Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the potential importance of posttranslational modifications of tubulin in dictating response to antitumor drugs and disease progression. These modifications include glutamylation, glycylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and tyrosination. Some of the tubulin-modifying enzymes have been identified but the functional consequences of the posttranslational modifications remain largely unknown. In this chapter, we review the posttranslational modifications of tubulin and current knowledge of the role these alterations may play in human disease.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Verdier-Pinard P et al (2009) Tubulin proteomics: towards breaking the code. Anal Biochem 384(2):197–206
Khodiyar VK et al (2007) A revised nomenclature for the human and rodent alpha-tubulin gene family. Genomics 90(2):285–289
Panda D et al (1994) Microtubule dynamics in vitro are regulated by the tubulin isotype composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(24):11358–11362
Derry WB et al (1997) Taxol differentially modulates the dynamics of microtubules assembled from unfractionated and purified beta-tubulin isotypes. Biochemistry 36(12):3554–3562
Joe PA, Banerjee A, Luduena RF (2008) The roles of cys124 and ser239 in the functional properties of human betaIII tubulin. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 65(6):476–486
Sullivan KF, Cleveland DW (1986) Identification of conserved isotype-defining variable region sequences for four vertebrate beta tubulin polypeptide classes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83(12):4327–4331
Wloga D, Gaertig J (2010) Post-translational modifications of microtubules. J Cell Sci 123(Pt 20):3447–3455
Banerjee A (2002) Coordination of posttranslational modifications of bovine brain alpha-tubulin. Polyglycylation of delta2 tubulin. J Biol Chem 277(48):46140–46144
Fukushima N et al (2009) Post-translational modifications of tubulin in the nervous system. J Neurochem 109(3):683–693
Janke C, Kneussel M (2010) Tubulin post-translational modifications: encoding functions on the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. Trends Neurosci 33(8):362–372
Luduena RF, Banerjee A (2008) The post-translational modifications of tubulin. In: Fojo T (ed) Cancer drug discovery and development: the role of microtubles in cell biology, neurobiology, and oncology. Humana Press, New Jersey, pp 105–121
Luduena RF (1998) Multiple forms of tubulin: different gene products and covalent modifications. Int Rev Cytol 178:207–275
Verhey KJ, Gaertig J (2007) The tubulin code. Cell Cycle 6(17):2152–2160
Westermann S, Weber K (2003) Post-translational modifications regulate microtubule function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4(12):938–947
Kalinina E et al (2007) A novel subfamily of mouse cytosolic carboxypeptidases. FASEB J 21(3):836–850
Argarana CE, Barra HS, Caputto R (1978) Release of [14C] tyrosine from tubulinyl-[14C] tyrosine by brain extract. Separation of a carboxypeptidase from tubulin-tyrosine ligase. Mol Cell Biochem 19(1):17–21
Bulinski JC, Gundersen GG (1991) Stabilization of post-translational modification of microtubules during cellular morphogenesis. Bioessays 13(6):285–293
Barra HS, Arce CA, Argarana CE (1988) Posttranslational tyrosination/detyrosination of tubulin. Mol Neurobiol 2(2):133–153
Ersfeld K et al (1993) Characterization of the tubulin-tyrosine ligase. J Cell Biol 120(3):725–732
Gundersen GG, Kalnoski MH, Bulinski JC (1984) Distinct populations of microtubules: tyrosinated and nontyrosinated alpha tubulin are distributed differently in vivo. Cell 38(3):779–789
Webster DR et al (1987) Differential turnover of tyrosinated and detyrosinated microtubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84(24):9040–9044
