Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Juvenile Skeleton in Forensic Abuse Investigations pp 125–150Cite as

Evidence of Neglect from Immature Human Skeletal Remains: An Auxological Approach from Bones and Teeth

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Child neglect is the most common form of child maltreatment and failure to thrive is one of its most common manifestations. Although growth failure has many etiologies, recognizing it is very important in aiding the identification of neglect in living children and in fatality cases, particularly in the detection of severe malnutrition. Although the forensic anthropologist may deal with a fatal case of child neglect, the assessment of growth failure from osteological observations is considerably limited. The expert relies on the assessment of dental and skeletal growth and development for the estimation of age and the assessment of growth failure. Although dental development is susceptible to environmental insults, such as malnutrition, it is more stable than skeletal growth and maturation, which is more susceptible. This chapter cautions the use of dental development for age estimation in suspected cases of child neglect and offers two general approaches for the detection of growth failure from observations in bone and teeth. One approach relies on comparing height estimates and long bone lengths to sex and age-specific references of height and long bone length, while the other relies on assessing the discrepancy between dental and skeletal age. A sample of identified Portuguese human immature skeletons is used to illustrate the consistency of results between the two approaches. Although an auxological approach to the study of bones and teeth can provide important insights into the growth status of individuals represented by their hard tissues, it cannot be definite about the diagnosis of malnutrition and, particularly, neglect as the cause of the child’s death.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lewis ME, Rutty G. The endangered child: the personal identification of children in forensic anthropology. Sci Justice 2003;43:201–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lewis ME. The bioarchaeology of children. Current perspectives in biological and forensic anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Joffe MD, Giardino AP, O’Sullivan AL. Neglect and abandonment. In: Giardino AP, Alexander R, editors. Child maltreatment: a clinical guide and reference. St Louis: GW Medical Publishing Inc., 2005;153–93.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Walker PL, Cook DC, Lambert PM. Skeletal evidence for child abuse: a physical anthropological perspective. J Forensic Sci 1997;42:196–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Blondiaux G, Blondiaux J, Secousse F, Cotton A, Danze P.-M, Flipo R-M. Rickets and child abuse. The case of a two year old girl from the 4th century in Lisieux. (Normandy). Int J Osteoarchaeol 2002;12:209–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Wheeler SM, Beauchesne P, Williams L, Molto JE. Fractured childhood: a probable case of child abuse from ancient Egypt. SAS Bull: Newsl Soc Archaeol Sci 2007;30:6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mays S. Infanticide in Roman Britain. Antiquity 1993;67:883–8.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Smith P, Kahila G. Identification of infanticide in archaeological sites: a case study from the late Roman-Early Byzantine periods at Ashkelon, Israel. J Archaeol Sci 1992;19:667–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Iwaniec D. The emotionally abused and neglected child. New York, NY: Wiley, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kolagotla L, Sandel M, Frank D. Failure to thrive: a reconceptualization. In: Giardino AP, Alexander R, editors. Child maltreatment: a clinical guide and reference. St. Louis: GW Medical Publishing Inc., 2005;195–207.

