Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Anorectal Malformations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Neurogastroenterology

Part of the book series: Clinical Gastroenterology ((CG))

  • 1871 Accesses

Abstract

Advances in the understanding of the anatomy and development of pelvic structures combined with evolution of surgical techniques and diagnostics have resulted in significant improvement in reported outcomes of children born with anorectal malformations. Confusion regarding the classification and nomenclature of this spectrum of disorders along with a variation in quality of life and outcome measures studied has, however, resulted in conflicting information. Often important variables that can greatly affect outcomes such as associated spinal anomalies are not included which further contributes to the difficulty in interpreting these data correctly. Better characterization of the malformation and associated anomalies and standardization of instruments used to study quality of life and outcome measures in the future will certainly facilitate optimization of care for children with this complex condition. Additionally, the need for development of interdisciplinary programs including colorectal surgeons, urologists, gynecologists, gastroenterologists, and therapists for the care of affected children is being increasingly recognized as a critical component for successful outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 249.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mundt E, Bates MD. Genetics of Hirschsprung disease and anorectal malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2010;19:107–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Pena A, Levitt M. Pediatric surgical problems. In: Corman ML, editor. Colon and rectal surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 555–605.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wexner SD, Jorge JM. Anatomy and embryology of the anus, rectum and colon. In: Corman ML, editor. Colon and rectal surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Moon MH, Cho JY, Kim JH, et al. In-utero development of the fetal anal sphincter. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;35:556–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Holschneider A, Hutson J, Pena A, et al. Preliminary report on the International Conference for the Development of Standards for the Treatment of Anorectal Malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:1521–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Levitt MA, Pena A. Cloacal malformations: lessons learned from 490 cases. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2010;19:128–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cuschieri A. Anorectal anomalies associated with or as part of other anomalies. Am J Med Genet. 2002;110:122–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rintala RJ, Pakarinen MP. Imperforate anus: long- and short-term outcome. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2008;17:79–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Burjonrappa S, Youssef S, Lapierre S, et al. Megarectum after surgery for anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45:762–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Athanasakos EP, Ward HC, Williams NS, et al. Importance of extrasphincteric mechanisms in the pathophysiology of faecal incontinence in adults with a history of anorectal anomaly. Br J Surg. 2008;95:1394–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kaul A, Garza JM, Connor FL, et al. Colonic hyperactivity results in frequent fecal soiling in a subset of children after surgery for Hirschsprung disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;52:433–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gariepy CE, Mousa H. Clinical management of motility disorders in children. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2009;18:224–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zundel S, Obermayr F, Schaefer JF, et al. Hirschsprung disease associated with total colonic agenesis and imperforate anus—case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45:252–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Senel E, Demirbag S, Tiryaki T, et al. Postoperative anorectal manometric evaluation of patients with anorectal malformation. Pediatr Int. 2007;49:210–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rintala RJ. Fecal incontinence in anorectal malformations, neuropathy, and miscellaneous conditions. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2002;11:75–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Keshtgar AS, Athanasakos E, Clayden GS, et al. Evaluation of outcome of anorectal anomaly in childhood: the role of anorectal manometry and endosonography. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008;24:885–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Heikenen JB, Werlin SL, Di Lorenzo C, et al. Colonic motility in children with repaired imperforate anus. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:1288–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hartman EE, Oort FJ, Aronson DC, et al. Quality of life and disease-specific functioning of patients with anorectal malformations or Hirschsprung’s disease: a review. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96:398–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hartman EE, Oort FJ, Aronson DC, et al. Critical factors affecting quality of life of adult patients with anorectal malformations or Hirschsprung’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:907–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hassett S, Snell S, Hughes-Thomas A, et al. 10-year outcome of children born with anorectal malformation, treated by posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, assessed according to the Krickenbeck classification. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44:399–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ieiri S, Nakatsuji T, Akiyoshi J, et al. Long-term outcomes and the quality of life of Hirschsprung disease in adolescents who have reached 18 years or older—a 47-year single-institute experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45:2398–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pena A, Hong A. Advances in the management of anorectal malformations. Am J Surg. 2000;180:370–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Misra D, Chana J, Drake DP, et al. Operative trauma to the genitourinary tract in the treatment of anorectal malformations: 15 years’ experience. Urology. 1996;47:559–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Pena A. Anorectal malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 1995;4:35–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Warne SA, Wilcox DT, Ledermann SE, et al. Renal outcome in patients with cloaca. J Urol. 2002;167:2548–51. discussion 51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ludman L, Spitz L, Kiely EM. Social and emotional impact of faecal incontinence after surgery for anorectal abnormalities. Arch Dis Child. 1994;71:194–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Diseth TH, Emblem R. Somatic function, mental health, and psychosocial adjustment of adolescents with anorectal anomalies. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:638–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gastroenterology, Heptology and Nutrition Division, Pediatrics Department, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Jose M. Garza M.D., M.S.

  2. Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Director of Neuro-Gastroenterology Program, Director of GI Operations at Liberty Campus, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave (ML 2010), Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA

    Ajay Kaul M.D.

Authors
  1. Jose M. Garza M.D., M.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ajay Kaul M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ajay Kaul M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sainte-Justine Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Québec, Canada

    Christophe Faure

  2. Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43205, Ohio, USA

    Carlo Di Lorenzo

  3. Gastroenterology and Neural Development, University College London, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom

    Nikhil Thapar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Garza, J.M., Kaul, A. (2013). Anorectal Malformations. In: Faure, C., Di Lorenzo, C., Thapar, N. (eds) Pediatric Neurogastroenterology. Clinical Gastroenterology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-709-9_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-709-9_26

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-708-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-709-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation