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Mechanisms of Action of Isoflavones in Cancer Prevention

  • Chapter
Bioactive Compounds and Cancer

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Key Points

1. Isoflavones are plant polyphenols and form part of the diet in regions of the world where the incidence of and death from some, but not all, cancers are much lower than in the United States and other Western countries. Isoflavones also have structural similarities to physiologic estrogens.

2. The amounts of isoflavones consumed in the diet vary considerably. Okinawans consuming traditional diets have intakes as much as 100 mg of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein per day. In contrast, at most Americans isoflavone intake is only 1–3 mg/day.

3. The soy isoflavone genistein in cellular and pre-clinical animal models has been shown to have estrogen-like effects, causing some concern about its safety. However, genistein and other common isoflavones have many other demonstrable mechanisms that may offset the estrogen-like effects, albeit that most occur at higher concentrations/doses.

4. The mechanisms of action of isoflavones over the past 40 years have been found to be as antioxidants, estrogen agonists, topoisomerase inhibitors, metastasis, and inhibitors of tyrosine kinases. Many of these mechanisms focus on targets that are relevant to anti-cancer therapy and may not be important for prevention.

5. Isoflavones have been used as chemopreventive agents in animal models of breast, endometrial, lung, and prostate cancer. In the case of breast cancer, preventive effects of soy (containing isoflavones) were observed in radiation and chemical carcinogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Lamartiniere’s group then showed that rats exposed briefly to genistein (500 μg daily by injection) in the perinatal and pre-pubertal periods had a 50% reduction in the number of mammary tumors compared to animals on a control (soy-free) diet.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Nutrient-Gene Interaction, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Stephen Barnes PHD

  2. Purdue University-University of Alabama, Botanicals Center for Age-Related Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Stephen Barnes PHD

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  1. Nutritional Science Research Group Division of Cancer Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Executive Plaza North Suite 3164 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD, 20892, USA

    John A. Milner

  2. Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0038, Shantz Building, USA

    Donato F. Romagnolo

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Barnes, S. (2010). Mechanisms of Action of Isoflavones in Cancer Prevention. In: Milner, J.A., Romagnolo, D.F. (eds) Bioactive Compounds and Cancer. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-627-6_27

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