    Google Scholar 

  11. US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families. Child maltreatment 2008. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sedlak AJ, Broadhurst DD. Third national incidence study of child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cowen PS. Child neglect: injuries of omission. Pediatr Nurs 1999;25:401–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Joffe MD. Child neglect and abandonment. In: Giardino AP, Giardino ER, editors. Recognition of child abuse for the mandated reporter. St Louis: GW Medical Publishing, 2002;39–61.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gaudin Jr. JM. Child neglect: a guide for intervention. US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. Washington, DC: Westover Consultants, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lewin D, Herron H. Signs, symptoms and risk factors: health visitors’ perspectives of child neglect. Child Abuse Rev 2007;16:93–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Block RW, Krebs NF, the Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect and the Committee on Nutrition. Failure to thrive as a manifestation of child neglect. Pediatrics 2005;116:1234–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dubowitz H, Black M. Medical neglect. In: Briere J, Berliner L, Bulkley JA, Jenny C, Reid T, editors. The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment. London: Sage, 1993;227–42.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Patton RG, Gardner LI. Growth failure in maternal deprivation. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kempe CH, Silverman FN, Steele BF, Droegemueller W, Silver HK. The battered-child syndrome. JAMA 1962;181:17–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Oliván G. Catch-up growth assessment in long-term physically neglected and emotionally abused preschool age male children. Child Abuse Negl 2003;27:103–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bogin B. Patterns of human growth. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  23. King SE, Ulijaszek SJ. Invisible insults during growth and development: contemporary theories and past populations. In: Hoppa RD, Fitzgerald CM, editors. Human growth in the past: studies from bones and teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999;161–82.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Markowitz R, Duggan C. Failure to thrive: malnutrition in the pediatric outpatient setting. In: Walker WA, Watkins JB, editors. Nutrition in pediatrics. London: BC Decker Inc, 2003;897–909.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rodrigues T, Rocha L, Barros H. Physical abuse during pregnancy and preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:171–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Edwards AGK, Halse PC, Parkin JM, Waterston AJR. Recognising failure to thrive in early childhood. Arch Dis Child 1990;65:1263–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Brown J, Cohen P, Johnson JG, Salzinger S. A longitudinal analysis of risk factors of child maltreatment: findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl 1998;22:1065–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Margolin L. Fatal child neglect. Child Welfare 1990;69:309–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Madea B. Death as a result of starvation: diagnostic criteria. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, Vol. 2. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005;3–23.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Lawrence R, Irvine P. Redefining fatal child neglect. Child Abuse Prev 2004;21:1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Berkowitz CD. Fatal child neglect. Adv Pediatr 2001;48:331–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Adelson L. Homicide by starvation. The nutritional variant of the battered child. JAMA 1963;186:458–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Asser S, Swan R. Child fatalities from religion-motivated medical neglect. Pediatrics 1998;101:625–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Benecke M, Lessig R. Child neglect and forensic entomology. Forensic Sci Int 2001;120:155–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Knight LD, Collins KA. A 25- year retrospective review of deaths due to pediatric neglect. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2005;26:221–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Fieguth A, Gunther D, Kleemann WJ, Troger HD. Lethal child neglect. Forensic Sci Int 2002;130:8–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Piercecchi-Marti MD, Louis-Borrione C, Bartoli C, Sanvoisin A, Panuel M, Pelissier-Alicot AL, Leonettiet G. Malnutrition, a rare form of child abuse: diagnostic criteria. J Forensic Sci 2006;51:670–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wehner F, Schieffer MC, Wehner HD. Percentile charts to determine the duration of child abuse by chronic malnutrition. Forensic Sci Int 1999;102:173–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gomez F, Galvan RR, Cravioto J, Frenk S. Malnutrition in infancy and childhood with special reference to Kwashiokor. Adv Pediatr 1955;7:131–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Waterlow JC. Classification and definition of protein-caloric malnutrition. Br Med J 1972;2:566–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kerley ER. Forensic anthropology and crimes involving children. J Forensic Sci 1976;21:333–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Merchant V, Ubelaker D. Skeletal growth of the Protohistoric Arikara. Am J Phys Anthropol 1977;46:61–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Saunders SR, Hoppa R, Southern R. Diaphyseal growth in a nineteenth century skeletal sample of subadults from St Thomas’ Church, Belleville, Ontario. Int J Osteoarchaeol 1993;3:265–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Mays S. Linear and appositional long bone growth in earlier human populations: a case study from Mediaeval England. In: Hoppa RD, Fitzgerald CM, editors. Human growth in the past: studies using bones and teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999;290–312.