Gundersen GG, Khawaja S, Bulinski JC (1989) Generation of a stable, posttranslationally modified microtubule array is an early event in myogenic differentiation. J Cell Biol 109(5):2275–2288
Schulze E, Kirschner M (1987) Dynamic and stable populations of microtubules in cells. J Cell Biol 104(2):277–288
Lafanechere L et al (1998) Suppression of tubulin tyrosine ligase during tumor growth. J Cell Sci 111(Pt 2):171–181
Mialhe A et al (2001) Tubulin detyrosination is a frequent occurrence in breast cancers of poor prognosis. Cancer Res 61(13):5024–5027
Soucek K et al (2006) Normal and prostate cancer cells display distinct molecular profiles of alpha-tubulin posttranslational modifications. Prostate 66(9):954–965
Kato C et al (2004) Low expression of human tubulin tyrosine ligase and suppressed tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination cycle are associated with impaired neuronal differentiation in neuroblastomas with poor prognosis. Int J Cancer 112(3):365–375
Lafanechere L, Job D (2000) The third tubulin pool. Neurochem Res 25(1):11–18
Paturle-Lafanechere L et al (1991) Characterization of a major brain tubulin variant which cannot be tyrosinated. Biochemistry 30(43):10523–10528
Paturle-Lafanechere L et al (1994) Accumulation of delta 2-tubulin, a major tubulin variant that cannot be tyrosinated, in neuronal tissues and in stable microtubule assemblies. J Cell Sci 107(Pt 6):1529–1543
Geuens G et al (1986) Ultrastructural colocalization of tyrosinated and detyrosinated alpha-tubulin in interphase and mitotic cells. J Cell Biol 103(5):1883–1893
Bre MH et al (1991) Cellular interactions and tubulin detyrosination in fibroblastic and epithelial cells. Biol Cell 71(1–2):149–160
Orr GA et al (2003) Mechanisms of Taxol resistance related to microtubules. Oncogene 22(47):7280–7295
Rogowski K et al (2009) Evolutionary divergence of enzymatic mechanisms for posttranslational polyglycylation. Cell 137(6):1076–1087
Redeker V et al (1994) Polyglycylation of tubulin: a posttranslational modification in axonemal microtubules. Science 266(5191):1688–1691
Bre MH et al (1996) Axonemal tubulin polyglycylation probed with two monoclonal antibodies: widespread evolutionary distribution, appearance during spermatozoan maturation and possible function in motility. J Cell Sci 109(Pt 4):727–738
Bobinnec Y et al (1998) Glutamylation of centriole and cytoplasmic tubulin in proliferating non-neuronal cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 39(3):223–232
Wolff A et al (1992) Distribution of glutamylated alpha and beta-tubulin in mouse tissues using a specific monoclonal antibody, GT335. Eur J Cell Biol 59(2):425–432
Regnard C et al (1999) Tubulin polyglutamylase: isozymic variants and regulation during the cell cycle in HeLa cells. J Cell Sci 112(Pt 23):4281–4289
Edde B et al (1990) Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin. Science 247(4938):83–85
Redeker V, Rossier J, Frankfurter A (1998) Posttranslational modifications of the C-terminus of alpha-tubulin in adult rat brain: alpha 4 is glutamylated at two residues. Biochemistry 37(42):14838–14844
Ikegami K et al (2006) TTLL7 is a mammalian beta-tubulin polyglutamylase required for growth of MAP2-positive neurites. J Biol Chem 281(41):30707–30716
Ikegami K, Setou M (2009) TTLL10 can perform tubulin glycylation when co-expressed with TTLL8. FEBS Lett 583(12):1957–1963
Janke C et al (2005) Tubulin polyglutamylase enzymes are members of the TTL domain protein family. Science 308(5729):1758–1762
Kimura Y et al (2010) Identification of tubulin deglutamylase among Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cytosolic carboxypeptidases (CCPs). J Biol Chem 285(30):22936–22941
Rogowski K et al (2010) A family of protein-deglutamylating enzymes associated with neurodegeneration. Cell 143(4):564–578
