambetti P (1988) Experimental diabetic neuropathy: similar changes of slow axonal transport and axonal size in different animal models. J Neurosci 8:1814–1821
Yagihashi S, Kamijo M, Watanabe K (1990) Reduced myelinated fiber size correlates with loss of axonal neurofilaments in peripheral nerve of chronically streptozotocin diabetic rats. Am J Pathol 136:1365–1373
Schmidt RE, Beaudet LN, Plurad SB, Dorsey DA (1997) Axonal cytoskeletal pathology in aged and diabetic human sympathetic autonomic ganglia. Brain Res 769:375–383
Fernyhough P, Gallagher A, Averill SA, Priestley JV, Hounsom L, Patel J, Tomlinson DR (1999) Aberrant neurofilament phosphorylation in sensory neurons of rats with diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 48:881–889
Scott JN, Clark AW, Zochodne DW (1999) Neurofilament and tubulin gene expression in progressive experimental diabetes: failure of synthesis and export by sensory neurons. Brain 122 (Pt 11):2109–2118
Zochodne DW, Sun HS, Cheng C, Eyer J (2004) Accelerated diabetic neuropathy in axons without neurofilaments. Brain 127:2193–2200
Forno LS, Sternberger LA, Sternberger NH, Strefling AM, Swanson K, Eng LF (1986) Reaction of Lewy bodies with antibodies to phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilaments. Neurosci Lett 64:253–258
Pappolla MA (1986) Lewy bodies of Parkinson’s disease. Immune electron microscopic demonstration of neurofilament antigens in constituent filaments. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110:1160–1163
Hill WD, Arai M, Cohen JA, Trojanowski JQ (1993) Neurofilament mRNA is reduced in Parkinson’s disease substantia nigra pars compacta neurons. J Comp Neurol 329:328–336
Lavedan C, Buchholtz S, Nussbaum RL, Albin RL, Polymeropoulos MH (2002) A mutation in the human neurofilament M gene in Parkinson’s disease that suggests a role for the cytoskeleton in neuronal degeneration. Neurosci Lett 322:57–61
Perez-Olle R, Lopez-Toledano MA, Liem RK (2004) The G336S variant in the human neurofilament-M gene does not affect its assembly or distribution: importance of the functional analysis of neurofilament variants. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63:759–774
Han F, Bulman DE, Panisset M, Grimes DA (2005) Neurofilament M gene in a French-Canadian population with Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci 32:68–70
Kruger R, Fischer C, Schulte T, Strauss KM, Muller T, Woitalla D, Berg D, Hungs M, Gobbele R, Berger K, Epplen JT, Riess O, Schols L (2003) Mutation analysis of the neurofilament M gene in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 351:125–129
Liem RK, Messing A (2009) Dysfunctions of neuronal and glial intermediate filaments in disease. J Clin Invest 119:1814–1824
Sawaishi Y (2009) Review of Alexander disease: beyond the classical concept of leukodystrophy. Brain Dev 31:493–498
Bettica A, Johnson AB (1990) Ultrastructural immunogold labeling of glial filaments in osmicated and unosmicated epoxy-embedded tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 38:103–109
Tomokane N, Iwaki T, Tateishi J, Iwaki A, Goldman JE (1991) Rosenthal fibers share epitopes with alpha B-crystallin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and ubiquitin, but not with vimentin. Immunoelectron microscopy with colloidal gold. Am J Pathol 138:875–885
Head MW, Corbin E, Goldman JE (1993) Overexpression and abnormal modification of the stress proteins alpha B-crystallin and HSP27 in Alexander disease. Am J Pathol 143:1743–1753
Gomi H, Yokoyama T, Fujimoto K, Ikeda T, Katoh A, Itoh T, Itohara S (1995) Mice devoid of the glial fibrillary acidic protein develop normally and are susceptible to scrapie prions. Neuron 14:29–41
Pekny M, Leveen P, Pekna M, Eliasson C, Berthold CH, Westermark B, Betsholtz C (1995) Mice lacking glial fibrillary acidic protein display astrocytes devoid of intermediate filaments but develop and reproduce normally. Embo J 14:1590–1598
Liedtke W, Edelmann W, Bieri PL, Chiu FC, Cowan NJ, Kucherlapati R, Raine CS (1996) GFAP is necessary for the integrity of CNS white matter architecture and long-term maintenance of myelination. Neuron 17:607–615
McCall MA, Gregg RG, Behringer RR, Brenner M, Delaney CL, Galbreath EJ, Zhang CL, Pearce RA, Chiu SY, Messing A (1996) Targeted deletion in astrocyte intermediate filament (Gfap) alters neuronal physiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:6361–6366