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Humphrey LT. 2003. Linear growth variation in the archaeological record. In: Thompson JL, Krovitz GE, Nelson AJ, editors. Patterns of growth in the genus Homo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003;144–69.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Saunders SR. Juvenile skeletons and growth-related studies. In: Katzenberg MA, Saunders SR, editors. Biological anthropology of the human skeleton. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss Inc., 2008;117–48.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Cardoso HFV, Garcia S. The not-so-dark ages: ecology for human growth in Medieval and early twentieth century Portugal as inferred from skeletal growth profiles. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009;138:136–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hoppa RD, Fitzgeral CM. From head to toe: integrating studies from bones and teeth in biological anthropology. In: Hoppa RD, Fiztgerald CM, editors. Human growth in the past: studies from bones and teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999;1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hoppa RD. What to do with long bones: toward a progressive palaeoauxology. Anthropologie 2000;38:23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Vallejo-Bolaños E, España-López AJ. The relationship between dental age, bone age and chronological age in 54 children with short familial stature. Int J Paediatr Dent 1997;7:15–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ozerovic B. Correlation of dental and skeletal age in children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Orthod 1980;2:193–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Laor E, Garfunkel A, Koyoumdijsky-Kaye E. Skeletal and dental retardation in ß-thalassemia major. Hum Biol 1982;54:85–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Garn SM, Lewis AB, Blizzard RM. Endocrine factors in dental development. J Dental Res 1965;44:243–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Edler RJ. Dental and skeletal ages in hypopituitary patients. J Dent Res 1977;56:1145–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Keller EE, Sather AH, Hayles AB. Dental and skeletal development in various endocrine and metabolic diseases. J Am Dent Assoc 1970;81:415–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Sears RS, Nazif MM, Zullo T. The effects of sickle-cell disease on dental and skeletal maturation. ASDC J Dent Child 1981;48:275–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Holderbaum RM, Veeck EB, Oliveira HW, Silva CL, Fernandes A. Comparison among dental, skeletal and chronological development in HIV-positive children: a radiographic study. Braz Oral Res 2005;19:209–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Garn SM, Lewis AB, Kerewsky RS. Genetic, nutritional and maturational correlates of dental development. J Dent Res 1965;44:228–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Melsen B, Wenzel A, Miletic T, Andreasen J, Vagn-Hansen PL, Terp S. Dental and skeletal maturity in adoptive children: assessments at arrival and after one year in the admitting country. Ann Hum Biol 1986;13:153–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Cardoso HFV. Environmental effects on skeletal versus dental development using a documented subadult skeletal sample to test a basic assumption in human osteological research. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007;132:223–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Conceição E, Cardoso, HFV. Environmental effects on skeletal versus dental development II: further testing of a basic assumption in human osteological research. Am J Phys Anthropol 2011;144:463–70.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ubelaker DH. Estimating age at death from immature human skeletons: an overview. J Forensic Sci 1987;32:1254–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ubelaker DH. The estimation of age at death from immature human bone. In: Iscan MY, editor. Age markers in the human skeleton. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1989;55–70.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Fanning EA. Effect of extraction of deciduous molars on the formation and eruption of their successors. Angle Orthod 1962;32:44–53.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Adler P. Effect of some environmental factors on sequence of permanent tooth eruption. J Dental Res 1963;42:605–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lee MMC, Low WD, Chang SF. Eruption of the permanent dentition of southern Chinese in Hong Kong. Arch Oral Biol 1965;10:849–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Enwonwu CO. Influence of socio-economic conditions on dental development in Nigerian children. Arch Oral Biol 1973;18:95–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Garn SM, Jerrold MN, Sandusky SM, Trowbridge F. Economic impact on tooth emergence. Am J Phys Anthropol 1973;39:233–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kaul S, Sushma S, Saxena B. Emergence of permanent teeth in school-children in Chandigarh, India. Arch Oral Biol 1975;20:587–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Alvarez JO, Navia JM. Nutritional status, tooth eruption, and dental caries: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:417–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Cardoso HF, Heuzé Y, Júlio P. Secular change in the timing of dental root maturation in Portuguese boys and girls. Am J Hum Biol. 2010;22:791–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Murchison MA, Riopelle AJ, Owsley DW. Dental development in protein-deprived infant rhesus monkeys. Hum Biol 1988;60:383–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hilgers KK, Akridge M, Scheetz JP, Kinane DE. Childhood obesity and dental development. Pediatr Dent 2006;28:18–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rai B. Effect of nutrition on coronal displacement of cementum in impacted teeth. Ann Hum Biol 2009;36:431–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Neill JJ, Gurney JM, Kuti, OR, Akinkugbe DD, Hanafy MM, Kassem SA et al. Deciduous dental eruption time and protein-calorie malnutrition from different parts of the world. J Trop Pediatr ;1973;19(Special issue 2A):217–22