Abal M, Keryer G, Bornens M (2005) Centrioles resist forces applied on centrosomes during G2/M transition. Biol Cell 97(6):425–434
Ikegami K et al (2007) Loss of alpha-tubulin polyglutamylation in ROSA22 mice is associated with abnormal targeting of KIF1A and modulated synaptic function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(9):3213–3218
Lacroix B et al (2010) Tubulin polyglutamylation stimulates spastin-mediated microtubule severing. J Cell Biol 189(6):945–954
Boucher D et al (1994) Polyglutamylation of tubulin as a progressive regulator of in vitro interactions between the microtubule-associated protein Tau and tubulin. Biochemistry 33(41):12471–12477
Pusztai L et al (2009) Evaluation of microtubule-associated protein-Tau expression as a prognostic and predictive marker in the NSABP-B 28 randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 27(26):4287–4292
Spicakova T et al (2010) Expression and silencing of the microtubule-associated protein Tau in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 9(11):2970–2981
Andre F et al (2007) Microtubule-associated protein-tau is a bifunctional predictor of endocrine sensitivity and chemotherapy resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 13(7):2061–2067
Tanaka S et al (2009) Tau expression and efficacy of paclitaxel treatment in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 64(2):341–346
Bonnet C et al (2001) Differential binding regulation of microtubule-associated proteins MAP1A, MAP1B, and MAP2 by tubulin polyglutamylation. J Biol Chem 276(16):12839–12848
Larcher JC et al (1996) Interaction of kinesin motor domains with alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits at a tau-independent binding site. Regulation by polyglutamylation. J Biol Chem 271(36):22117–22124
Piperno G, Fuller MT (1985) Monoclonal antibodies specific for an acetylated form of alpha-tubulin recognize the antigen in cilia and flagella from a variety of organisms. J Cell Biol 101(6):2085–2094
Hubbert C et al (2002) HDAC6 is a microtubule-associated deacetylase. Nature 417(6887):455–458
Piperno G, LeDizet M, Chang XJ (1987) Microtubules containing acetylated alpha-tubulin in mammalian cells in culture. J Cell Biol 104(2):289–302
Shahabi S et al (2010) Epothilone B enhances surface EpCAM expression in ovarian cancer Hey cells. Gynecol Oncol 119(2):345–350
Akella JS et al (2010) MEC17 is an alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase. Nature 467(7312):218–222
Haggarty SJ et al (2003) Domain-selective small-molecule inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-mediated tubulin deacetylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(8):4389–4394
Matsuyama A et al (2002) In vivo destabilization of dynamic microtubules by HDAC6-mediated deacetylation. EMBO J 21(24):6820–6831
Zhang Y et al (2003) HDAC-6 interacts with and deacetylates tubulin and microtubules in vivo. EMBO J 22(5):1168–1179
North BJ et al (2003) The human Sir2 ortholog, SirT2, is an NAD + -dependent tubulin deacetylase. Mol Cell 11(2):437–444
Pandithage R et al (2008) The regulation of SirT2 function by cyclin-dependent kinases affects cell motility. J Cell Biol 180(5):915–929
Nahhas F et al (2007) Mutations in SirT2 deacetylase which regulate enzymatic activity but not its interaction with HDAC6 and tubulin. Mol Cell Biochem 303(1–2):221–230
Zhang Z et al (2004) HDAC6 expression is correlated with better survival in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 10(20):6962–6968
Saji S et al (2005) Significance of HDAC6 regulation via estrogen signaling for cell motility and prognosis in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Oncogene 24(28):4531–4539
Drummond DC et al (2005) Clinical development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45:495–528
Suzuki J et al (2009) Protein acetylation and histone deacetylase expression associated with malignant breast cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res 15(9):3163–3171