Messing A, Head MW, Galles K, Galbreath EJ, Goldman JE, Brenner M (1998) Fatal encephalopathy with astrocyte inclusions in GFAP transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 152:391–398
Hagemann TL, Gaeta SA, Smith MA, Johnson DA, Johnson JA, Messing A (2005) Gene expression analysis in mice with elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein and Rosenthal fibers reveals a stress response followed by glial activation and neuronal dysfunction. Hum Mol Genet 14:2443–2458
Brenner M, Johnson AB, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Rodriguez D, Goldman JE, Messing A (2001) Mutations in GFAP, encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein, are associated with Alexander disease. Nat Genet 27:117–120
McClintock KA, Shaw GS (2000) A logical sequence search for S100B target proteins. Protein Sci 9:2043–2046
Donato R (1999) Functional roles of S100 proteins, calcium-binding proteins of the EF-hand type. Biochim Biophys Acta 1450:191–231
Li R, Johnson AB, Salomons G, Goldman JE, Naidu S, Quinlan R, Cree B, Ruyle SZ, Banwell B, D’Hooghe M, Siebert JR, Rolf CM, Cox H, Reddy A, Gutierrez-Solana LG, Collins A, Weller RO, Messing A, Van Der Knaap MS, Brenner M (2005) Glial fibrillary acidic protein mutations in infantile, juvenile, and adult forms of Alexander disease. Ann Neurol 57:310–326
Gorospe JR, Naidu S, Johnson AB, Puri V, Raymond GV, Jenkins SD, Pedersen RC, Lewis D, Knowles P, Fernandez R, De Vivo D, Van Der Knaap MS, Messing A, Brenner M, Hoffman EP (2002) Molecular findings in symptomatic and pre-symptomatic Alexander disease patients. Neurology 58:1494–1500
Hagemann TL, Connor JX, Messing A (2006) Alexander disease-associated glial fibrillary acidic protein mutations in mice induce Rosenthal fiber formation and a white matter stress response. J Neurosci 26:11162–11173
Tanaka KF, Takebayashi H, Yamazaki Y, Ono K, Naruse M, Iwasato T, Itohara S, Kato H, Ikenaka K (2007) Murine model of Alexander disease: analysis of GFAP aggregate formation and its pathological significance. Glia 55:617–631
Hsiao VC, Tian R, Long H, Der Perng M, Brenner M, Quinlan RA, Goldman JE (2005) Alexander-disease mutation of GFAP causes filament disorganization and decreased solubility of GFAP. J Cell Sci 118:2057–2065
Tang G, Xu Z, Goldman JE (2006) Synergistic effects of the SAPK/JNK and the proteasome pathway on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) accumulation in Alexander disease. J Biol Chem 281:38634–38643
Tian R, Gregor M, Wiche G, Goldman JE (2006) Plectin regulates the organization of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Alexander disease. Am J Pathol 168:888–897
Iwaki T, Kume-Iwaki A, Liem RK, Goldman JE (1989) Alpha B-crystallin is expressed in non-lenticular tissues and accumulates in Alexander’s disease brain. Cell 57:71–78
Koyama Y, Goldman JE (1999) Formation of GFAP cytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes and their disaggregation by alphaB-crystallin. Am J Pathol 154:1563–1572
Tang G, Yue Z, Talloczy Z, Hagemann T, Cho W, Messing A, Sulzer DL, Goldman JE (2008) Autophagy induced by Alexander disease-mutant GFAP accumulation is regulated by p38/MAPK and mTOR signaling pathways. Hum Mol Genet 17:1540–1555
Bachetti T, Di Zanni E, Balbi P, Bocca P, Prigione I, Deiana GA, Rezzani A, Ceccherini I, Sechi G (2010) In vitro treatments with ceftriaxone promote elimination of mutant glial fibrillary acidic protein and transcription down-regulation. Exp Cell Res 316:2152–2165
Perng MD, Wen SF, Gibbon T, Middeldorp J, Sluijs J, Hol EM, Quinlan RA (2008) Glial fibrillary acidic protein filaments can tolerate the incorporation of assembly-compromised GFAP-delta, but with consequences for filament organization and alphaB-crystallin association. Mol Biol Cell 19:4521–4533
Sunesson L, Hellman U, Larsson C (2008) Protein kinase Cepsilon binds peripherin and induces its aggregation, which is accompanied by apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 283:16653–16664
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Perrot, R., Julien, JP. (2012). Neurodegenerative Diseases and Intermediate Filaments. In: Kavallaris, M. (eds) Cytoskeleton and Human Disease. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-788-0_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-788-0_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-787-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-788-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)