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Neural Progenitor Cells for Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Endogenous Cell Rescue Versus Replacement Mechanisms

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Progenitor Cell Therapy for Neurological Injury

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

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Abstract

Neural progenitor cells possess the qualities of all progenitor cells (that is, multipotency and the capacity for self-renewal). In culture, they differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In the adult central nervous system (CNS), there are endogenous reserves of neural stem cells. These endogenous cells (as well as transplanted cells) represent a promising target for reparative treatment strategies for traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Current research involves exploring ways to affect the endogenous neural stem cell reserve after injury and effects and potential mechanisms of transplantation of embryonic or adult neural stem cells or both. In this chapter, we review cell types in the CNS relevant to neural stem cell therapy, endogenous neural stem cell reserves, ways to promote endogenous stem cell reserves after injury, and purported mechanisms of embryonic and adult neural stem cell therapy.

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Abbreviations

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

ChAT:

Choline acetyltransferase

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

FDA:

US Food and Drug Administration

FGF2:

Fibroblast growth factor-2

GDNF:

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor

IL:

Interleukin

INF-γ:

Interferon-gamma

LIF:

Leukemia inhibitory factor

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NT-3:

Neurotrophin-3

STAT-3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Michael E. DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Shinil K. Shah

  2. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Shinil K. Shah

Authors
  1. Shinil K. Shah
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  2. Fernando Jimenez
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  3. Peter A. Walker
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Correspondence to Shinil K. Shah .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical School at Houston, Div. Pediatric Surgery, University Texas, Fannin Street 6431, Houston, 77030, Texas, USA

    S. Charles Jr.

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Shah, S.K., Jimenez, F., Walker, P.A. (2011). Neural Progenitor Cells for Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Endogenous Cell Rescue Versus Replacement Mechanisms. In: Charles, S. (eds) Progenitor Cell Therapy for Neurological Injury. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-965-9_4

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