    Google Scholar 

  76. Truswell AS, Hansen DL. Eruption of deciduous teeth in protein-calorie malnutrition. J Trop Pediatr 1973;19:214–6.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Jelliffe EFP, Jelliffe DB. Deciduous dental eruption, nutrition and age assessment. J Trop Pediatr 1973;19:71–4.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Delgado H, Habicht JP, Yarbrough C, Lechtig A, Martorell R, Malina RM et al. Nutritional status and the timing of deciduous tooth eruption. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:216–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Konigsberg LW, Holman D. Estimation of age at death from dental emergence and implications for studies of prehistoric somatic growth. In: Hoppa RD, Fitzgerald CM, editors. Human growth in the past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999;264–89.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Holman DJ, Yamaguchi K. Longitudinal analysis of deciduous tooth emergence: IV. Covariate effects in Japanese children. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005;126:352–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Martorell R, Khanl LK, Schroederet DG. Reversibility of stunting: epidemiological findings in children from developing countries. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48(Suppl 1):S45–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Telkkä A, Palkama A, Virtama P. Prediction of stature from radiographs of long bones in children. J Forensic Sci 1962;7:474–9.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Feldesman MR. Femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in children. Am J Phys Anthropol 1992;87:447–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Smith SL. Stature estimation of 3-10-year-old children from long bone lengths. J Forensic Sci 2007;52:538–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ruff C. Body size prediction from juvenile skeletal remains. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007;133:698–716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Cardoso HFV. A test of three methods for estimating stature from immature skeletal remains using long bone lengths. J Forensic Sci 2009;54:13–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Hamill PV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF, Moore WM. Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics Percentiles. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:607–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tanner JM, Hayashi T, Preece MA, Cameron N. Increase in length of leg relative to trunk in Japanese children and adults from 1957 to 1977: comparison with British and with Japanese Americans. Ann Hum Biol 1982;9:411–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Buschang PH, Malina RM, Little BB. Linear growth of Zapotec schoolchildren: growth status and yearly velocity for leg length and sitting height. Ann Hum Biol 1986;13:225–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Frisancho AR, Guilding N, Tanner S. Growth of leg length is reflected in socioeconomic differences. Acta Med Auxol 2001;33:47–50.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Bogin B, Smith P, Orden AB, Varela-Silva MI, Loucky J. Rapid change in height and body proportions of Maya American children. Am J Phys Anthropol 2002;14:753–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Smith PK, Bogin B, Varela-Silva MI, Loucky J. Economic and anthropological assessments of the health of children in Maya immigrant families in the US. Econ Hum Biol 2003;1:145–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Wales JKH, Herber SM, Taitz LS. Height and body proportions in child abuse. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:632–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Maresh MM. Measurements from roentgenograms. In: McCannon RW, editor. Human growth and development. Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1970;157–88.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Anderson M, Messner MB, Green WT. Distribution of lengths of the normal femur and tibia from one to eighteen years of age. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1964;46A:1197–202.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Ghantus MK. Growth of the shaft of the human radius and ulna during the first two years of life. Am J Roentgenol 1951;65:784–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Gindhart PS. Growth standards for the tibia and radius in children aged one through eighteen Years. Am J Physis Anthropol 1973;39:41–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Markowitz R, Watkins JB, Duggan, C. Failure to thrive: malnutrition in the pediatric outpatient setting. In: Duggan C, Watkins JB, Walker WA, editors. Nutrition in pediatrics: basic science and clinical applications. Hamilton, ON: BC Decker Inc., 2008;479–89.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Waterlow JC, Buzina R, Keller W, Lane M, Nichaman MZ, Tanner JM. The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bull World Health Organ 1977;55:489–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Eveleth PB, Tanner JM. Worldwide variation in human growth. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Smith SL, Buschang PH. Variation in longitudinal diaphyseal long bone growth in children three to ten years of age. Am J Hum Biol 2004;16:648–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Liliequist B, Lundberg M. Skeletal and tooth development: a methodologic investigation. Acta Radiol 1971;11:97–112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Moorrees CFA, Fanning EA, Hunt EE. Formation and resorption of three deciduous teeth in children. Am J Phys Anthropol 1963;21:205–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Moorrees CFA, Fanning EA, Hunt EE. Age variation of formation stages for ten permanent teeth. J Dent Res 1963;42:1490–502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Roche AF, Chumlea WM, Thissen D. Assessing the skeletal maturity of the hand-wrist. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Roche AF, Wainer H, Thissen D. Skeletal maturity: the knee joint as a biological indicator. New York, NY: Plenum, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Cardoso HFV. Brief communication: the collection of identified human skeletons housed at the Bocage Museum (National Museum of Natural History), Lisbon, Portugal. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006;129:173–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Cardoso HFV. Patterns of growth and development of the human skeleton and dentition in relation to environmental quality [PhD dissertation]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Black MM, Dubowitz H, Casey PH, Cutts D, Drewett RF, Drotar D et al. Failure to thrive as distinct from child neglect. Pediatrics 2006; 117:1456–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Blanco RA, Acheson RM, Canosa C, Salomon JB. Height, weight and lines of arrested growth in young Guatemalan children. Am J Phys Anthropol 1974;40:39–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Simpson S. Reconstructing patterns of growth disruption from enamel microstructure. In: Hoppa RD, Fitzgerald CM, editors. Human growth in the past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999;241–63.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Nyambose J, Cunningham K. The Massachusetts growth and nutrition program summary report FY 2003. http://www.mass.gov/Eeohhs2/docs/dph/com_health/nutrition/report_2003.pdf.