Caron JM (1997) Posttranslational modification of tubulin by palmitoylation: I. In vivo and cell-free studies. Mol Biol Cell 8(4):621–636
Zambito AM, Wolff J (1997) Palmitoylation of tubulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 239(3):650–654
Ozols J, Caron JM (1997) Posttranslational modification of tubulin by palmitoylation: II. Identification of sites of palmitoylation. Mol Biol Cell 8(4):637–645
Zhao Z et al (2010) Acyl-biotinyl exchange chemistry and mass spectrometry-based analysis of palmitoylation sites of in vitro palmitoylated rat brain tubulin. Protein J 29(8):531–537
Wolff J et al (2000) Autopalmitoylation of tubulin. Protein Sci 9(7):1357–1364
Wolff J (2009) Plasma membrane tubulin. Biochem Biophys Acta 1788(7):1415–1433
Caron JM et al (2001) Single site alpha-tubulin mutation affects astral microtubules and nuclear positioning during anaphase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: possible role for palmitoylation of alpha-tubulin. Mol Biol Cell 12(9):2672–2687
Caron JM, Herwood M (2007) Vinblastine, a chemotherapeutic drug, inhibits palmitoylation of tubulin in human leukemic lymphocytes. Chemotherapy 53(1):51–58
Ren Y, Zhao J, Feng J (2003) Parkin binds to alpha/beta tubulin and increases their ubiquitination and degradation. J Neurosci 23(8):3316–3324
Yang F et al (2005) Parkin stabilizes microtubules through strong binding mediated by three independent domains. J Biol Chem 280(17):17154–17162
Liu Y et al (2002) The UCHL1 gene encodes two opposing enzymatic activities that affect alpha-synuclein degradation and Parkinson’s disease susceptibility. Cell 111(2):209–218
Bheda A et al (2010) Ubiquitin editing enzyme UCHL1 and microtubule dynamics: implication in mitosis. Cell Cycle 9(5):980–994
Tezel E et al (2000) PGP9.5 as a prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6(12):4764–4767
Hibi K et al (1999) PGP9.5 as a candidate tumor marker for non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Pathol 155(3):711–715
Miyoshi Y et al (2006) High expression of ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 and -L3 mRNA predicts early recurrence in patients with invasive breast cancer. Cancer Sci 97(6):523–529
Betarbet R, Sherer TB, Greenamyre JT (2005) Ubiquitin-proteasome system and Parkinson’s diseases. Exp Neurol 191(Suppl 1):17–27
Leroy E et al (1998) The ubiquitin pathway in Parkinson’s disease. Nature 395(6701):451–452
Kabuta T et al (2008) Aberrant molecular properties shared by familial Parkinson’s disease-associated mutant UCH-L1 and carbonyl-modified UchL1. Hum Mol Genet 17(10):1482–1496
Miki Y et al (1994) A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 266(5182):66–71
Starita LM et al (2004) BRCA1-dependent ubiquitination of gamma-tubulin regulates centrosome number. Mol Cell Biol 24(19):8457–8466
Starita LM, Parvin JD (2006) Substrates of the BRCA1-dependent ubiquitin ligase. Cancer Biol Ther 5(2):137–141
Parvin JD (2009) The BRCA1-dependent ubiquitin ligase, gamma-tubulin, and centrosomes. Environ Mol Mutagen 50(8):649–653
Sankaran S et al (2005) Centrosomal microtubule nucleation activity is inhibited by BRCA1-dependent ubiquitination. Mol Cell Biol 25(19):8656–8668
Sankaran S et al (2007) BRCA1 regulates gamma-tubulin binding to centrosomes. Cancer Biol Ther 6(12):1853–1857
Fanarraga ML, Avila J, Zabala JC (1999) Expression of unphosphorylated class III beta-tubulin isotype in neuroepithelial cells demonstrates neuroblast commitment and differentiation. Eur J Neurosci 11(2):517–527
Goodman DB et al (1970) Cyclic adenosine 3’:5’-monophosphate-stimulated phosphorylation of isolated neurotubule subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 67(2):652–659
Eipper BA (1972) Rat brain microtubule protein: purification and determination of covalently bound phosphate and carbohydrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69(8):2283–2287
Gard DL, Kirschner MW (1985) A polymer-dependent increase in phosphorylation of beta-tubulin accompanies differentiation of a mouse neuroblastoma cell line. J Cell Biol 100(3):764–774
Luduena RF, Zimmermann HP, Little M (1988) Identification of the phosphorylated beta-tubulin isotype in differentiated neuroblastoma cells. FEBS Lett 230(1–2):142–146
Kavallaris M (2010) Microtubules and resistance to tubulin-binding agents. Nat Rev Cancer 10(3):194–204
Kavallaris M et al (1997) Taxol-resistant epithelial ovarian tumors are associated with altered expression of specific beta-tubulin isotypes. J Clin Invest 100(5):1282–1293
Sloboda RD et al (1975) Cyclic AMP-dependent endogenous phosphorylation of a microtubule-associated protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72(1):177–181
Serrano L et al (1987) Tubulin phosphorylation by casein kinase II is similar to that found in vivo. J Cell Biol 105(4):1731–1739
Fourest-Lieuvin A et al (2006) Microtubule regulation in mitosis: tubulin phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1. Mol Biol Cell 17(3):1041–1050
Abeyweera TP, Chen X, Rotenberg SA (2009) Phosphorylation of alpha6-tubulin by protein kinase Calpha activates motility of human breast cells. J Biol Chem 284(26):17648–17656
Faruki S, Geahlen RL, Asai DJ (2000) Syk-dependent phosphorylation of microtubules in activated B-lymphocytes. J Cell Sci 113(Pt 14):2557–2565
Fernandez JA et al (1999) Phosphorylation- and activation-independent association of the tyrosine kinase Syk and the tyrosine kinase substrates Cbl and Vav with tubulin in B-cells. J Biol Chem 274(3):1401–1406
Peters JD et al (1996) Syk, activated by cross-linking the B-cell antigen receptor, localizes to the cytosol where it interacts with and phosphorylates alpha-tubulin on tyrosine. J Biol Chem 271(9):4755–4762
Mollinedo F, Gajate C (2003) Microtubules, microtubule-interfering agents and apoptosis. Apoptosis 8(5):413–450
Koivunen J, Aaltonen V, Peltonen J (2006) Protein kinase C (PKC) family in cancer progression. Cancer Lett 235(1):1–10
Abeyweera TP, Rotenberg SA (2007) Design and characterization of a traceable protein kinase Calpha. Biochemistry 46(9):2364–2370
Miller LM et al (2008) Increased levels of a unique post-translationally modified betalVb-tubulin isotype in liver cancer. Biochemistry 47(28):7572–7582
Morrissette NS, Sibley LD (2002) Cytoskeleton of apicomplexan parasites. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66(1):21–38 (table of contents)
Cicchillitti L et al (2008) Proteomic characterization of cytoskeletal and mitochondrial class III beta-tubulin. Mol Cancer Ther 7(7):2070–2079
Rosas-Acosta G et al (2005) Proteins of the PIAS family enhance the sumoylation of the papillomavirus E1 protein. Virology 331(1):190–203
Wong CC et al (2007) Global analysis of posttranslational protein arginylation. PLoS Biol 5(10):e258
Ji S et al (2011) O-GlcNAcylation of tubulin inhibits its polymerization. Amino acids 40(3):809–818
Parsons JT, Horwitz AR, Schwartz MA (2010) Cell adhesion: integrating cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular tension. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11(9):633–643
Schulze E, Kirschner M (1986) Microtubule dynamics in interphase cells. J Cell Biol 102(3):1020–1031
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chao, S.K., Yang, CP.H., Horwitz, S. (2012). Posttranslational Modifications of Tubulin. In: Kavallaris, M. (eds) Cytoskeleton and Human Disease. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-788-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-788-0_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-787-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-788-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)