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Functional Aspects and Upper Airway Control During Wakefulness and Sleep

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Sleep Disordered Breathing in Children

Part of the book series: Respiratory Medicine ((RM))

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder of recurrent upper airway obstruction occurring during sleep. This chapter reviews studies that have focussed on understanding the upper airway control and its functional aspects during wake, sleep onset, and sleep, in both adults and children.

Upper airway obstructions commonly occur due to a combination of anatomical and physiological factors. While convincing evidence supports deficient upper airway anatomy in afflicted patients, which requires increased neuromuscular activity during wakefulness as a compensatory response, the mechanism driving this response is still poorly defined. The neurochemical and physiological changes that occur at sleep onset leading to a loss of muscle activity and subsequent pharyngeal collapse are the subject of ongoing investigation, but may relate to diminished pharyngeal reflex control and a loss of the neuromuscular compensation present during wakefulness.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Newborn Department and Sleep Lab, Wolfson Hospital, Hulon, Israel

    Neriel Katz MD

  2. Department of Pediatrics and Sleep Lab, Carmel Medical Center, Michal Street, Haifa, Israel

    Tamar Etzioni MD

  3. Pediatrics Department and Sleep Lab, Rambam Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, 6 Efron Street, Haifa, 31096, Israel

    Giora Pillar MD, DSc

Authors
  1. Neriel Katz MD
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  2. Tamar Etzioni MD
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  3. Giora Pillar MD, DSc
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Correspondence to Neriel Katz MD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Sleep Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, S. Maryland Ave. 5721, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA

    Leila Kheirandish-Gozal

  2. Pritzker School of Medicine, Comer Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, S. Maryland Ave. 5721, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA

    David Gozal

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Katz, N., Etzioni, T., Pillar, G. (2012). Functional Aspects and Upper Airway Control During Wakefulness and Sleep. In: Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Gozal, D. (eds) Sleep Disordered Breathing in Children. Respiratory Medicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-725-9_2

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