  113. Kellogg N, Kellogg ND. Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics 2005;116:1565–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Mezzich AC, Bretz WA, Day B-S, Corby PM, Kirisci L, Swaney M et al. Child neglect and oral health problems in offspring of substance-abusing fathers. Am J Addict 2007;16:397–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Valencia-Rojas N, Lawrence HP, Goodman D. Prevalence of early childhood caries in a population of children with history of maltreatment. J Public Health Dent 2008;68:94–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Househam KC, de Villiers JF. Computed tomography in severe protein energy. Arch Dis Child 1987;62:589–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Dayall MR, De Conti F, Henneberg M, Steyn M, Veitch D. Reconstruction of stature from head circumference. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006;129:81.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural & Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Hugo F. V. Cardoso

  2. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Hugo F. V. Cardoso

  3. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal – Delegação do Norte, Porto, Portugal

    Teresa Magalhães

  4. Centro de Ciências Forenses, Coimbra, Portugal

    Teresa Magalhães

  5. Faculdade de Medicina & Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Teresa Magalhães

Authors
  1. Hugo F. V. Cardoso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Teresa Magalhães
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hugo F. V. Cardoso .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Sociology & Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Current Drive 10, Raleigh, 27695, North Carolina, USA

    Ann H. Ross

  2. Charleston County Coroner’s Office, Bridgeview Drive 4050, North Charleston, 29405, South Carolina, USA

    Suzanne M. Abel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cardoso, H.F.V., Magalhães, T. (2011). Evidence of Neglect from Immature Human Skeletal Remains: An Auxological Approach from Bones and Teeth. In: Ross, A., Abel, S. (eds) The Juvenile Skeleton in Forensic Abuse Investigations. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-255-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-255-7_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-254-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-255-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation